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Maritime transport is the foundation for trade in the Baltic Sea area. It represents over 15% of the world’s cargo traffic and it is predicted to increase by over 100% in the future. There are currently over 2,000 ships sailing on the Baltic Sea and both the number and the size of ships have been growing in recent years. Due to the importance of maritime traffic in the Baltic Sea Region, ports have to be ready to face future challenges and adapt to the changing operational environment. The companies within the transportation industry – in this context ports, shipowners and logistics companies – compete continuously and although the number of companies in the business is not particularly substantial because the products offered are very similar, other motives for managing the supply chain arise. The factors creating competitive advantage are often financial and related to cost efficiency, but geographical location, road infrastructure in the hinterland and vessel connections are among the most important factors. The PENTA project focuses on adding openness, transparency and sharing knowledge and information, so that the challenges of the future can be better addressed with regard to cooperation. This report presents three scenario-based traffic forecasts for routes between the PENTA ports in 2020. The chosen methodology is PESTE, in which the focus in on economic factors affecting future traffic flows. The report further analyses the findings and results of the first PENTA WP2 report “Drivers of demand in cargo and passenger traffic between PENTA ports” and utilises the same material, which was obtained through interviews and mail surveys.

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Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan yhteiskuntavastuun merkitystä suomalaisen elintarvikeketjun toimittajavalinnassa. Tutkimuksen keskeisimpänä tavoitteena on vastata kysymykseen "Millainen merkitys yhteiskuntavastuulla on suomalaisen elintarvikeketjun toimittajavalinnassa?". Muita tavoitteita on tutkia lainsäädännnön vaikutusta elintarvikeketjujen yhteiskuntavastuukäytäntöihin, miten sidosryhmien vaatimukset vaikuttavat Keskon yhteiskuntavastuukäytäntöihin sekä kuinka Keskon yhteiskuntavastuukäytännöt vaikuttavat toimittajiensa toimintatapoihin. Tutkimuksen empiirinen osio on kerätty suomalaisen elintarvikeketjun Kesko Oyj:n vuosittaisesta yhteiskuntavastuuraportista ja kyseisen yrityksen yhteiskuntavastuun asiantuntijalle tehdystä haastattelusta.

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Työntekijöitä ja heidän tietojaan ja taitojaan pidetään yhtenä yrityksen tär-keimmistä resursseista. Jatkuvasti muuttuvan toimintaympäristön vuoksi on tärkeää huolehtia työntekijöiden terveydestä ja hyvinvoinnista. Työhyvinvoinnista tarvitaan ajankohtaista tietoa, jotta voidaan seurata henkilöstön kehitystä ja luoda realistinen kuva henkilöstön pitkäaikaiseen suorituskykyyn vaikuttavista tekijöistä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tutkia kohdeyrityksen henkilöstöraportoinnin kehitystarpeita. Tutkimus on rajattu kohdeyrityksen sisäiseen raportointiin ja työhyvinvointiraportointiin. Aineisto kerättiin teemahaastatteluiden ja sähköpostihaastatteluiden avulla. Kohdeyrityksessä on tarve uusille henkilöstötunnusluvuille ja säännölliselle, tarpeeksi usein toteutettavalle henkilöstökyselylle. Lisäksi henkilöstökyselyiden tuloksista ja työhyvinvoinnin kehittämisen toimenpiteistä tarvitaan koko henkilöstölle näkyvää raportointia.

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This study examines the practice of supply chain management problems and the perceived demand information distortion’s (the bullwhip effect) reduction with the interfirm information system, which is delivered as a cloud service to a company operating in the telecommunications industry. The purpose is to shed light in practice that do the interfirm information system have impact on the performance of the supply chain and in particularly the reduction of bullwhip effect. In addition, a holistic case study of the global telecommunications company's supply chain is presented and also the challenges it’s facing, and this study also proposes some measures to improve the situation. The theoretical part consists of the supply chain and its management, as well as increasing the efficiency and introducing the theories and related previous research. In addition, study presents performance metrics for the bullwhip effect detection and tracking. The theoretical part ends in presenting cloud -based business intelligence theoretical framework used in the background of this study. The research strategy is a qualitative case study, supported by quantitative data, which is collected from a telecommunication sector company's databases. Qualitative data were gathered mainly with two open interviews and the e-mail exchange during the development project. In addition, other materials from the company were collected during the project and the company's web site information was also used as the source. The data was collected to a specific case study database in order to increase reliability. The results show that the bullwhip effect can be reduced with the interfirm information system and with the use of CPFR and S&OP models and in particularly combining them to an integrated business planning. According to this study the interfirm information system does not, however, solve all of the supply chain and their effectiveness -related problems, because also the company’s processes and human activities have a major impact.

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This study examines the aftermath of mass violence in local communities. Two rampage school shootings that occurred in Finland are analyzed and compared to examine the ways in which communities experience, make sense of, and recover from sudden acts of mass violence. The studied cases took place at Jokela High School, in southern Finland, and at a polytechnic university in Kauhajoki, in western Finland, in 2007 and 2008 respectively. Including the perpetrators, 20 people lost their lives in these shootings. These incidents are part of the global school shooting phenomenon with increasing numbers of incidents occurring in the last two decades, mostly in North America and Europe. The dynamic of solidarity and conflict is one of the main themes of this study. It builds upon previous research on mass violence and disasters which suggests that solidarity increases after a crisis, and that this increase is often followed by conflict in the affected communities. This dissertation also draws from theoretical discussions on remembering, narrating, and commemorating traumatic incidents, as well as the idea of a cultural trauma process in which the origins and consequences of traumas are negotiated alongside collective identities. Memorialization practices and narratives about what happened are vital parts of the social memory of crises and disasters, and their inclusive and exclusive characteristics are discussed in this study. The data include two types of qualitative interviews; focused interviews with 11 crisis workers, and focused, narrative interviews with 21 residents of Jokela and 22 residents of Kauhajoki. A quantitative mail survey of the Jokela population (N=330) provided data used in one of the research articles. The results indicate that both communities experienced a process of simultaneous solidarity and conflict after the shootings. In Jokela, the community was constructed as a victim, and public expressions of solidarity and memorialization were promoted as part of the recovery process. In Kauhajoki, the community was portrayed as an incidental site of mass violence, and public expressions of solidarity by distant witnesses were labeled as unnecessary and often criticized. However, after the shooting, the community was somewhat united in its desire to avoid victimization and a prolonged liminal period. This can be understood as a more modest and invisible process of “silent solidarity”. The processes of enforced solidarity were partly made possible by exclusion. In some accounts, the family of the perpetrator in Jokela was excluded from the community. In Kauhajoki, the whole incident was externalized. In both communities, this exclusion included associating the shooting events, certain places, and certain individuals with the concept of evil, which helped to understand and explain the inconceivable incidents. Differences concerning appropriate emotional orientations, memorialization practices and the pace of the recovery created conflict in both communities. In Jokela, attitudes towards the perpetrator and his family were also a source of friction. Traditional gender roles regarding the expression of emotions remained fairly stable after the school shootings, but in an exceptional situation, conflicting interpretations arose concerning how men and women should express emotion. The results from the Jokela community also suggest that while increased solidarity was seen as important part of the recovery process, some negative effects such as collective guilt, group divisions, and stigmatization also emerged. Based on the results, two simultaneous strategies that took place after mass violence were identified; one was a process of fast-paced normalization, and the other was that of memorialization. Both strategies are ways to restore the feeling of security shattered by violent incidents. The Jokela community emphasized remembering while the Kauhajoki community turned more to the normalization strategy. Both strategies have positive and negative consequences. It is important to note that the tendency to memorialize is not the only way of expressing solidarity, as fast normalization includes its own kind of solidarity and helps prevent the negative consequences of intense solidarity.

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Rekrytoinnin tavoitteena on täyttää avoin tehtävä kustannustehokkaasti mahdollisimman pätevällä ja organisaatioon sopivalla henkilöllä. Ovathan henkilövoimavarat yksi yrityksen tärkeimmistä resursseista. Viimeisten vuosikymmenien aikana tapa, jolla rekrytoimme ihmisiä, on muuttunut voimakkaasti. Nykypäivänä harva yritys julkaisee työpaikkailmoituksia sanomalehdissä ja vastaanottaa työhakemuksia sähköpostitse tai kirjeitse. Rekrytointi on siirtynyt internettiin. Puhutaan sähköisestä rekrytoinnista. Tässä tutkimuksessa käsitellään sähköisen rekrytointijärjestelmän hyötyjä kuntaorganisaatioissa. Tarkastelun kohteena on KL-Kuntarekry osakeyhtiön hallinnoima sähköinen rekrytointijärjestelmä, Kuntarekry.fi -palvelu. Tutkimus toteutettiin kirjallisuuskatsauksen ja haastatteluiden muodossa. Kuntarekryn yli 200 käyttäjäorganisaatiosta tutkimukseen osallistui 6 kunta-alan organisaatiota. Työn tulokset mukailivat hyvin aikaisempien tutkimusten kanssa. Kuntarekryn avulla saavutetut hyödyt organisaatioissa olivat kustannussäästöt, rekrytoinnin nopeutuminen ja tehostuminen, pääsy laajemmille työnhakijamarkkinoille sekä hakemusten määrän kasvaminen. Lisäksi työssä havaittiin, että rekrytoinnin tehokkuuden mittaamisessa on kehitettävää.

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The aim of this three phase study was to develop quality of radiotherapy care by the e-Feedback knowledge of radiotherapy -intervention (e-Re-Know). In Phase I, the purpose was to describe the quality of radiotherapy care and its deficits experienced by cancer patients. Based on the deficits in patient education in Phase II, the purpose was to describe cancer patients’ e-knowledge expectations in radiotherapy. In Phase III, the purpose was to develop and evaluate the outcomes of the e-Re-Know among breast cancer patients. The ultimate aim was to develop radiotherapy care to support patients’ empowerment with patient e-education. In Phase I (2004-2005), the descriptive design was used, and 134 radiotherapy patients evaluated their experiences by Good Nursing Care Scale for Patients (GNCS-P) in the middle of RT period. In Phase II (2006-2008), the descriptive longitudinal design was used and 100 radiotherapy patients’ e-knowledge expectations of RT were evaluated using open-ended questionnaire developed for this study before commencing first RT, in the middle of the treatment, and concluding RT period. In Phase III, firstly (2009-2010), the e-Re-Know intervention, i.e. knowledge test and feedback, was developed in terms of empowering knowledge and implemented with e-feedback approach based on literature and expert reviews. Secondly (2011-2014), the randomized controlled study was used to evaluate the e-Re-Know. Breast cancer patients randomized to either the intervention group (n=65) receiving the e-Re-Know by e-mail before commencing first RT and standard education or the control group (n=63) receiving standard education. The data were collected before commencing first RT, concluding last RT and 3 months after last RT using RT Knowledge Test, Spielberger’s State Trait Inventory (STAI) and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Breast (FACT-B) –instruments. Data were analyzed using statistical methods and content analysis. The study showed radiotherapy patients experienced quality of care high. However, there were deficits in patient education. Furthermore, radiotherapy patients’ multidimensional e-knowledge expectations through Internet covered mainly bio-physiological and functional knowledge. Thus, the e-Re-Know was developed and evaluated. The study showed when breast cancer patients’ carried out the e-Re-Know their knowledge of side effects self-care was significantly increased and quality of life (QOL) significantly improved in line with decrease in anxiety from time before radiotherapy period to three months after. In addition, the e-Re-Know has potential to have positive effects on anxiety and QOL, regardless of patient characteristics or knowledge level. The results support the theory of empowering patient education suggesting that empowerment can be supported by confirming patients’ understanding of own knowledge level. In summary, the e-Feedback knowledge of radiotherapy (e-Re-Know) intervention can be recommended in development of quality of radiotherapy care experienced by breast cancer patients. Further research is needed to assess and develop patient-centred quality of care by patient education among cancer patients.

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Sähköpostin käyttö suomalaisilla työpaikoilla on kasvanut merkittävästi 2000 -luvun alusta lähtien. Tänä päivänä suuri osa työntekijöistä käyttää työpaikoillaan sähköpostia päivittäin. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tutkia työnantajan oikeutta lukea työntekijän sähköposteja. Edellisen lisäksi huomio kiinnittyi työntekijän yksityisyyden suojaan sekä työnantajan oikeuksiin ja velvollisuuksiin. Tutkimukseni on toteutettu kvalitatiivisena tutkimuksena. Tutkimusaineistoon valittiin kaikki tutkimusaihetta koskevat kirjoitukset. Aineisto kerättiin pääasiallisesti suomalaisista lakiteksteistä sekä tutkielmani empiirinen osio koostui neljästä suomalaisesta oikeustapauksesta. Tutkimuksen perusteella voidaan todeta, että Suomessa työnantajat osaavat kunnioittaa työntekijän yksityisyyttä ja sähköpostin käytöstä työpaikoilla ei ole usein syntynyt ongelmia.

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The aim of this study was to examine community and individual approaches in responses to mass violence after the school shooting incidents in Jokela (November 2007) and Kauhajoki (September 2008), Finland. In considering the community approach, responses to any shocking criminal event may have integrative, as well as disintegrative effects, within the neighborhood. The integration perspective argues that a heinous criminal event within one’s community is a matter of offence to collectively held feelings and beliefs, and increases perceived solidarity; whereas the disintegration perspective suggests that a criminal event weakens the social fabric of community life by increasing fear of crime and mistrust among locals. In considering the individual approach, socio-demographic factors, such as one’s gender, are typically significant indicators, which explain variation in fear of crime. Beyond this, people are not equally exposed to violent crime and therefore prior victimization and event related experiences may further explain why people differ in their sensitivity to risk from mass violence. Finally, factors related to subjective mental health, such as depressed mood, are also likely to moderate individual differences in responses to mass violence. This study is based on the correlational design of four independent cross-sectional postal surveys. The sampling frames (N=700) for the surveys were the Finnish speaking adult population aged 18–74-years. The first mail survey in Jokela (n=330) was conducted between May and June 2008, approximately six months from the shooting incident at the local high-school. The second Jokela survey (n=278) was conducted in May–June of 2009, 18 months removed from the incident. The first survey in Kauhajoki (n=319) was collected six months after the incident at the local University of Applied Sciences, March– April 2009, and the second (n=339) in March–April 2010, approximately 18 months after the event. Linear and ordinal regression and path analysis are used as methods of analyses. The school shootings in Jokela and Kauhajoki were extremely disturbing events, which deeply affected the communities involved. However, based on the results collected, community responses to mass violence between the two localities were different. An increase in social solidarity appears to apply in the case of the Jokela community, but not in the case of the Kauhajoki community. Thus a criminal event does not necessarily impact the wider community. Every empirical finding is most likely related to different contextual and event-specific factors. Beyond this, community responses to mass violence in Jokela also indicated that the incident was related to a more general sense of insecurity and was also associating with perceived community deterioration and further suggests that responses to mass violence may have both integrating and disintegrating effects. Moreover, community responses to mass violence should also be examined in relation to broader social anxieties and as a proxy for generalized insecurity. Community response is an emotive process and incident related feelings are perhaps projected onto other identifiable concerns. However, this may open the door for social errors and, despite integrative effects, this may also have negative consequences within the neighborhood. The individual approach suggests that women are more fearful than men when a threat refers to violent crime. Young women (aged 18–34) were the most worried age and gender group as concerns perception of threat from mass violence at schools compared to young men (aged 18–34), who were also the least worried age and gender group when compared to older men. It was also found that concerns about mass violence were stronger among respondents with the lowest level of monthly household income compared to financially better-off respondents. Perhaps more importantly, responses to mass violence were affected by the emotional proximity to the event; and worry about the recurrence of school shootings was stronger among respondents who either were a parent of a school-aged child, or knew a victim. Finally, results indicate that psychological wellbeing is an important individual level factor. Respondents who expressed depressed mood consistently expressed their concerns about mass violence and community deterioration. Systematic assessments of the impact of school shooting events on communities are therefore needed. This requires the consolidation of community and individual approaches. Comparative study designs would further benefit from international collaboration across disciplines. Extreme school violence has also become a national concern and deeper understanding of crime related anxieties in contemporary Finland also requires community-based surveys.

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Brazil is a country of continental dimension with a population of different ethnic backgrounds. Thus, a wide variation in the frequencies of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes is expected to occur. To address this point, 1,688 sequential samples from chronic HCV patients were analyzed. HCV-RNA was amplified by the RT-PCR from blood samples collected from 1995 to 2000 at different laboratories located in different cities from all Brazilian States. Samples were collected in tubes containing a gel separator, centrifuged in the site of collection and sent by express mail in a refrigerated container to Laboratório Bioquímico Jardim Paulista, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. HCV- RNA was extracted from serum and submitted to RT and nested PCR using standard procedures. Nested PCR products were submitted to cycle sequencing reactions without prior purification. Sequences were analyzed for genotype determination and the following frequencies were found: 64.9% (1,095) for genotype 1, 4.6% (78) for genotype 2, 30.2% (510) for genotype 3, 0.2% (3) for genotype 4, and 0.1% (2) for genotype 5. The frequencies of HCV genotypes were statistically different among Brazilian regions (P = 0.00017). In all regions, genotype 1 was the most frequent (51.7 to 74.1%), reaching the highest value in the North; genotype 2 was more prevalent in the Center-West region (11.4%), especially in Mato Grosso State (25.8%), while genotype 3 was more common in the South (43.2%). Genotypes 4 and 5 were rarely found and only in the Southeast, in São Paulo State. The present data indicate the need for careful epidemiological surveys throughout Brazil since knowing the frequency and distribution of the genotypes would provide key information for understanding the spread of HCV.

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Pro Gradu- tutkimuksen keskeisin tavoite oli selvittää tehokkaimmat rekrytointimarkkinointikanavat ja tyylit Y-sukupolveen kohdistuen. Y-sukupolvi on isoin ja uusin sukupolvi, joka on siirtymässä työelämään. Tällä hetkellä teoreettinen pohja on vielä ohut liittyen y-sukupolven rekrytointiin ja työnantajamielikuvaan ja tämän tutkimuksen oli tarkoitus selvittää tätä tutkimusaukkoa. Tutkimus toteutettiin kvalitatiivisena case-tutkimuksena. Aineistonkeruutapana oli kysely. Kysely toteutettiin sähköpostilla lähetettävällä kyselyllä IBM Suomen nuorille harjoittelijoille ja työntekijöille. Kysely lähetettiin noin 150:lle työntekijälle. Tutkimustulokset osoittivat, että IBM Suomella ovat perusprosessit ja nykyisten harjoittelijoiden tyytyväisyys hyvällä tasolla. Kuitenkin tutkimuskyselyn kautta saatiin selville osa-alueita, joilla rekrytointimarkkinoinnin tehokkuutta voidaan lisätä ja hyväksikäyttää vieläkin paremmin. Tutkimustulosten perusteella Y-sukupolven arvot ja odotukset erosivat muista sukupolvista oletettua vähemmän.

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The aim of this master’s thesis was to examine antecedents of eWOM communication in social media in the higher education context. In order to achieve this goal, eWOM communications of the students’ of international master’s programmes at Lappeenranta University of Technology were studied. The main research question was formulated as follows: What kind of effect do service-, brand-related antecedents, contextual antecedents and moderating factors have on LUT’s international master’s degree students’ eWOM communication in social media regarding their studies? The theory part of the master’s thesis was focused on the discussion of service- and brand related eWOM antecedents, contextual antecedents, as well as moderating relationships between them. The empirical part of the master’s thesis was based on quantitative research method. A web-based survey was carried out among current students of international master’s degree programmes at LUT. Out of 712 e-mail invitations sent, 159 responses were received in total. Thus, response rate was 22%. The results of the study showed that satisfaction, commitment, virtual brand community commitment, need for an advice, positive altruistic concerns, negative altruistic concerns, and attitude towards eWOM communications have an effect on eWOM in higher education context. Several moderating effects on eWOM were determined in the present study as well. On the other hand, it was found that dissatisfaction, loyalty, brand identification, desire to help the organization, need for positive self-enhancement, and social risk perception do not have an effect on eWOM in higher education context.

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In this report, we have reanalyzed genotyping data in a collection of families from South America based on maternal origin. Genotyping analysis was performed at the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center at the University of Iowa. These genotypes were derived from genomic DNA samples obtained from blood spots from children born with isolated orofacial clefts in 45 hospitals located in eight countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela) collaborating with ECLAMC (Latin American Collaborative Studies of Congenital Malformations) between January 1998 and December 1999. Dried blood samples were sent by regular mail to the Laboratory of Congenital Malformations, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Previous findings suggested that mitochondrial haplotype D is more commonly found among cleft cases born in South America. We hypothesized that association of certain genes may depend upon the ethnic origin, as defined by population-specific markers. Therefore, we tested if markers in MTHFR (5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase) and RFC1 (reduced folate carrier 1) were associated with oral clefts, depending on the maternal origin defined by the mitochondrial haplotype. Transmission distortion of alleles in MTHFR C677T and RFC1 G80A polymorphic variants was tested in 200 mother/affected child pairs taking into consideration maternal origin. RFC1 variation was over-transmitted to children born with cleft lip only (P = 0.017) carrying mitochondrial DNA haplotypes other than haplotype D. Our results provide a new indication that variation in RFC1 may contribute to cleft lip only. Future studies should investigate the association between oral clefts and RFC1 based on more discrete phenotypes.

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This study concentrates on developing a suitable business model for Finnish biobanks, with particular emphasis on value creation to stakeholders. The sub-objective of this thesis are to map the commercial possibilities of biobanks and potential barriers for business development. The study approaches the subject from the biobanks’ as well as the stakeholders’ point of view, integrating their hopes and needs considering current and future co-operation into the findings. In 2013 the Biobank Act came into effect, after which six biobanks have been established and several other pending biobank projects are in process. There is relatively little research in regard to the commercial opportunities of this newcomer of the biomedical industry, and particularly in the Finnish markets. Therefore, the aim of this study is to partially fill the research gap of the commercial potential of biobanks and particularly outline the problematic elements in developing business. The theoretical framework consists of a few select theories, which depict business modeling and value creation of organizations. The theories are combined to form a synthesis, which best adapts to biobanks, and acts as a backbone for interviews. The empirical part of the study was conducted mainly by seven face-to-face interviews, and complemented by two phone interviews and an e-mail questionnaire with four responses. The findings consist mainly of the participants’ reflections on the potential products and services enabled by consumer genomics, as well as perceptions on different obstacles for biobanks’ business development. The nature of the study is tentative, as biobanks are relatively new organizations in Finland, and their operation models and activities are still molding. The aim is to bring to surface the hopes and concerns of biobanks’ representatives, as well as the representatives of stakeholders, in order to transparently discuss the current situation and suggestions for further development. The study concludes that in principle, the interviewees’ agree on the need for development in order not to waste the potential of biobanks; regardless, the participants emphasize different aspects and subsequently lean on differing methods.

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ResumoIntrodução:O foco no tratamento da doença renal crônica (DRC) é evitar a sua progressão com o uso do controle clínico otimizado. O uso de tecnologias leves apresenta-se como forma promissora de cuidado em saúde. A internet oferece a oportunidade de instrumentalizar o médico em seu contato profissional com o usuário.Objetivo:Desenvolver um sistema web para o atendimento a distância de pacientes com DRC nos estágios não dialíticos e clinicamente estáveis.Métodos:Desenvolvido um sistema utilizando a linguagem Java, banco de dados MySQL e framework PrimeFaces; disponibilizado em um servidor de aplicações Glassfish.Resultados:O acesso inicial é realizado pelo nefrologista, que cadastra os pacientes com suas informações pessoais e dados de acesso. Após ser cadastrado, o paciente (ou médico de família) pode inserir os dados de sua consulta e estes serão, na sequência, repassados ao nefrologista para avaliação. O formulário com os dados de interesse é pré-determinado, mas ainda há possibilidade de acrescentar informações de forma livre. O sistema possibilita, adicionalmente, que haja troca de mensagens entre os médicos e os pacientes. Além disso, os usuários recebem mensagens via e-mail alertando-os de suas tarefas. O sigilo é garantido por senhas individuais para médicos e pacientes.Conclusão:Essa ferramenta possibilitará aumentar a área de abrangência dos nefrologistas, diminuir os custos e aproximar o paciente ao seu médico da atenção básica, utilizando o Programa de Saúde de Família como interface entre o paciente e a atenção secundária nefrológica.