Feature selection by multi-objective optimisation: Application to network anomaly detection by hierarchical self-organising maps

Feature selection is an important and active issue in clustering and classification problems. By choosing an adequate feature subset, a dataset dimensionality reduction is allowed, thus contributing to decreasing the classification computational complexity, and to improving the classifier performance by avoiding redundant or irrelevant features. Although feature selection can be formally defined as an optimisation problem with only one objective, that is, the classification accuracy obtained by using the selected feature subset, in recent years, some multi-objective approaches to this problem have been proposed. These either select features that not only improve the classification accuracy, but also the generalisation capability in case of supervised classifiers, or counterbalance the bias toward lower or higher numbers of features that present some methods used to validate the clustering/classification in case of unsupervised classifiers. The main contribution of this paper is a multi-objective approach for feature selection and its application to an unsupervised clustering procedure based on Growing Hierarchical Self-Organising Maps (GHSOMs) that includes a new method for unit labelling and efficient determination of the winning unit. In the network anomaly detection problem here considered, this multi-objective approach makes it possible not only to differentiate between normal and anomalous traffic but also among different anomalies. The efficiency of our proposals has been evaluated by using the well-known DARPA/NSL-KDD datasets that contain extracted features and labelled attacks from around 2 million connections. The selected feature sets computed in our experiments provide detection rates up to 99.8% with normal traffic and up to 99.6% with anomalous traffic, as well as accuracy values up to 99.12%.

Notebook, 1711

Paper notebook with thirteen pages of Latin text titled "Age! Age! Tu reconciliati simus diabolumq; ex oculemus." The last page of text includes the inscription: "T. F. focit-- ex occasione memorabili - Anno 1711 (Domino Whiting Tutore quo) (ut nomini)."

Accounts with Harvard College, 1745-1753, 1764

The folio-sized paper covered notebook contains Steward Andrew Bordman III's accounts with Harvard College from 1745-1753. The final page of text, signed on September 19, 1764 by Bordman's son, Andrew Bordman IV, settles the accounts.

Letter from John Leverett to an unidentified recipient (fragment), 1721 August 28

Three octavo-sized leaves containing a handwritten letter from President Leverett to an unidentified recipient with detailed notes and extracts of Harvard Corporation votes related to non-resident Fellows of the Corporation. The names of the non-resident Fellows are listed in page margins. The letter begins: "Rev'd & Dear Sr. Pursuant to your desire I have collected the names of the non-resid't Fellows of the Corporation..." The fourth leaf containing the seventh page of text is no longer with the item.

1794, Catalogus eorum qui in Universitate Harvardiana, Cantabrigiae, in republica Massachusettensi, ab anno MDCXLII, ad annum MDCCXCIV. Alicujus gradû laureâ donati sunt.

Modern hardcover binding around original handsewn paper binding. Missing title page and first page of text. Key to abbreviations titled "Explination" on flyleaf with abbreviations for Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Long Island, New York, Martha's Vineyard, New Jersey, Pensylvania [sic], Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, West Indies, Great Britain, Episcopalian, and Baptist. Heavily annotated with residence locations. Asterisks added next to the names of alumni who died after the Catalogue's publication, generally in 1795. Also includes a tipped-in page at front of volume with the names of thirteen alumni of various classes from 1650 through 1756, in one hand, a note "Joseph Lovett was of Beverly, and a minister in a town of Connecticut the name of which I do not recollect. JW" in a different hand, and a final note "I believe there was a Lovett at Norwich" in the original hand.

Letter from John Ames to Samuel Shuttleworth (fragment), 1822 July 22

Fragments of a one-page handwritten letter from John Ames (1793-1833) in Dedham to his uncle, Samuel Shuttleworth in Windsor, Vermont. The fragments contain some incomplete lines of text, including a note of the church attendance of "Aunt Ames."

Ijāzat Aḥmad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Tūnisī al-Miṣrī li-Muḥammad ibn Shaʻbān al-Ḥalabī : manuscript, 1691

Contains an ijāzah issued by Aḥmad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Tūnisī al-Miṣrī al-Azharī al-Ḥanafī to Muḥammad ibn Shaʻbān ibn Sharaf al-Dīn ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb al-Ḥalabī al-Sarmīnī (?) al-Muʻaddil (?) and another one issued by Muḥammad ibn Shaʻbān to two brothers named Ṣāliḥ and ʻAbd al-Raḥmān.

Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osman : manuscript, undated

Popular history that starts with stories of the prophets (ff. 5r-17v) the offers anecdotes from the life of Prophet Muḥammad (ff. 17v-20v) and the four rightly guided caliphs and narrates history of Islamic dynasties (ff. 20v-35v). History of Ottoman family starts with Ertuġrıl and ends with at Süleymān Qānūnī (ff. 35v-60v). Enumerates sultan's campaigns, charitable foundations they established, and noteworthy contemporary scholars and religious personalities.

Sharḥ-i Qaṣīdah-ʼi Burdah : manuscript, 1661

Written in one column, 19 lines per page, in black rubricated in red. Portions of text underlined or punctuated in red

al- Jawhar al-munaḍḍad fī maʻná Qul huwa Allāhu aḥad / li-muʼallifihā Aḥmad ibn Aḥmad ibn Aḥmad al-Biqāʻī al-Dimashqī al-Ṣūfī : manuscript, 1641

A Sufi commentary on Chapter 112 of the Qur'an.

Ḥusāmkātī fī al-manṭiq : manuscript, undated

Commentary on the Īsāghūjī [Isagoge], "Introduction to logic", by al-Abharī.

O insustentável desejo da memória : incursões na fotografia de teatro em Portugal (1868-1974)

Tese de doutoramento, Estudos Artísticos (Estudos de Teatro), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2016

O cancioneiro de Airas Engeitado, trovador

As cantigas da lírica galego-portuguesa são obras de um conjunto diversificado de autores e constituem-se como um rico património literário e cultural da Idade Média, produzido entre os séculos XII e XIV. Ao longo dos tempos, o seu interesse tem conduzido ao estudo de aspetos da transmissão dos textos, da biografia dos trovadores e das influências recebidas de territórios além peninsulares, bem como tem levado à concretização de diversas edições críticas. A presente tese tem como objetivo a edição crítica das cantigas de um dos trovadores da lírica galego-portuguesa, Airas Engeitado. Este autor foi editado pela última vez em 1932, por José Joaquim Nunes, juntamente com as cantigas de amor que Carolina Michaëlis considerou excluídas do cancioneiro da Ajuda. Esta edição não foi, até à data e que seja do nosso conhecimento, revista por nenhum editor. A edição de Nunes, sobre a qual o próprio Nunes manifestou dúvidas, apresenta os textos de Engeitado bastante deturpados, pelo que se procede aqui a uma nova edição crítica, com critérios de edição mais exigentes que os de Nunes na edição referida e normas de transcrição diferentes. Procede-se também ao enquadramento e explicação de uma lírica de autor com caraterísticas que podemos considerar singulares, no contexto da lírica galego-portuguesa. As quatro cantigas de amor que considero da autoria de Airas Engeitado chegaram até nós pelo Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional (B), pelo Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Vaticana (V) e foram mencionadas na Tavola Colocciana, índice de B. Além do estabelecimento crítico das cantigas de Airas Engeitado, fazem-se diversos apontamentos sobre questões paleográficas, notas que abordam as divergências existentes entre as minhas leituras dos testemunhos e as leituras do editor anterior, bem como notas que remetem para peculiaridades lexicais, sintáticas ou dos esquemas de versificação das cantigas. Em breve capítulo, resume-se o pouco que se sabe sobre a biografia de Airas Engeitado e faz-se o enquadramento das cantigas editadas na tradição manuscrita. Questão de extrema relevância é a da dupla atribuição da cantiga A gran direito lazerei, que equaciono e discuto também no capítulo sobre a tradição manuscrita. É nesta reflexão que fundamento a minha decisão de incluir a cantiga na presente edição, apesar de ela ter sido, até à data, unanimemente atribuída a Afonso Eanes do Coton.

Aḥmad b. aṭ-Tayyib as-Saraḫsî,

Includes "Unpublished texts" (p. 127-135) in Arabic characters.

Sound! Trumpet! = [music] : (Squillino le trombe!) /

First line of text: Fratelli avvampa la patria.