苯乙烯辐射乳液聚合

用膨胀计连续记录法测定了St辐射乳液聚合的转化率～时间曲线，并由此得到包括在临界胶束浓度以下和在低的单体浓度下在内的各种反应条件下的聚合反应速度。发现其聚合速率与各因素之间的依赖关系，为：R_p∝l~(0.4)，R_p∝E~(0.7～0.9)。测得反应活化能为6.1 ～ 8千卡／摩尔。实验结果还表明：恒定速率部分延续到转化率70％左右，粒子数随温度的增加而减少，水与单体体积比对聚合速率以及分子量与转化率的关系都有影响。在监界胶束浓度以下进行聚合所获得的胶乳的粒子直径分布是单分散的，而聚合速率仍然符合一般情况下的聚合速率与乳化剂浓度的关系。这些实验结果在某些方面与Smith-Ewart理论相符，在某些方面不符。目前，大多数研究者都认为：St乳液聚合的成核方式是胶束成核。对于增长反应的位置有分歧。一派认为是在粒子内；另一派认为是在肥皂分子吸附层与单体一聚合物粒子表面之间为了探讨增长反应的位置究竟是在哪方。同时澄清国际上两个学派在这个问题上的争论，我们用电镜，光散射（未去单体），肥皂滴定三种测定方法同时测定了St乳液聚合恒定速率部分胶乳粒子的增长情况。测定结果表明：由于聚合物胶乳中溶胀有单体造成了用不同方法测定 将得出不同的结果。所以，两个学派仅从电镜或肥皂滴定的测定结果都不能证实增长反应发生的位置。根据我们的上述实验结果，我们设想其聚合反应机理如下：i)成核是既有水相成核又有胶束成核。ii)增长反应是在具有“核－壳“结构的单体－聚合物乳胶粒表面与肥皂分子吸附层之间进行的即在“壳“中进行的。我们从热力学和静电排斥的观点出发进行了理论分析。结果表明这种增长反应的模型是合理的。 我们所设想的反应机理能满意地解释实验结果，并在实验上得到证实。在所设想的反应机理的基础上，建立了动学模型计算公式，其第Ⅱ阶段总转化率表达式如下：X = AX_m + BX_w其中：X_m = k/2N_(mc) (t-t_(mcl)) + X_(mcl) X_w = k/2N_(wc) (t-t_(wcl)) + X_(wcl) A和B分别为胶束成核和水相成核分数用我们的动力学模型计算公式计算出的结果与实验结果相符合。这表明我们所设想的反应机理及动力学模型计算公式是合理的。根据我们所设想的反应机理，在临界胶束浓度以下只有一种成核方式。因此可以预期到利用在临界胶束浓度以下进行St辐射乳液聚合，将可以合成出用化学法无乳乳液聚合所不能获得的稳定，单分散、高固体含量、粒子直径较小的胶乳。实验结果表明，利用这种聚合方法确实可以合成出这种胶乳。用此法合成出的胶乳粒子直径一般在600A ～ 4000A范围内。通过改变聚合条件可以控制所获得的胶乳粒子直径。在实验所使用的聚合条件范围内得到一个胶乳粒子直径与聚合条件的关系式：logD = 0.28 [log ([M])/E~(2.14)I~(0.5) + 0.143T] + 2.03。我们还考察了St辐射无乳乳聚合，发现聚合速率与I成0.5次方关系，活化能为7.5千卡／摩尔，水与单体体积比对聚合速率胶乳稳定性影响很大。产物分子量在10~4 ～ 10~5范围内，聚合物胶乳的分子量分布比用化学法和有乳化剂存在下的辐射法所获得的要窄些。实验结果表明在合适的聚合条件下，可以获得单分散、干净的胶乳，其聚合规律类似于化学法的。

L_n-PIR的粘弹行为及其对分子链结构、分子量和分子量分布的依赖性

本论文应用应力应变和动态力学方法，系统地表征了L_n-PIR的粘弹行为及其对聚合物链结构、分子量和分子量分布的依赖性，建立了有关力学量与分子量和分子量之间的相互作用规律的数学模式。结果表明，聚合物的粘弹力学量可以用有效分子量的概念来描述：P=K{(M-bar)_ηexp[(M-bar)_w/(M-bar)_n-1]}~(-α) <1>不同类型的分子量的K_D值是不同的，其K_D大小顺序为：(M-bar)_n > (M-bar)_w > (M-bar)_k > (M-bar)_z。弹性物理量对分子量分布的依赖性较粘性物理量为小。分子量和分子量分布对屈服行为的影响，可以归结为分子链缠结行为的作用。L_n-PIR的屈服强度与链缠结点数(m-1)之间的关系满足如下指数方程λ_yσ_y=5.99*10~5(m-1)~(0.47)，达因·厘米~(-2) <2>聚合物的屈服活化能与解链缠结活化能等值等效，均是为使分子链开始解缠结，克服缠结间链段的分子间作用力所做的功，是链缠结分子量的函数。对L_n-PIR，ΔEy与Me之间的关系为 ΔEy=-148.0+40.0 logMe，千焦/摩尔 <3>在M-bar=Mc时，ΔEy达最大值，为其流动活化能。L_n-PIR的屈服破坏能等效于解分子链缠结能，是为使缠结点解脱，克服缠结点的单体单元之间的范德华力所做的功。ΔEd是缠结点数(m-1)的函数ΔEd.=1.38*10~4(m-1)，焦耳·摩尔~(-1) <4>单个链缠结点对ΔEd的贡献是相同的，约为0.143er，相当于相互缠结的两分子链段的链节单元之间的距离接近于范德华平衡半径re=2.84A的分子间作用力。另由于L_n-PIR聚合物本体内存在的紧密的分子链缠结结构，导致非牛顿效应，其流变行为和应力松弛行为偏离牛顿线性流动规律。L_n-PIR的本体粘度与分子量和分子量分布的关系为η_0~(100)=8.91*10~(-19) (M-bar)_η~(4.25)exp[-0.30*4.25((M-bar)_w/(M-bar)_n-1)]，达因·厘米~(-2)·秒 <5>正应力系数与分子量和分子量分布之关系为ξ_0~(100)=1.43*10~(-32) (M-bar)_η~(6.86)exp[-1.10((M-bar)_w/(M-bar)_n-1)]，达因·厘米~(-2)·秒<6>由于分子链的热运动状况不同，回复柔量对分子链结构和分子结构的依赖性是随温度而变化的。L_n-PIR在25 ℃和100 ℃时，回复柔量与分子量和分子量分布的关系为25 ℃: Je-o=0.158(M-bar)_η~(-0.75)exp[+0.298((M-bar)_w/(M-bar)_n-1)]，达因~(-1)·厘米~2 <7> 100 ℃: Je-o=1.32*10~6(M-bar)_η~(-1.81)exp[0.704((M-bar)_w/(M-bar)_n-1)]达因~(-1)·厘米~2 <8>最大松弛时间与(M-bar)_η、MWD之关系为Jm=1.19*10~(-6)(M-bar)_η~(1.72)exp[-0.282((M-bar)_w/(M-bar)_n-1)]，秒<9> Rouse松弛时间与(M-bar)_η、MWD之关系为Jr=1.79*10~(-14)(M-bar)_η~(3.46)exp[-0.567((M-bar)_w/(M-bar)_n-1)]，秒 <10>。

尼龙1010的平衡热力学参数及其γ-辐照产物的结晶过程

尼龙1010是我国特有的工程塑料。但对它的结构与性能的基础研究并不多见。迄今为止，许多聚酰胺的晶胞参数已被测定，并比较准确地计算出它们的结晶密度ρ_c。可是，尚未见到过有关尼龙1010的ρ_c的报道。此外，结晶高聚物的平衡熔融温度T°_m和平衡熔融热ΔH°_m是非常重要的热力学参数，尤其是后者更是用量热法计算结晶度的基准。早在50年代，Flory等对它的T°_m和ΔH°_m进行了许多研究，由于受当时历史条件限制，这些数值的准确性不高，不能当作平衡状态的数值。尼龙1010经γ-射线辐照后，有可能提高它的使用温度，扩大它的应用范围和领域。但至今未见到过大剂量下γ-辐照尼龙1010及其添加强化交联剂BMI的γ辐照产物的热学性能和结晶过程的研究。随着科学技术的发展，目前迫切需要准确的尼龙1010的ρ_c、T°_m、ΔH°_m的数值，以及大剂量下γ-辐照产物的热学性能和结晶过程的详细研究，以便更合理地开发和利用这一材料为四化建设服务。本文用DSC差示扫描量热仪、红外光谱仪、广角X-射线衍射仪以及TMS热机械仪等研究手段，准确地测定了尼龙1010的平衡热力学参数，并对尼龙1010及其添加强化交联剂BMI的γ-辐照产物的热学性能和结晶过程进行了详细的研究。用红外吸光度-密度外推法求得尼龙1010的ρ_a（非晶密度）= 1.003 ρ_c = 1.098g/cm~3。1.098g/cm~3与用X-射线衍射法求得的1.135g/cm~3比较，认为后者更为合理。用介稳态结晶试样的ΔH_m-(V-bar)_(sp)的线性关系，求得尼龙1010的平衡熔融热。ΔH°_m = 244.0J/g。企图用常用的Hoffman Tm-Tc外推法来确定尼龙1010的平衡熔融温度T°_m，但未能成功，并指出其升温过程中重结晶异常迅速是此法行不通的主要原因。用Kamide提出的双重外推法成功地求得尼龙1010的平衡熔融温度：T°_m = 487 K = 214 ℃通过详细地研究尼龙1010及其添加强化并联剂BMI的γ辐照产物的热学性能，发现强化交联剂BMI的加入，使尼龙1010大分子的交联更容易，但也使得空间网络较松散；同时γ辐照尼龙1010在再次等速升温过程中出现冷结晶峰是辐照产物中存在可结晶部分、交联网络阻碍可结晶部分结晶两者共同作用的结果。交联网络使可结晶部分在降温过程中来不及结晶，当再次升温到玻璃化转变温度以上时，链段冻结被解除，可结晶的分子链段进行有序排列而结晶，导致冷结晶峰的出现。冷结晶峰的强度和位置与辐照产物中可结晶部分的多少、交联网络的大小即相邻交联点之间的分子量Mc的大小、交联网络的松散程度以及试样的热历史都有关。选择适当的等温结晶温度，用DSC-2C型差示扫描量热仪研究了尼龙1010及其γ-辐照产物和添加强化交联剂BMI的γ-辐照产物的等温结晶过程。用DSC-2C 3600 TADS计算机自带的部分面积程序进行动力学数据处理。通过仔细的等温结晶动力学研究，发现γ辐照尼龙10104 Avrami指数n几乎不受辐照剂量R和强化交联剂BMI的影响，且一般为3.75，这说明尼龙1010及其γ辐照产物的结晶过程接近于均相三维成核。随着辐照剂量R和强化交联剂BMI含量的增大，折迭链表面自由能σe值增大，σe值的分布可能变宽，σe值的这种变化可以归因于辐照剂量R和强化交联剂BMI的含量增大时，交联网络增多，交联密度增大，Mc值的分布变宽，链尾和小链圈的数目增多，活动性减小，同时链尾也增长，结果导致σe（链尾、链圈）增大，从而σe值变大，σe值的分布可能变宽。σe值的这种变化也正是过冷度增大、拖尾现象严重、总的动力学速率常数Kn和结晶速率t_(0.5)~(-1)变小的总根源。由此可见，对于分子量不同或分子结构有差别的同一种结晶高聚物来说，σe值可以作为衡量结晶能力大小的定量标准。

稀土络合物的合成及还原反应的研究

本工作用无水SmCl_3和YbCl_3每二摩尔比的叔丁基环戊二烯基钠在四氢呋喃中反应，合成了二（叔丁基环戊二烯基稀土氧化物(t-C_4H_9C_5H_4)_2Sm(DME)和(t-C_4H_9C_5H_4)_2YbCl(THF)，配合物得到元素分析及~1H-NMR的鉴定。通过(t-C_4H_9C_5H_4)_2SmCl(DME)和(t-C_4H_9C_5H_4)_2YbCl(THF)分别每金属钠在四氢呋喃中的还原反应，分离得到了相应的二价稀土络合物(t-C_4H_9C_5H_4)_2Sm(DME)和(t-C_4H_9C_5H_4)_2Yb(THF)_2。络合物经元素分析，~1H-NMR鉴定，并通过对络合物具有弯曲的夹心式结构，中心金属离子Yb~(2+)除每两个五元环络合外，还与两个THF的氧配位，形成稳定的8配位结构。本工作还研究了二价络合物(t-C_4H_9C_5H_4)_2Sm（DME）的还原性，并通过(t-C_4H_9C_5H_4)_2Sm（DME）每phc≡CH在甲苯中反应，证明了(t-C_4H_9C_5H_4)_2Sm（DME）具有很强的还原性，能每phC≡CH发生单电子转移反应，从此瓜体系中分离得到了一个新的三价Sm~(3+)络俣物[(t-C_4H_9C_5H_4)_2Sm(u-C≡Cph)]_2。经X光单晶结构的鉴定，证明此络合物具有双分子结构，中心金属离子Sm~(3+)除了与两个叔丁基环戊二烯基负离子络合外，还与两个桥炔配位，构成八配位的结构。二价Yb~(2+)络合物(t-C_4H_9C_5H_4)_2Yb(THF)_2能与三苯氧膦在甲苯溶液中反应，发生配体交换，使络合物中的一个THF分子被三苯氧膦取代，得到(t-C_4H_9C_5H_4)_2Yb(opph_3)(THF)。此外，我们还研究了(C_tMe)_2Nd(u-Cl)_2Na(DME)_2与甲基萘钠在溶剂DME中的反应，结果表明，在这一体系中，发生了甲基萘钠对溶剂分子CH_3OCH_2CH_2OCH_3中CH_3-O键的断裂反应断裂反应产生的CH_3ONa能与(C_5Me_5)_2Nd(u-Cl)_2Na(DME)_2发生交换反应得到(C_5Me_5)_2Nd(u-Cl)_2Na(DME)_2。络合物经元素分析，水解色质（GC-MC）谱及~1H-NMR鉴定，并通过X光单晶结构的测定证明具有弯曲夹心式结构。

Microstructural and compositional characteristics of GaN films grown on a ZnO-buffered Si(111) wafer

Polycrystalline GaN thin films have been deposited epitaxially on a ZnO-buffered (111)-oriented Si substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. The microstructural and compositional characteristics of the films were studied by analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A SiO2 amorphous layer about 3.5 nm in thickness between the Si/ZnO interface has been identified by means of spatially resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy. Cross-sectional and plan-view TEM investigations reveal (GaN/ZnO/SiO2/Si) layers exhibiting definite a crystallographic relationship: [111](Si)//[111](ZnO)//[0001](GaN) along the epitaxy direction. GaN films are polycrystalline with nanoscale grains (similar to100 nm in size) grown along [0001] direction with about 20degrees between the (1 (1) over bar 00) planes of adjacent grains. A three-dimensional growth mode for the buffer layer and the film is proposed to explain the formation of the as-grown polycrystalline GaN films and the functionality of the buffer layer. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Microstructure of the silicon film prepared near the phase transition regime from amorphous to nanocrystalline

A kind of hydrogenated diphasic silicon films has been prepared by a new regime of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) near the phase transition regime from amorphous to nanocrystalline. The microstructural properties of the films have been investigated by the micro-Raman and Fourier transformed Infrared (FT-IR) spectra and atom force microscopy (AFM). The obtained Raman spectra show not only the existence of nanoscaled crystallites, but also a notable improvement in the medium-range order of the diphasic films. For the FT-IR spectra of this kind of films, it notes that there is a blueshift in the Si-H stretching mode and a redshift in the Si-H wagging mode in respect to that of typical amorphous silicon film. We discussed the reasons responsible for these phenomena by means of the phase transition, which lead to the formation of a diatomic hydrogen complex, H-2* and their congeries.

In situ doping of 3C-SiC grown on (0001) sapphire substrates by LPCVD

The heteroepitaxial growth of n-type and p-type 3C-SiC on (0001) sapphire substrates has been performed with a supply of SiH4+C2H4+H-2 system by introducing ammonia (NH3) and diborane (B2H6) precursors, respectively, into gas mixtures. Intentionally incorporated nitrogen impurity levels were affected by changing the Si/C ratio within the growth reactor. As an acceptor, boron can be added uniformly into the growing 3C-SiC epilayers. Nitrogen-doped 3C-SiC epilayers were n-type conduction, and boron-doped epilayers were p-type and probably heavily compensated.

Epitaxial growth of SiC on complex substrates

Epitaxial growth of SiC on complex substrates was carried out at substrate temperature from 1200 degreesC to 1400 degreesC. Three kinds of new complex substrates, c-plane sapphire, AlN/sapphire, and GaN/AlN/sapphire, were used in this study. We obtained a growth rate in the range of 1-6 mum/h. Thick (6 mum) SIC epitaxial layers with no cracks were successfully obtained on AlN/sapphire and GaN/AlN/sapphire substrates. X-ray diffraction patterns have confirmed that single-crystal SiC was obtained on these complex substrates. Analysis of optical transmission spectra of the SIC grown on sapphire substrates shows the lowest-energy gap near 2.2 eV, which is the value for cubic SiC. The undoped SIC showed n-type electrical conductivity. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Homoepitaxial growth and device characteristics of SiC on Si-face (0001) 6H-SiC

Homoepitaxial growth of SiC on a Si-face (0 0 0 1) GH-SIC substrate has been performed in a modified gas-source molecular beam epitaxy system with Si2H6 and C2H4 at temperatures ranging 1000 1450 degreesC while keeping a constant SiC ratio (0.7) in the gas phase. X-ray diffraction patterns, Raman scattering measurements. and low-temperature photoluminescence spectra showed single-crystalline SiC. Mesa-type SiC p-n junctions were obtained on these epitaxial layers, and their I-V characteristics are presented. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

An augmented method for free boundary problems with moving contact lines

An augmented immersed interface method (IIM) is proposed for simulating one-phase moving contact line problems in which a liquid drop spreads or recoils on a solid substrate. While the present two-dimensional mathematical model is a free boundary problem, in our new numerical method, the fluid domain enclosed by the free boundary is embedded into a rectangular one so that the problem can be solved by a regular Cartesian grid method. We introduce an augmented variable along the free boundary so that the stress balancing boundary condition is satisfied. A hybrid time discretization is used in the projection method for better stability. The resultant Helmholtz/Poisson equations with interfaces then are solved by the IIM in an efficient way. Several numerical tests including an accuracy check, and the spreading and recoiling processes of a liquid drop are presented in detail. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Wurtzite-to-tetragonal structure phase transformation and size effect in ZnO nanorods

The deformation of [0001]-oriented ZnO nanorods with hexagonal cross sections under uniaxial tensile loading is analyzed through molecular statistical thermodynamics (MST) simulations. The focus is on the size dependence of mechanical behavior in ZnO nanorods with diameters ranging from 1.95 to 17.5 nm. An irreversible phase transformation from the wurtzite (P6(3)mc space group) structure to a tetragonal structure (P4(2)/mnm space group) occurs during the tensile loading process. Young's modulus before the transformation demonstrates a size dependence consistent with what is observed in experiments. A stronger size dependence of response is seen after the transformation and is attributed to the polycrystalline nature of the transformed structure. A comparison of the MST and molecular dynamics (MD) methods shows that MST is 60 times faster than MD and yields results consistent with the results of MD.

一种镍基单晶合金的凝固行为

采用等温凝固方法研究了单晶镍基合金的凝固区间,利用DSC测试了合金的凝固曲线.结果表明:实验合金的液相线温度约为1380℃,固相线温度约为1310℃.合金的凝固顺序为: Lγ,L MC;γγ′;Lγ+MC.单晶合金的铸态组织中,W偏析于枝晶干, Ti,Cr,Mo和Ta偏析于枝晶间,偏析程度为: Mo>Ti>Cr>Ta, Al和Co几乎不发生偏析.1314℃1382℃1361℃1325℃

K418与42CrMo异种金属激光焊接接头组织演变规律

研究了额定功率为3kW的Nb:YAG激光焊接K418与42CrMo异种金属,通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、能谱仪(EDS)分析了焊缝接头组织和成分。结果表明,焊缝与母材交界组织为具有一定方向的枝晶组织,焊缝中心为等轴晶。由于激光焊接熔池的非平衡凝固,焊缝枝晶间弥散分布着颗粒状的Laves相、针状的MC碳化物和8字形的γ′。Laves相具有熔点低、硬和脆的特点,在焊缝区域常成为裂纹萌生和扩展的地方。为了提高焊缝的力学性能,需要优化工艺参数,抑制Laves的形成。

四川九顶山西坡及龙肘山维管植物区系和植物多样性研究

横断山地区是一个十分自然的植物区系地区，在中国植物区系分区中是作为泛北极植物区中国-喜马拉雅亚区中的一个地区，其种子植物区系具有丰富的科、属、种，地理成分复杂，特有现象和替代现象明显。该地区作为植物区系和生物多样性的研究热点地区，长期以来极受中外植物学家关注。横断山脉东缘是中国-喜马拉雅和中国-日本植物区系的交汇过渡区域，北部的岷江流域以及南部的金沙江流域，孕育了该区丰富的物种资源和植被资源。而岷江干热河谷和金沙江干热河谷的相似性和相关性，更为该区的植物区系和生物多样性南北的对比研究提供了有利的条件。 本研究选择的九顶山西坡和龙肘山分别位于横断山区北部和南部，九顶山属岷江流域而龙肘山属金沙江流域。本研究结合植物区系研究和生物多样性研究，对该区的植物资源进行调查。通过样带调查和样线踏查结合，大量详实的野外样方调查和标本采集，进行传统的区系研究和生物多样性研究。研究该区物种多样性的海拔梯度格局及其潜在的影响影子，并利用新的区系评估质量方法对九顶山西坡的植物区系质量进行定量的研究，以期能更为深刻的理解该区的植物资源，为该区的资源保护和利用提供合理可行的建议。主要研究结论如下： 1）九顶山西坡植物区系的性质和特点 经鉴定和统计，九顶山西坡共有1707 种维管植物，分属617 属和140 科,其中种子植物1616 种，分属572 属117 科。就科的分布区成分构成而言，该区系的热带成分与温带成分相当，热带成分略占优势，表明九顶山西坡的植物区系与热带植物区系有较强的联系。但是，在九顶山西坡属的分布区类型所占的比例上，温带成分远远超过了热带成分，本区的种子植物分布表现出明显的温带性质。且温带分布类型的许多物种组成了九顶山西坡植被的建群种和优势种，是本区系最重要的成分，充分体现了本区系的温带性质。 2）九顶山西坡不同植被带的生物多样性海拔梯度格局 基于对土门-断头崖、茶山-九顶山、雁门沟-光光山三条垂直植被样带的调查，我们发现九顶山西坡的生物多样性沿海拔梯度的变化呈现出一定的规律性，不同样带之间有一定差异。就三条样带的物种组成相似性来看，虽然土门－断头崖样带属于涪江水系，而茶山－九顶山样带和雁门沟－光光山样带属于岷江水系，但不同水系对该区物种组成的影响并不明显。三条样带中，草本层物种丰富度均远远大于灌木层和乔木层，而以乔木层物种丰富度最低；α－多样性指数随着海拔梯度的变化在土门-断头崖样带中呈现单一下降趋势，在茶山-九顶山样带表现为双峰模型，而在雁门沟-光光山样带则表现为不显著波动变化；均匀度指数在土门-断头崖样带呈现出单一下降的趋势，在雁门沟-光光山样带表现为凹形曲线，而在茶山-九顶山样带却无明显的变化规律。β－多样性指数在土门-断头崖样带和茶山-九顶山样带呈现出明显的波动状态，植被类型替代现象明显；而在雁门沟-光光山样带却并未有十分显著的转折点，因其水平植被带受到干扰，同海拔替代现象不显著。 3）九顶山西坡维管植物丰富度的海拔梯度格局 我们考察了九顶山西坡和两条垂直样带（土门－断头崖和雁门沟－光光山样带）的不同分类等级（包括科、属、种）和不同生活型物种（乔木、灌木、禾草、蕨类和其它草本）的丰富度沿着海拔梯度的分布。结果发现，物种的丰富度海拔梯度格局具有不同的模式，单一下降和中间膨胀格局依然是其主流。不同生活型的物种具有不同的丰富度格局，但是对于环境需求相似的类型具有较相似的丰富度格局。不同的丰富度格局可能由多因素导致，包括：气候，海拔跨度，面积，人为干扰等等。 4）九顶山西坡区系质量评估 我们尝试使用传统的区系质量评估方法对九顶山西坡的区系质量进行评估，并尝试使用一种新的区系质量评估体系对该区的区系进行评价。在九顶山西坡随着海拔梯度的上升，平均保守性系数在各条植被带中均呈现出逐渐上升的趋势。区系质量指数随着海拔的升高都表现为双峰模型，在植被交错区区系质量指数相对较高，而在海拔的两极，区系质量指数都很低。大部分地区使用新方法计算所得的加权平均保守性系数和区系质量指数都比传统方法计算的平均保收性系数和区系质量指数要高，说明在九顶山西坡的三条样带中，大部分地区都是那些保守性系数较高的物种占据优势，同时也表明九顶山西坡具有很高质量的区系和自然植被。 5）龙肘山种子植物区系的性质和特点 龙肘山种子植物区系的物种较为丰富，共有154 科，544 属，1156 种。科的优势十分明显，单种属和寡种属数量众多，说明本区系植物成分较为复杂、起源古老、物种多样性指数较高。地理成分复杂，分布类型多样，其中热带成分在总数量上高于温带成分，但是许多温带成分的属是该区植被的重要建群类群和优势类群，表现出明显的亚热带性质。 6）龙肘山生物多样性的现状和特点 在海拔梯度上，龙肘山地区无论是科、属、种的数量，还是不同等级分类单元之间的数量比，均呈现先升后降的趋势，并在中海拔地区达到峰值。物种多样性指数从总体上来说变化幅度不大，略有先升后降的趋势，在中海拔梯度物种多样性最高。乔、灌、草三层的多样性指数表现出乔木层<灌木层<草本层的特征；乔木层均匀度的变化很大，而灌木层和草本层均匀度的变化较小；灌木层均匀度的波动又强于草本层。β－多样性指数呈现单峰模式，中海拔地区最高。就龙肘山东、西坡物种多样性相比较而言，两者虽然在数值上交替上升，但是却体现出了较为一致的趋势，但西坡因受到干热河谷气候的影响，其平均气温要高于东坡，导致了东坡植物群落和物种的分布比西坡要低。在区系成分构成上，低山区的相同海拔段，西坡的热带亚热带成分所占的比例要比东坡高，这是因为西坡的平均气温比东坡稍高，导致了热带、亚热带物种分布更多。而随着海拔的上升，东、西两坡的气候、土壤等条件趋于一致，其植物区系成分的构成格局也趋于一致。 The Hengduan Mountain region is a very natural floristic region; it belongs toChina-Himalaya sub-region of Holarctic region in floristic subarea of China. The flora in this areais rich in family, genus and species; has a very complex composition of geographical elements;especially with high richness of endemic species and obvious substitution phenomenon. Thisregion as a hot-spot area of floristic and biodiversity, has fascinated biologists in the world for along time. The eastern range of Hengduan Mountain is the transition zone of China – Himalayaforest sub-region and China-Japan forest sub-region in floristic. The water systems are quitedifferent, Minjiang River in the north and Jishajiang River in the south grow quit different but alsoabundant plant species and vegetation resources. The similarity and correlativity of Minjiang River dry valleys and Jinshajiang River dry valleys have provided advantageous condition tocontrast flora and biodiversity between north and south. In the present study, the Jiuding Mountainlies in the north of Hengduan Mountain and belongs to Minjiang River, and the LongzhouMountain lies in the south of Hengduan Mountain and belongs to Jinshajiang River. In our study, we combined the methods of floristic research and biodiversity investigation toexplore the resources of plant species and vegetations; sampled with transects along the altitudinalgradients and also with transverse straps with similar elevation; collected the vascular plant specimen with sampling plots of ecology. We explored the plant species richness patterns alongaltitudinal gradients and discussed the underlying factors aroused these patterns; and used a novelmethod to assess the quality of Jiuding Mountain’s flora. All for a deeper comprehension of the plant recourses of this region; and provided feasible and reasonable suggestion for the protectionof resources. The results were as follows: 1 The characteristic of the flora of the west slope of Jiuding Mountain We had collected 1707 species of vascular plants belonging to 617 genera in 140 families inthe west slope of Jiuding Mountain，in which included 1616 seed plant species belonging to 572genera and 117 families. As for the composition of the areal types of the Families of seed plants,tropic components and temperate components are well-balanced, and percentage of tropicscomponents is higher than that of temperate ones for a litter bit. This shows the flora in the westslope of Jiuding Mountain has strong relationship with the tropic flora. But for the composition ofthe areal types of genera, temperate components have far exceeded the tropics ones, indicated thewhole flora with a conspicuous temperate character. Temperate components possess maximumproportion in the west slope of Jiuding Mountain, and many of them belong to constructivespecies and dominant species in the vegetation, are most important components in JiudingMountain’s Flora, also have embodied the temperate character of this area sufficiently. 2 Biodiversity patterns along altitudinal gradients in different vegetation transects in the westslope of Jiuding Mountain Based on the investigation of three vegetation transects (including Tumen-Duantouya transect,Chashan-Jiudingshan transect and Yanmengou-Guangguangshan Transect) in the west slope ofJiuding Mountain, we found the change of biodiversity along the altitude gradients displayedcertain regularity, but have differences among different transects. The three transects belong todifferent water systems; the Tumen-Duantouya transect belongs to Fujiang River, and the othertwo belong to Minjiang River. From the similarity of species compositions of different transects,we found different water system didn’t show obvious impact on the species composition. In all thethree transects, the species richness of herb layer was remarkably higher than shrub and tree layer,and the species richness of tree layer was the lowest one. With the increasing of the altitude, theline of α-diversity was monotonically decreasing curve in Tumen-Duantouya transect, andbimodal curve in Chashan-Jiudingshan transect, but in Yanmengou-Guangguangshan transectshowed a wave-like curve although not very obvious. Species evenness showed monotonicallydecreasing trends in Tumen-Duantouya transect, and very low at mid-altitude in Yanmengou-Guangguangshan transect, but in Chashan-Jiudingshan transect changed irregularly. Changes inβ-diversity corresponded with the transition of vegetation in the Tumen-Duantouya transect andChashan-Jiudingshan transect, and the curve of β-diversity along altitude had obvious turningpoint; but in Yanmengou-Guangguangshan transect had no obvious turning point, and thesubstitution phenomenon was not obvious, transverse vegetation straps distributed interlaced. 3 Richness patterns of vascular plant species along altitude in the west slope of Jiuding Mountain Direct gradient analysis and regression methods were used to describe the species richnesspatterns along the altitudinal for Mt. Jiuding, as well as separately for Tumen-Duantouya Transectand Yanmengou-Guangguangshan Transect. Altitudinal gradient of diversity of units at differenttaxonomic level (including Family, Genus and Species) and at different life form (including tree,shrub, pteridophyte, grass and other herb) were tested to find differences among the richnesspattern. We found altitudinal richness also shows different patterns, and both monotonicallydecreasing pattern and hump-shaped pattern can be founded in vascular species richness. Speciesin different life forms show different altitudinal patterns, but those species with similarrequirements to environmental conditions show similar richness patterns along altitudinalgradients. Different richness patterns can be aroused by different climate, different altitudinal span,area factor, anthropogenic factor and so on. 4 Floristic quality assessments in the west slope of Jiuding Mountain We used both the conventional method broadly adopted in the USA and the new one toassess the floristic quality in the west slope of Jiuding Mountain. The Mean Coefficient ofConservatism (MC) had the trend of increment along the altitudinal gradients. The FloristicQuality Index (FQI) was a bimodal curve with increasing of elevation; FQI got maximum valuesin the transition zones of different vegetations in the middle altitude, and had very low values atthe two end of elevation. In most areas of the west slope of the Jiuding Mountain, the resultscalculated using the new methods were higher than those using the conventional method. Thisindicated the dominant species of the communities had very high coefficients of conservatism inmost areas of Jiuding Mountain, and the communities are relatively kept pristine and the habitats very integrative. 5 The characteristic of the flora of Longzhou Mountain The flora of Longzhou Mountain has very abundant in species composition; there are about1156 species of seed plants belonging to 544 genera in 154 families. In which, twelve families with more than 20 species include totally 232 genera and 532 species, and form the majority of itsflora. The origin of its flora is old, monospecific genera and oligotypic genera amounts to 510 innumber, which constitute 93.75% of total number of genera. The geographical components arevarious in Longzhou Mountain, the majority of flora are temperate and pantropic ones. The tropiccomponents overtopped temperate components on genera quantity, but many temperatecomponents belong to constructive species and dominant species in the vegetation, and the wholeflora shows an obvious subtropical character. 6 Current situation and characteristic of biodiversity in Longzhou Mountain With the increasing of altitude, the number of species, genus, family and the ratios ofdifferent taxonomic levels all displayed a trend of descending after rising first, and peaked atmiddle height area. The change of α-diversity was not very acutely, with the trend of descendingafter rising first in some degree, the middle height area had highest α-diversity. As studying thetree layer, shrub layer and herb layer respectively, the Shannon-Wiener index was in followingorder: tree layer < shrub layer < herb layer; the change of evenness was more complicatedly thanthat of diversity, the tree layer changed acutely, but the shrub layer and herb layer fluctuatedsmoothly. Changes in β-diversity also showed the trend of descending after rising first. TheJaccard index and Cody index all peaked at the middle height forest area. As for the comparison ofplant diversity and evenness between the west and east slope, the numerical values ascendedalternatively, but the trend of changing was similar. The distribution of similar plant communitiesand species in east slope were lower than the west slope for the influence of Jinsha River DryValley. As for the composition of different floristic components, in lower altitude area of westslope, the tropic and sub-tropic plants had higher ratio than east slope’s and even could be equal tothe temperate plants. With the increasing of elevation, the floristic composition become morelikely between the east and west slope and temperate plants dominated the flora.

Circumstantial Evidence for a Soft Nuclear Symmetry Energy at Suprasaturation Densities

Within an isospin- and momentum-dependent hadronic transport model, it is shown that the recent FOPI data on the pi(-)/pi(+) ratio in central heavy-ion collisions at SIS/GSI energies [Willy Reisdorf , Nucl. Phys. A 781, 459 (2007)] provide circumstantial evidence suggesting a rather soft nuclear symmetry energy E-sym(rho) at rho >= 2 rho(0) compared to the Akmal-Pandharipande-Ravenhall prediction. Some astrophysical implications and the need for further experimental confirmations are discussed.