914 resultados para Supply Chain Simulation, Incomplete Datasets, Variable Cycle Times


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Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena on tunnistaa kohdeyrityksen toimitusketjuun sitoutuvan pääoman lähteet ja niihin sitoutunut pääoma, menetelmät pääoman vapauttamiseksi sekä kehityskohteet toimitusketjuun sitoutuneen pääoman hallinnan näkökulmasta. Kes-keisimmät tutkitut pääoman lähteet ovat varastot ja keskeneräinen tuotanto, mutta myös ostovelkoja sekä rahtikustannuksia käsitellään. Varastoitavat nimikkeet jaettiin kahteen pääryhmään, ostettavat ja valmistettavat nimikkeet. Pääryhmät jaettiin edelleen pienem-piin alaryhmiin, nimiketyyppeihin, jotta analyysien tulokset voidaan kohdentaa tarkemmin. Varastoon sidotun pääoman kehityskohteiden tunnistamisessa käytettiin varastoarvoa, keskivarastoa ja kiertonopeutta, sekä näiden kombinaatioita. Tulokset esitettiin sekä pääryhmätasolla, että nimiketyyppitasolla, jotta kehityskohteet olisi helpompi tunnistaa. Keskeneräisen tuotannon osalta tavoitteena oli ensisijaisesti tunnistaa, kuinka suuri osa toimitusketjun pääomasta siihen sitoutuu. Rahtikustannukset tiedetään vuositasolla ja sen kautta on mahdollista arvioida kuukausittain rahteihin keskimäärin sitoutuva pääoma. Ostovelat on käsitelty vain kevyesti, koska se on itse asiassa käyttöpääoman erä. Keskeisimmät löydökset liittyvät kiertonopeuteen ja nimikkeiden ohjaustapaan. Osalla pääomaa varastoon sitovista nimikkeistä kiertonopeus on nolla ja useiden nimikkeiden kohdalla kiertonopeudessa on parannettavaa. Myös osa tilausohjautuvista nimikkeistä sitoo ennakko-odotuksista poiketen pääomaa varastoon. Kaikkiin edellä mainittuihin löy-döksiin tunnistettiin tilanteeseen johtaneet syyt ja määritettiin kehitystoimenpiteet, jotta tilanteet voidaan jatkossa välttää.

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The goal of this study is to create a new inventory valuation process for The Switch Drive Systems and to improve its inventory management practices. In the matter of inventories the main problems in the case company are that it doesn’t have consistent valuation methods throughout the company and that information received in ERP system isn’t trustful. The research is qualitative case study. The empirical data is gathered through observing and unstructured interviews. The research shows that material flow process and the inventory valuation must be divided and handled separately but they should interact with each other. The result is a new inventory valuation process which takes many factors of material process under the consideration in order to receive reliable value for inventories.

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This thesis focuses on collaborative activities with regard to environmental issues both within the firm and outside the firm with the key suppliers and customers, i.e. internal and external environmental collaboration. Integrating environmental thinking into supply chain management has received increasing interest in recent years. The relational view and the natural resource-based-view together suggest that environmental capabilities can be built jointly with supply chain partners and used to gain sustained competitive advantage. Several studies have been undertaken to analyse the connection between environmental activities and firm performance but most studies have taken only economic performance into account. This study pays attention also to two other dimensions of firm performance, intra-firm supply chain performance and environmental performance, and aims at presenting the linkages between them and environmental collaboration. This thesis creates a research framework for the connections between environmental collaboration and firm performance and suggests approaches to analyse these. In order to find out the key concepts and their relationship, an extensive literature review is conducted. The research framework proposes a positive connection between internal and external environmental collaboration and all three dimensions of firm performance. In addition, environmental performance and intra-firm supply chain performance are expected to contribute positively to economic performance. Hence, firms are suggested to benefit from environmental collaboration both within the firm and outside the firm. Empirical testing of the developed research framework is out of the scope of this study. However, this thesis proposes using a mixed methods research approach, including survey research and multiple case studies. Finland State of Logistics 2012 survey commissioned by the Finnish Ministry of Transport and Communications and conducted by Turku School of Economics is used as an example of data for the quantitative phase. The applicability of these two methods is discussed at a general level and with regard to analysing the research framework developed in the thesis. Future research will aim at the development of the research framework and the methods in order to confirm the connection between environmental collaboration and firm performance.

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Työ on kirjallisuustutkimus ja sen tavoitteena on määrittää globaalin jakeluketjun tiedonjaon ongelmat sekä niiden ratkaisu- ja ehkäisymenetelmiä. Työ sisältää seitsemän eri ongelmatyyppiä, joihin löydettiin kolme ratkaisumenetelmää ja kolme ehkäisymenetelmää. Lisäksi työssä käsitellään ongelmia case-yrityksen näkökulmasta. Case-esimerkki toteutettiin haastatteluna. Tiedonjaon ongelmat johtuvat joko inhimillisistä tai teknisistä virheistä. Vakavimmat ongelmat johtuvat usein inhimillisistä syistä eikä tietojärjestelmän uusiminen välttämättä korjaa näitä ongelmia. Tietojärjestelmien oikeaoppinen käyttöönotto ja sisäistäminen antavat yritykselle huomattavia parannuksia tiedonjakoon jakeluketjussa. Tiedonjaon ongelmia ratkaistaessa täytyy usein hyödyntää useampia ratkaisumenetelmiä ja yrityksen liiketoimintamalli täytyy ottaa huomioon. Case-yrityksessä vakavimmat ongelmat liittyivät luottamukseen, kommunikointietiketin puutteeseen, tiedon hukkumiseen ja odottamattomiin tiedonkulun häiriöihin.

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Tässä työssä jaetaan supermarket-kokoluokan päivittäistavaran vähittäiskaupan tuotevalikoima tuoteryhmiin ja selvitetään tuoteryhmäkohtaisesti keskusliikkeen mahdollistamat jakelurakenne vaihtoehdot. Toimintaympäristönä työssä on Suomi. Työssä päädytään jakamaan koko tuotevalikoima yhdeksään tuoteryhmään ja tuoteryhmien soveltuvuutta tutkitaan keskusliikkeen mahdollistamissa neljässä eri jakelumallivaihtoehdossa. Jakelumallin valintaan vaikuttaa tuotteiden varastointipäätökset sekä kuljetusolosuhteet, etenkin lämpötila. Työn perusteella keskusliikemallia ei voida luoda yksiselitteisesti vain tuoteryhmien perusteella, vaan lopullinen toimiva malli on yritys- ja tuotekohtainen. Myöskään jakelumallivaihtoehdon valintaa ei voida kaikissa tapauksissa valita ainoastaan tuoteryhmän perusteella, vaan tuoteryhmien sisälläkin on poikkeamia optimaalisessa jakelumallissa. Tuoteryhmän sisäisiin poikkeamiin vaikuttavat etenkin toimittaja, etäisyydet ja tuotekohtaiset ominaisuudet.

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Tässä työssä tutkittiin sähköisen liiketoiminnan palveluiden tarvetta kartonkiteollisuudessa. Palveluiden tarvetta ja sisältöä tutkittiin suomalaisessa metsäteollisuusyrityksessä. Tutkimus suoritettiin teemahaastatteluin ja sitä täydennettiin tekemällä yritys case. Tutkimuksen pohjana toimi esiselvitys, jossa muutamia sähköisen liiketoiminnan palveluita oli tunnistettu. Sähköisen liiketoiminnan palveluiden on havaittu lisääntyneen merkittävästi yritystenvälisessä liiketoiminnassa. Kuluttajakaupassa sähköisen liiketoiminnan palvelut ovat olleet jo pitkään käytössä. Sähköisen kaupankäynnin lisääntyminen on ajanut yrityksiä perustamaan sähköisiä kauppapaikkoja, modernisoimaan toimitusmallejaan tai palvelukonseptejaan sekä huomioimaan sähköisen tiedonvaihdon vaikutuksia liiketoimissaan. Tutkimuksen tulokset johtivat kolmeen johtopäätökseen. Tutkimus osoitti, että sähköisen liiketoiminnan palvelut ovat osa nykyaikaista yritystenvälistä liiketoimintaa. Palveluita on olemassa ja niitä on tarjolla yrityksen kilpailijoiden toimesta maailmanlaajuisesti. Toiseksi tutkimus osoitti, että toimitusketjun tulevaisuus on palveluiden kehittämisessä ja niiden rakentamisessa. Kartonkituotteet lähenevät toisiaan laadullisesti kokoajan, sähköiset palvelut voivat tuoda kilpailuetua ja niiden avulla voidaan erottua markkinoilla. Kolmanneksi, sähköiseen liiketoimintaan on panostettava ja palveluita on rakennettava toimitusmalleja tukevaksi. Palveluiden sisällön on huomioitava asiakastarpeet.

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The birth of Internet technologies, the developments of fast fashion and multiple retailing channels have created a need for a new, more integrated way for doing retailing. Agility in fast fashion retailing could be seen as a significant way of responding to these changes and furthermore, as a way to respond to consumers’ altering demands. The purpose of this study was to explore the ways in which agile supply chains and integrated multichannel retailing influence the international fast fashion retailing. A framework for agility in retail was developed based on available theoretical considerations in distribution and communication channels. Qualitative research methods and qualitative content analysis were used. Four expert interviews were carried out to gain new perspectives to the objectives. The rest of the data was collected from an industry specific document, expert video and two expert lectures. Following the data collection, the research material was analyzed with qualitative content analysis. The empirical findings on agility in retail were presented based on a coding frame. It was found that agility in retail has multiple parts, which are overlapping and affecting one another. Furthermore, instead of viewing the agile supply chain and integrated multichannel retailing separately of each other as usual, it was found that they should be integrated, and the term “agility” was proposed to denote this approach. Also, it was found that the most common drivers and constrains of integrated multichannel retailing were the new Internet technologies and customer demand. Brick-and-mortar store, online store, mobile devices and social media were found to be the most common retailing channels. Furthermore, in-store technology, click-and-collect approach, NFC-buying, RFID-technology as well as 3D- digital simulations on fabrics and patterns will enhance agility even more in the future. In addition, environmental issues, customer experiences and communication will be important factors. This study has provided new practical insights for the future retailing. Furthermore, it has contributed to the academic research by discussing the traditional approaches of agility in fast fashion retail and bringing in new insights.

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Tässä työssä luodaan diagnostiikkatyökalu toimitusketjun nykytilan määritystä varten. Sen tavoitteena on muodostaa tieteellisen kirjallisuuden pohjalta selkeästi esitettävissä oleva prosessimuotoinen työkalu, jota voidaan käyttää mahdollisimman monessa erilaisessa toimitusketjussa. Lisäksi sen tulee olla sopiva yrityksen ulkopuolisen toimijan, esimerkiksi konsultin, käytettäväksi. Työssä käydään ensin läpi toimitusketjun diagnosoinnin ja sen suorituskyvyn mittauksen teoriaa. Sen jälkeen muodostetaan näiden avulla tavoitteita vastaava nelivaiheinen työkalu, joka ulottuu aina projektin suunnittelusta mittaukseen, kehitystoimenpiteiden tunnistamiseen ja niiden esittämiseen yrityksen johdolle.

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Tämä raportti on osa BIOTULI-projektia, jossa tutkitaan biojalostamoiden uusia tuotteita ja liiketoimintamalleja. Raportin tavoitteena on selvittää, millaisilla liiketoimintamalleilla BIOTULI-projektissa löytyneitä potentiaalisia bioliiketoimintamahdollisuuksia pystytään hyödyntämään pk-yrityksen näkökulmasta. Tavoitteena on myös tutkia millaisen toimitusketjun liiketoimintamalli vaatii, ja millä edellytyksillä sen toteuttaminen on kannattavaa. Raportissa tarkastellaan torrefioinnin ja lämmöntuotannon yhdistämistä sekä BIOTULI-projektissa kehitetyn uuden erottelumenetelmän hyödyntämistä biohajoavan desinfiointiaineen valmistuksessa. Selvitystyö toteutettiin asiantuntijahaastatteluiden ja kirjallisuuskatsauksen perusteella. Molemmille casetapauksille muodostettiin liiketoimintamalli sekä arvioitiin sen toteutettavuutta ja kehitysnäkymiä. Torrefioinnin ja lämmöntuotannon yhdistäminen ei tehdyn analyysin perusteella ole tällä hetkellä kannattavaa, mutta muutokset markkinatilanteessa voivat muuttaa tilannetta tulevaisuudessa. Biohajoavan desinfiointiaineen valmistuksessa on potentiaalia kannattavaan liiketoimintaan, mutta tutkimus on vielä kesken, joten tarkkaa liiketoiminnan tai sen kannattavuuden arviointia ei vielä voi tehdä. Työn tuloksia voi käyttää pohjana tarkemmille kannattavuusarvioille.

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Collaboration is essential for successful new product development. In the preparation for ramp-up production collaboration between R&D and supply chain functions is crucial. This thesis examines the meaning of collaboration and the effects of collaboration between R&D and supply chain. The aim of this thesis is to analyse and advice on how to improve the collaboration between the research and development department and supply chain within the preparation for rampup process. This thesis begins by introducing the reader to the product development methodologies and collaboration literature. The following part of the thesis describes the current situation and the results of the qualitative research. The last part of the thesis will explain the improvement suggestions. The main improvement suggestions are clarification of the processes and responsibilities and the introduction of a kick-off meeting.

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By so far, scholars have discussed how the characteristics of consumer co-operatives (cooperative principles, values and the dual role of members as the users and owners) can potentially give them a competitive advantage over investor-owned firms (IOFs). In addition, concern for the community (as partly derived from locality and regionality) has been seen as a potential source of success for consumer co-operatives. On the other hand, the geographicbound purpose of consumer co-operation causes that consumer co-operative can be regarded as a challenging company form to manage. This is because, according to the purpose of consumer co-operation, co-operatives are obligated to 1) provide the owners with services and goods that are needed and do so at more affordable prices than their competitors do and/or 2) to operate in areas in which competitors do not want to operate (for example, because of the low profitability in certain area of business or region). Thus, consumer co-operatives have to operate very efficiently in order to execute this geographic-bound corporate purpose (e.g. they cannot withdraw from the competition during the declining stages of business). However, this efficiency cannot be achieved by any means; as the acceptance from the important regional stakeholders is the basic operational precondition and lifeline in the long run. Thereby, the central question for the survival and success of consumer co-operatives is; how should the consumer co-operatives execute its corporate purpose so it can be the best alternative to its members in the long run? This question has remained unanswered and lack empirical evidence in the previous studies on the strategic management of consumer cooperation. In more detail, scholars have not yet empirically investigated the question: How can consumer co-operatives use financial and social capital to achieve a sustained competitive advantage? It is this research gap that this doctoral dissertation aims to fulfil. This doctoral dissertation aims to answer the above questions by combining and utilizing interview data from S Group co-operatives and the central organizations in S Group´s network (overall, 33 interviews were gathered), archival material and 56 published media articles/reports. The study is based on a qualitative case study approach that is aimed at theory development, not theory verification (as the theory is considered as nascent in this field of study). Firstly, the findings of this study indicate that consumer co-operatives accumulate financial capital; 1) by making profit (to invest and grow) and 2) by utilizing a network-based organizational structure (local supply chain economies). As a result of financial capital accumulation, consumer co-operatives are able to achieve efficiency gains but also remain local. In addition, a strong financial capital base increases consumer co-operatives´ independence, competitiveness and their ability to participate in regional development (which is in accordance with their geographically bound corporate purpose). Secondly, consumer cooperatives accumulate social capital through informal networking (with important regional stakeholders), corporate social responsibility (CSR) behaviour and CSR reporting, pursuing common good, and interacting and identity sharing. As a result of social capital accumulation, consumer co-operatives are able to obtain the resources for managing; 1) institutional dependencies and 2) customer relations. By accumulating both social and financial capital through the above presented actions, consumer co-operatives are able to achieve sustained competitive advantage. Finally, this thesis provides useful ideas and new knowledge for cooperative managers concerning why and how consumer co-operatives should accumulate financial and social capital (to achieve sustained competitive advantage), while aligning with their corporate purpose.

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Protein engineering aims to improve the properties of enzymes and affinity reagents by genetic changes. Typical engineered properties are affinity, specificity, stability, expression, and solubility. Because proteins are complex biomolecules, the effects of specific genetic changes are seldom predictable. Consequently, a popular strategy in protein engineering is to create a library of genetic variants of the target molecule, and render the population in a selection process to sort the variants by the desired property. This technique, called directed evolution, is a central tool for trimming protein-based products used in a wide range of applications from laundry detergents to anti-cancer drugs. New methods are continuously needed to generate larger gene repertoires and compatible selection platforms to shorten the development timeline for new biochemicals. In the first study of this thesis, primer extension mutagenesis was revisited to establish higher quality gene variant libraries in Escherichia coli cells. In the second study, recombination was explored as a method to expand the number of screenable enzyme variants. A selection platform was developed to improve antigen binding fragment (Fab) display on filamentous phages in the third article and, in the fourth study, novel design concepts were tested by two differentially randomized recombinant antibody libraries. Finally, in the last study, the performance of the same antibody repertoire was compared in phage display selections as a genetic fusion to different phage capsid proteins and in different antibody formats, Fab vs. single chain variable fragment (ScFv), in order to find out the most suitable display platform for the library at hand. As a result of the studies, a novel gene library construction method, termed selective rolling circle amplification (sRCA), was developed. The method increases mutagenesis frequency close to 100% in the final library and the number of transformants over 100-fold compared to traditional primer extension mutagenesis. In the second study, Cre/loxP recombination was found to be an appropriate tool to resolve the DNA concatemer resulting from error-prone RCA (epRCA) mutagenesis into monomeric circular DNA units for higher efficiency transformation into E. coli. Library selections against antigens of various size in the fourth study demonstrated that diversity placed closer to the antigen binding site of antibodies supports generation of antibodies against haptens and peptides, whereas diversity at more peripheral locations is better suited for targeting proteins. The conclusion from a comparison of the display formats was that truncated capsid protein three (p3Δ) of filamentous phage was superior to the full-length p3 and protein nine (p9) in obtaining a high number of uniquely specific clones. Especially for digoxigenin, a difficult hapten target, the antibody repertoire as ScFv-p3Δ provided the clones with the highest affinity for binding. This thesis on the construction, design, and selection of gene variant libraries contributes to the practical know-how in directed evolution and contains useful information for scientists in the field to support their undertakings.

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Maritime transport is the foundation for trade in the Baltic Sea area. It represents over 15% of the world’s cargo traffic and it is predicted to increase by over 100% in the future. There are currently over 2,000 ships sailing on the Baltic Sea and both the number and the size of ships have been growing in recent years. Due to the importance of maritime traffic in the Baltic Sea Region, ports have to be ready to face future challenges and adapt to the changing operational environment. The companies within the transportation industry – in this context ports, shipowners and logistics companies – compete continuously and although the number of companies in the business is not particularly substantial because the products offered are very similar, other motives for managing the supply chain arise. The factors creating competitive advantage are often financial and related to cost efficiency, but geographical location, road infrastructure in the hinterland and vessel connections are among the most important factors. The PENTA project focuses on adding openness, transparency and sharing knowledge and information, so that the challenges of the future can be better addressed with regard to cooperation. This report presents three scenario-based traffic forecasts for routes between the PENTA ports in 2020. The chosen methodology is PESTE, in which the focus in on economic factors affecting future traffic flows. The report further analyses the findings and results of the first PENTA WP2 report “Drivers of demand in cargo and passenger traffic between PENTA ports” and utilises the same material, which was obtained through interviews and mail surveys.

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The topic of this Master’s Thesis is risk assessment in the supply chain, and the work was done for a company operating in the pharmaceutical industry. The unique features of the industry bring additional challenges to risk management, due to high regulatory, docu-mentation and traceability requirements. The objective of the thesis was to generate a template for assessing the risks in the supply chain of current and potential suppliers of the case company. Risks pertaining to the case setting were sought mainly from in-house expertise of this specific product and supply chain as well as academic research papers and theory on risk management. A questionnaire was set up to assess the found risks on impact, occurrence and possibility of detection. Through this classification of the severity of the risks, the supplier assessment template was formed. A questionnaire template, comprised of the top 10 risks affecting the flow of information and materials in this setting, was formulated to serve as a generic tool for assessing risks in the supply chain of a pharmaceutical company. The template was tested on another supplier for usability and accuracy of found risks, and it demonstrated functioning in a differing supply chain and product setting.

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Kandidaatintyön tavoitteena on tutkia engineer-to-order -toimitusketjun tyypillisiä tärkeimpiä kilpailutekijöitä sekä esittää esimerkkiratkaisu siitä, millaisella suorituskyvyn mittaristolla engineer-to-order toimitusketjua voidaan ohjata kohti tärkeimpien kilpailutekijöiden vahvistamista. Työssä luodaan katsaus ETO -ympäristön erityispiirteisiin ja esitetään tekijöitä, joita suorituskyvyn mittaamisessa tulisi huomioida tässä ympäristössä.