Noise and vibration damping of Fe-Cr-x alloys

The aim of the present work is to study the noise and vibration damping capacity of ferromagnetic Fe-16%Cr base alloys (before and after heat treatment) with different Al and Mo contents. The noise damping was evaluated by the level of sound emission after an impact. The vibration damping was studied using a cantilever device. In addition to these tests, the magnetic structure of the materials was also investigated by Kerr effect. It was verified that the materials can decrease noise level in the frequency range of human earring. The vibration damping is influenced by heat treatment and chemical composition of the alloy. The improvement of vibration damping after heat treatment is ascribed to the decrease of internal stresses in materials and changes in magnetic domain structures.

Fe y esperanza : women's road to leadership and ministry in the Lutheran church of El Salvador 1952-2009

The Lutheran Church of El Salvador made a decision, in 1986, to open the ministry to women. How was it possible in the midst of a Latin American macho culture and after having been influenced by the theologically conservative, North American mission work? This research examines the kinds of internal and external factors which led women to leadership and ministry, and the context in which this development occurred. The roles of women have been scrutinised during several time periods. During 1952-1974 the focus was on women as missionary wives and fundadoras (founding mothers). Women’s roles as laywomen grew in 1975-1985. After the outburst of the civil war in 1980, women advanced to lay leaders. The ministry was opened for women and the first deacon pastors were installed in 1986 and the first presbyter pastors were ordained in 1994. In 2009, more women than ever were working in different levels – from laywomen to leaders – in the Lutheran Church of El Salvador. The research shows that the reasons for the development and changes concerning women’s positions and roles lie in the impact of significant individuals, liberation theology, the feminist and women’s movement, civil war and the theology of life.

Defining of the material models for stainless steels to be used in FE modeling

The aim of this work is to study the results of tensile tests for austenitic stainless steel type 304 and make accurate FE-models according to the results of the tests. Tensile tests were made at Central Research Institute of Structural Material, Prometey at Saint Petersburg and Mariyenburg in Russia. The test specimens for the tensile tests were produced at Lappeenranta University of Technology in a Laboratory of Steel Structures. In total 4 different tests were made, two with base material specimens and two with transverse butt weld specimens. Each kind of a specimen was tested at room temperature and at low temperature. By comparing the results of room and low temperature tests of similar test specimen we get to study the results of work hardening that affect the austenitic steels at below room temperature. The produced specimens are to be modeled accurately and then imported for nonlinear FEM- analyzing. Using the data gained from the tensile tests the aim is to get the models work like the specimens did during the tests. By using the analyzed results of the FE-models the aim is to calculate and get the stress-strain curves that correspond to the results acquired from the tensile tests.

Topochemistry of physical and chemical pretreatments of biomass as investigated by FE-SEM, XPS and ToF-SIMS

Surface chemistry is of great importance in plant biomass engineering and applications. The surface chemical composition of biomass which includes lignin, carbohydrates and extractives influences its interactions with chemical agents, such as pulp processing/papermaking chemicals, or enzymes for different purposes. In this thesis, the changes in the surface chemical composition of lignocellulosic biomass after physical modification for the improvement of resulting paper properties and chemical treatment for the enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated. Low consistency (LC) refining was used as physical treatment of bleached softwood and hardwood pulp samples, and the surface chemistry of refined samples was investigated. The refined pulp was analysed as whole pulp while the fines-free fibre samples were characterized separately. The fines produced in LCrefining contributed to an enlarged surface specific area as well as the change of surface coverage by lignin and extractives, as investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface coverage by lignin of the whole pulp decreased after refining while the surface coverage by extractives increased both for pine and eucalyptus. In the case of pine, the removal of fines resulted in reduction of the surface coverage by extractives, while the surface coverage by lignin increased on fibre sample (without fines). In the case of eucalyptus, the surface coverage by lignin of fibre samples decreased after the removal of fines. In addition, the surface distribution of carbohydrates, lignin and extractives of pine and eucalyptus samples was determined by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). LC-refining increased the amounts of pentose, hexose and extractives on the surface of pine samples. ToF-SIMS also gave clear evidence about xylan deposition and reduction of surface lignin distribution on the fibre of eucalyptus. However, the changes in the surface chemical composition during the physical treatment has led to an increase in the adsorption of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) on fibres due to a combination of electro-static forces, specific surface area of fibres and hydrophobic interactions. Various physicochemical pretreatments were conducted on wood and non-wood biomass for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides, and the surface chemistry of the pretreated and enzymatically hydrolysed samples was investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), XPS and ToF-SIMS. A hydrotrope was used as a relatively novel pretreatment technology both in the case of wood and non-wood biomass. For comparison, ionic liquid and hydrothermal pretreatments were applied on softwood and hardwood as well. Thus, XPS analysis showed that the surface lignin was more efficiently removed by hydrotropic pretreatment compared to ionic liquid or hydrothermal pretreatments. SEM analysis also found that already at room temperature the ionic liquid pretreatments were more effective in swelling the fibres compared with hydrotropic pretreatment at elevated temperatures. The enzymatic hydrolysis yield of hardwood was enhanced due to the decrease in surface coverage of lignin, which was induced by hydrotropic treatment. However, hydrotropic pretreatment was not appropriate for softwood because of the predominance of guaiacyl lignin structure in this material. In addition, the reduction of surface lignin and xylan during pretreatment and subsequent increase in cellulose hydrolysis by enzyme could be observed from ToF-SIMS results. The characterisation of the non-wood biomass (e.g. sugarcane bagasse and common reed) treated by hydrotropic method, alkaline and alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatments were carried out by XPS and ToF-SIMS. According to the results, the action for the removal of the surface lignin of non-wood biomass by hydrotropic pretreatment was more significant compared to alkaline and alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatments, although a higher total amount of lignin could be removed by alkaline and alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment. Furthermore, xylan could be remarkably more efficiently removed by hydrotropic method. Therefore, the glucan yield achieved from hydrotropic treated sample was higher than that from samples treated with alkaline or alkaline hydrogen peroxide. Through the use of ToF-SIMS, the distribution and localization of lignin and carbohydrates on the surface of ignocelluloses during pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis could be detected, and xylan degradation during enzymatic hydrolysis could also be assessed. Thus, based on the results from XPS and ToF-SIMS, the mechanism of the hydrotropic pretreatment in improving the accessibility of enzymes to fibre and further ameliorating of the enzymatic saccharification could be better elucidated.

Treatment of Fe-containing Acid Mine Waters in Fixed Bed Adsorption Column with Calcite Side-Stone

The acid mining drainage is considered the most significant environmental pollution problem around the world for the extensive formation acidic leachates containing heavy metals. Adsorption is widely used methods in water treatment due to it easy operation and the availability of a wide variety of commercial adsorbent (low cost). The primary goal of this thesis was to investigate the efficiency of neutralizing agents, CaCO3 and CaSiO3, and metal adsorption materials with unmodified limestone from Company Nordkalk Oy. In addition to this, the side materials of limestone mining were tested for iron adsorption from acidic model solution. This study was executed at Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland. The work utilised fixed-bed adsorption column as the main equipment and large fluidized column. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine ferric removal and the composition of material respectively. The results suggest a high potential for the studied materials to be used a low cost adsorbents in acid mine drainage treatment. From the two studied adsorbents, the FS material was more suitable than the Gotland material. Based on the findings, it is recommended that further studies might include detailed analysis of Gotland materials.

Carte générale de l'Europe divisée en ses différens états

Kartta kuuluu A. E. Nordenskiöldin kokoelmaan

Hyperfine interactions in the new Fe-based superconducting structures and related magnetic phases

This thesis is devoted to the study of the hyperfine properties in iron-based superconductors and the synthesis of these compounds and related phases. During this work polycrystalline chalcogenide samples with stoichiometry 1:1 (FeTe1-χSχ, FeSe1-x) and pnictide samples with stoichiometry 1:2:2 (BaFe2(As1-χPχ)2, EuFe2(As1-x Px)2) were synthesized by solid-state reaction methods in vacuum and in a protecting Ar atmosphere. In several cases post-annealing in oxygen atmosphere was employed. The purity and superconducting properties of the obtained samples were checked with X-ray diffraction, SQUID and resistivity measurements. For studies of the magnetic properties of the investigated samples Mössbauer spectroscopy was used. Using low-temperature measurements around Tc and various values of the source velocity the hyperfine interactions were obtained and the magnetic and structural properties in the normal and superconducting states could be studied. Mössbauer measurements together with XRD characterization were also used for the detection of impurity phases. DFT calculations were used for the theoretical study of Mössbauer parameters for pnictide-based ᴻsamples BaFe2(As1-xPx)2 and EuFe2(As1-xPx)2.

Recueil de coutumes, en langue provençale et en latin.

Contient : 1 Petite chronique allant de 1284 à 1451, c'est-à-dire du mariage de Philippe le Bel, fils aîné de Philippe le Hardi, avec Jeanne, fille de Henri Ier, roi de Navarre, et reine de Navarre elle-même depuis 1274, à la prise de La Réole par Charles VII et au siège de Libourne. Premiers mots : « L'an M.CC.LIII (sic) lo rey de Fransa, rey de Nabarra... ». Derniers mots : « ... que guabarra no pode ma regar » ; 2 « In nomine sancte Trinitatis et Filii, Spiritus Sancti. Amen. Incipiunt consuetudines aprobate per nobiles circumspectos viros, tam doctores quam alios probos homines civitatis Burdegale. Per so quar plusors crims e malefeitz ha hom feit sa en arrey à Bordeu... ». Derniers mots : « ... paguar nulha res que aya affermat. Finito libro sit laus et gloria Christo. Qui escripsit escribat, semper cum Domino vivat. Deo gracias. L'an M.CCCCC e XXXVIII furen feitas aquestas costumas. Consuetudo legitima aprobata de jure est tenenda ». En provençal ; 3 Commencement d'une table des chapitres des établissements et coutumes en usage à Bordeaux. Premiers mots : « Assi comensan los establimens, costumas de Bordeu, acostumat en Bordeu... ». Derniers mots : « ... Item nota que lo borgues de Liborna a. t. previlegi... Item entendas que nulli no sia obligat am carta o istrument » ; 4 « Hii sunt usus, consuetudines, franchise, ordinationes, privilegia et libertates quos et quas consules Brageyriaci pro se et Universitate dicti loci, pro communi utilitate reipublice ejusdem loci, petunt et supplicant confirmari per magnifficum virum dominum comitem Petragaricensem, Brageyriaci dominum. Primo, quod servientes statuantur certi et eorum nomina, et in curia domini publice scripta inveniantur... ». Date du préambule : 17 novembre 1334. A la fin on lit : « ... Et nos Rogerius Bernardi, comes Petragoricensis et Brageriaci dominus, recognoscentes omnia premissa et singula fore vera, sigillum nostrum presentibus literis seu presenti instrumento publico apposuimus in fidem et testimonium omnium premissorum ». A la suite certificat de collation, daté du 4 mars 1505-1506. En latin. Fol. 45 à 89) ; 5 Accord passé entre Regnauld, seigneur de Pont, damoiseau de Bergerac, et les syndics de Bergerac, lequel accord est confirmé par CHARLES LE BEL et Vidimé par ÉDOUARD, prince de Galles. S. d. En latin ; 6 « La costuma de Vasades ». Premiers mots : « Assi comensa en lo nom de Nostre Senhor Dieu Jhesu Crist loquau es senhor sobiran sobre totas causas... ». Derniers mots : « ... per ladicha costuma general de Vasades ». A la suite on lit tracés au vermillon les mots « Anno Domini millesimo CCCCmo octuagesimo nono dieque mensis octobris XXVIIa hee presentes consuetudines fuere per me subscriptum Deo favente patrate. Benedictus Deus, qui vitam sine termino, intercedente sanctissima virginum virgine, donet mihi ei quoque facienti scribi, in agonia mortis. Amen. Fe. Delauppe » ; 7 « Asso son de las costumas de Bazades »

Resolución N° 51 del 19 de marzo de 2010 ¿cuál es el alcance del control de legalidad en cabeza de las cámaras de comercio respecto de los nombramientos? ¿Las causales de abstención pueden configurarse por violación de normas estatutarias sobre materias objeto de control por parte de las Cámaras de comercio?

Servicios registrales

Resolución N° 63 del 14 de abril de 2010 ¿Cuáles son las causas en las que se basa la Cámara para abstenerse de inscribir un nombramiento? ¿Tienen las cámaras facultades para valorar posibles conflictos de competencia respecto de los administradores nombrados? ¿Puede la cámara evaluar presuntas falsedades contenidas en el documento sujeto a registro?

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Resolución N° 90 del 18 de mayo de 2010 ¿Seria violatoría la reunión por derecho propio aun en contra de la voluntad de los administradores o socios?

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Resolución N° 126 del 8 de julio de 2010 ¿Cuáles son los elementos de las reuniones de segunda convocatoria? ¿En que tipos de reuniones se puede prescindir de la convocatoria? Posibilidad de convocatoria a una nueva reunión en el caso de la acción social de responsabilidad a pesar de tratarse de una reunión universal.- excepción

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Resolución N° 40 del 15 de marzo de 2007 ¿Puede el consejo de administración proceder a la toma de decisiones cuando los efectos de la inscripción se encuentra suspendidos?. ¿En que casos la autoridad de registro puede ser considerada como tercero? ¿Cuál es la función de la certificación que hace la Cámara de Comercio en el registro mercantil?

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Resolución N° 154 del 16 de julio de 2007 ¿En que casos la Cámara de Comercio puede abstenerse de cumplir con su función de registro? ¿Que naturaleza tiene la facultad de abstención?

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