Socially Competent Leadership - predictors, impacts and skilling in engineering

Earlier management studies have found a relationship between managerial qualities and subordinate impacts, but the effect of managers‘ social competence on leader perceptions has not been solidly established. To fill the related research gap, the present work embarks on a quantitative empirical effort to identify predictors of successful leadership. In particular, this study investigates relationships between perceived leader behavior and three selfreport instruments used to measure managerial capability: 1) the WOPI Work Personality Inventory, 2) Raven‘s general intelligence scale, and 3) the Emotive Communication Scale (ECS). This work complements previous research by resorting to both self-reports and other-reports: the results acquired from the managerial sample are compared to subordinate perceptions as measured through the ECS other-report and the WOPI360 multi-source appraisal. The quantitative research is comprised of a sample of 8o superiors and 354 subordinates operating in eight Finnish organizations. The strongest predictive value emerged from the ECS self- and other-reports and certain personality dimensions. In contrast, supervisors‘ logical intelligence did not correlate with leadership perceived as socially competent by subordinates. 16 of the superiors rated as most socially competent by their subordinates were selected for case analysis. Their qualitative narratives evidence the role of life history and post-traumatic growth in developing managerial skills. The results contribute to leadership theory in four ways. First, the ECS self-report devised for this research offers a reliable scale for predicting socially competent leader ability. Second, the work identifies dimensions of personality and emotive skills that can be considered predictors of managerial ability and benefited from in leader recruitment and career planning. Third, the Emotive Communication Model delineated on the basis of the empirical data allows for a systematic design and planning of communication and leadership education. Fourth, this workfurthers understanding of personal growth strategies and the role of life history in leader development and training. Finally, this research advances educational leadership by conceptualizing and operationalizing effective managerial communications. The Emotive Communication Model devised directs the pedagogic attention in engineering to assertion, emotional availability and inspiration skills. The proposed methodology addresses classroom management strategies drawing from problem-based learning, student empowerment, collaborative learning, and so-called socially competent teachership founded on teacher immediacy and perceived caring, all constituting strategies moving away from student compliance and teacher modelling. The ultimate educational objective embraces the development of individual engineers and organizational leaders that not only possess traditional analytical and technical expertise and substantive knowledge but are intelligent also creatively, practically, and socially.

Dry months in the agricultural region of Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo-Brazil: an study based on the extreme value theory

The application of the Extreme Value Theory (EVT) to model the probability of occurrence of extreme low Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) values leads to an increase of the knowledge related to the occurrence of extreme dry months. This sort of analysis can be carried out by means of two approaches: the block maxima (BM; associated with the General Extreme Value distribution) and the peaks-over-threshold (POT; associated with the Generalized Pareto distribution). Each of these procedures has its own advantages and drawbacks. Thus, the main goal of this study is to compare the performance of BM and POT in characterizing the probability of occurrence of extreme dry SPI values obtained from the weather station of Ribeirão Preto-SP (1937-2012). According to the goodness-of-fit tests, both BM and POT can be used to assess the probability of occurrence of the aforementioned extreme dry SPI monthly values. However, the scalar measures of accuracy and the return level plots indicate that POT provides the best fit distribution. The study also indicated that the uncertainties in the parameters estimates of a probabilistic model should be taken into account when the probability associated with a severe/extreme dry event is under analysis.

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY from theory into financial statement: UPM-Kymmene Oyj

For number of reasons social responsibility in corporations has become a more essential part of business operations than before. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is dealt with different means and aspects but the overall effects it has on organisations performance, communication and underline actions is indisputable. The thesis describes corporate social responsibility and the main objective was to observe how corporate social responsibility has developed in our case company with answering to main research question how CSR reporting has evolved in UPM-Kymmene Oyj? In addition following questions were also addressed: Is there a monetary value of CSR? What does proficient CSR report consist of? What does corporate social responsibility consist of? Qualitative research method, content analysis to be precise, was chosen and excessive literature study performed to find the theoretical back ground to perform the empirical part of the study. Data for the empirical part was collected from UPM-Kymmene Oyj financial data and annual reports. The study shows that UPM-Kymmene Oyj engagement to CSR and reporting of CSR matter have improved due time but still few managerial implications could be found. UPM-Kymmene Oyj economic key figures are only building shareholder value and stakeholders are identified in very general level. Also CSR data is scattered all over the annual report which causes problems to readers. The scientific importance of this thesis arises from the profound way CSR has been addressed in a holistic manner. Thus it is giving a good basis to understand the underlying reasons of CSR from society towards the organisation and vice versa.

Pelkkää puhetta vai oikeaa kehittämistä - Kehityskeskustelujen merkitys osaamisen kehittämisessä

Tämän pro gradu -tutkielman tavoitteena oli tutkia mikä on kehityskeskustelujen merkitys työntekijän osaamisen kehittämisessä ja miten henkilöstö itse kokee kehityskeskustelujen merkityksen. Teoriaosuudessa tarkastellaan osaamista organisaation ja yksilön osaamisen kannalta, osaamisen johtamisen ja osaamisen kehittämisen näkökulmasta sekä kuvataan kehityskeskusteluja ja niiden merkitystä. Empiirinen osa on tehty kvalitatiivisena tapaustutkimuksena. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että tutkimuksen kohdeorganisaation työntekijöillä on myönteinen suhtautuminen kehityskeskusteluihin. Kehityskeskusteluilla ei kuitenkaan ole merkitystä työntekijöiden osaamisen kehittämisessä. Kehityskeskustelujen merkitys on vähäinen, koska niissä ei paneuduta osaamisen kehittämiseen. Keskustelujen tulosten seuranta puuttuu ja näin ollen ne jäävät vain yksittäisiksi keskusteluiksi ilman kehittämiseen kohdistuvaa jatkuvuutta.

MASTER DATA MANAGEMENT MATURITY AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT - From theory to practice, case Ineo Oy

After decades of mergers and acquisitions and successive technology trends such as CRM, ERP and DW, the data in enterprise systems is scattered and inconsistent. Global organizations face the challenge of addressing local uses of shared business entities, such as customer and material, and at the same time have a consistent, unique, and consolidate view of financial indicators. In addition, current enterprise systems do not accommodate the pace of organizational changes and immense efforts are required to maintain data. When it comes to systems integration, ERPs are considered “closed” and expensive. Data structures are complex and the “out-of-the-box” integration options offered are not based on industry standards. Therefore expensive and time-consuming projects are undertaken in order to have required data flowing according to business processes needs. Master Data Management (MDM) emerges as one discipline focused on ensuring long-term data consistency. Presented as a technology-enabled business discipline, it emphasizes business process and governance to model and maintain the data related to key business entities. There are immense technical and organizational challenges to accomplish the “single version of the truth” MDM mantra. Adding one central repository of master data might prove unfeasible in a few scenarios, thus an incremental approach is recommended, starting from areas most critically affected by data issues. This research aims at understanding the current literature on MDM and contrasting it with views from professionals. The data collected from interviews revealed details on the complexities of data structures and data management practices in global organizations, reinforcing the call for more in-depth research on organizational aspects of MDM. The most difficult piece of master data to manage is the “local” part, the attributes related to the sourcing and storing of materials in one particular warehouse in The Netherlands or a complex set of pricing rules for a subsidiary of a customer in Brazil. From a practical perspective, this research evaluates one MDM solution under development at a Finnish IT solution-provider. By means of applying an existing assessment method, the research attempts at providing the company with one possible tool to evaluate its product from a vendor-agnostics perspective.

Gender-tutkimuksen uusi vuosikymmen : queer theory

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Elämänkokemukset ja koherenssin tunne – typologinen tutkimus grounded theory -metodologiaa soveltaen

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on laadullisin menetelmin syventää tietoa työikäisten (28–60-vuotiaiden) suomalaisten kvantitatiivisesti mitatun koherenssin tunteen takana olevista tekijöistä. Tutkimuksella halutaan tuottaa aineistolähtöisesti tietoa siitä, mitkä käsitteet kuvaavat tutkittavien kerrottujen elämänkokemusten kautta selvitettyä koherenssin tunnetta ja samalla lisäämään ymmärrystä Antonovskyn salutogeenisesta teoreettisesta mallista. Tutkimukseen osallistuneet olivat Health and Social Support tutkimukseen vuosina 1998 ja 2003 osallistuneita. Koko kyseinen tutkimusotos edusti vuonna 1998 20–24, 30–34, 40–44 ja 50–54 -vuotiasta Suomen väestöä. Tutkimuksen metodina käytettiin glaserilaista grounded theory -metodologiaa. Tutkimuksen aineistonkeruu toteutettiin kolmessa eri vaiheessa. Ensimmäisessä vaiheessa haastateltiin 27 tutkittavaa. Toisessa vaiheessa haastateltavilta kerättiin lisäaineistoa kirjallisesti. Kahdeksan vastasi tähän pyyntöön. Kolmannessa vaiheessa haastateltiin seitsemää. Haastattelujen yhteydessä haastateltavat täyttivät koherenssin tunteen mittarin (13-osainen). Aineisto analysoitiin koherenssipisteiden mukaisesti kolmena eri aineistona. Tulokseksi saatiin substantiivinen teoria. Tutkimuksen tuloksena kuvattiin sosiaalinen perusprosessi, joka nimitettiin Elämän kokonaisuudeksi tässä hetkessä. Sosiaalisen perusprosessin sisällä on typologia. Jokaisesta koherenssipisteryhmästä muodostettiin oma typologia. Kukin typologia sisälsi neljä tyyppiä. Sosiaalisen perusprosessin vaiheet olivat: ehdot tämän hetken taustalla, eläminen ehtojen varassa ja uusia luoden (tietynlainen ihminen, eläminen tässä hetkessä, kokonaisnäkemys elämästä) sekä jatkaminen ehtojen varassa ja uusia luoden. Typologiat ovat nimeltään eheät, pärjäävät ja sinnittelijät. Haastateltavien kokemuksia ei analyysivaiheessa pyritty liittämään tiettyyn kontekstiin, vaan ne liittyivät toimintaan ja käyttäytymiseen. Tulosten tarkasteluvaiheessa tehtiin kuitenkin lyhyt kuvaus elämänkulkututkimuksesta sekä sosiaalisesta ja kulttuurisesta ympäristöstä. Tutkimustulokset ovat kuvailevia ja niiden perusteella saadaan viitteitä siitä, millaiset asiat ovat yhteydessä koherenssin tunteeseen ja millä tavalla yhteys rakentuu. Saatu substantiivinen teoria on pätevä tässä aineistossa. Tulokset noudattelevat Antonovskyn salutogeenista teoreettista mallia siltä osin, että mitä korkeammat koherenssipisteet olivat, sitä enemmän typologiassa oli eheyttä lisääviä tekijöitä. Eheys tuo elämään henkistä liikkumavaraa, jota typologian tyypit (rakentava, ilmavasti elävä, elämänmyönteinen, juureva realisti) ilmentävät. Typologioiden kuvauksista voidaan lukea, että kaikissa tyypeissä kuvataan vaikeita elämänkokemuksia. Olennaista on se, miten näihin vaikeuksiin suhtaudutaan. Eheillä on parhaat edellytykset käsitellä elämän haasteita. Voidaan kuitenkin todeta, että kaikki tähän tutkimukseen osallistuneet olivat selviytyjiä.

Social ventures : the development of the theory of sustainable contributive advantage and initial empirical tests

This thesis attempts to fill gaps in both a theoretical basis and an operational and strategic understanding in the areas of social ventures, social entrepreneurship and nonprofit business models. This study also attempts to bridge the gap in strategic and economic theory between social and commercial ventures. More specifically, this thesis explores sustainable competitive advantage from a resource-based theory perspective and explores how it may be applied to the nonmarket situation of nonprofit organizations and social ventures. It is proposed that a social value-orientation of sustainable competitive advantage, called sustainable contributive advantage, provides a more realistic depiction of what is necessary in order for a social venture to perform better than its competitors over time. In addition to providing this realistic depiction, this research provides a substantial theoretical contribution in the area of economics, social ventures, and strategy research, specifically in regards to resource-based theory. The proposed model for sustainable contributive advantage uses resource-based theory and competitive advantage in order to be applicable to social ventures. This model proposes an explanation of a social venture’s ability to demonstrate consistently superior performance. In order to determine whether sustainable competitive advantage is in fact, appropriate to apply to both social and economic environments, quantitative analyses are conducted on a large sample of nonprofit organizations in a single industry and then compared to similar quantitative analyses conducted on commercial ventures. In comparing the trends and strategies between the two types of entities from a quantitative perspective, propositions are developed regarding a social venture’s resource utilization strategies and their possible impact on performance. Evidence is found to support the necessity of adjusting existing models in resource-based theory in order to apply them to social ventures. Additionally supported is the proposed theory of sustainable contributive advantage. The thesis concludes with recommendations for practitioners, researchers and policy makers as well as suggestions for future research paths.

Nuss procedure for Pectus excavatum repair: critical appraisal of the evidence

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of correction of pectus excavatum by the Nuss technique based on the available scientific evidence.Methods: We conducted an evidence synthesis following systematic processes of search, selection, extraction and critical appraisal. Outcomes were classified by importance and had their quality assessed by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).Results: The process of selection of items led to the inclusion of only one systematic review, which synthesized the results of nine observational studies comparing the Nuss and Ravitch procedures. The evidence found was rated as poor and very poor quality. The Nuss procedure has increased the incidence of hemothorax (RR = 5.15; 95% CI: 1.07; 24.89), pneumothorax (RR = 5.26; 95% CI: 1.55; 17.92) and the need for reintervention (RR = 4.88; 95% CI: 2.41; 9.88) when compared to the Ravitch. There was no statistical difference between the two procedures in outcomes: general complications, blood transfusion, hospital stay and time to ambulation. The Nuss operation was faster than the Ravitch (mean difference [MD] = -69.94 minutes, 95% CI: -139.04, -0.83).Conclusion: In the absence of well-designed prospective studies to clarify the evidence, especially in terms of aesthetics and quality of life, surgical indication should be individualized and the choice of the technique based on patient preference and experience of the team.

Towards conceptually comprehensive and integrated theory of entrepreneurial opportunity

Insufficient understanding of entrepreneurial opportunities characterizes entrepreneurship research (Companys & McMullen 2006, 302). Subsequently, the purpose of this study was to analyze the concept of entrepreneurial opportunity and to explore and synthetize the integrated theory of entrepreneurial opportunity. A theoretical and concept analytical approach was adapted. Findings of this study was that entrepreneurial opportunity concept was used for variety of different phenomena. No commonly accepted definition existed. Altogether 24 attributes that described the concept were found. The most frequently attached attributes were agent and action, new goods and services, market, value, new means ends or both, and future. Further, the results implied that opportunity could be best understood as a part of a process. Opportunity emerges out of intervened factors. Changes in the environment together with factors related to knowledge, cognition and social ties are the most important drivers of opportunity. Preventing factors that impeded the emergence of opportunity were typically related to cognitive and organizational factors. This study found a tendency towards more integrated theory of entrepreneurial opportunity. The integrated theory acknowledged the usefulness of both discovery and creation theories of opportunity in explaining opportunity. Yet three argument types of integrating two different opportunity theories were identified. These were process category, contextual category and complementing category. Opportunity is at the same time cognitive, social and linguistic construct, although it is shaped by the objective environment. Opportunity requires linguistic endeavors to become explicit. Materialization of opportunity occurs in a social context. Moreover, it is always characterized by some extent of subjectivity, as opportunities cannot appear without the agent and their action. Due to these the concept remains always to some extent ambiguous. Tolerating and harnessing change and investing in human and social capital create the preeminent environment for the entrepreneurial opportunity to be identified.

Grounded theory -tutkimusmenetelmä ja sen käyttö akateemisissa julkaisuissa

Työn tavoitteena on selvittää mitä on grounded theory, miten se on sovellettavissa akateemisissa julkaisuissa ja miten eri julkaisujen grounded theory -tutkimukset eroavat toisistaan. Työ on toteutettu järjestelmällisesti analysoimalla neljän markkinointia käsittelevän lehden julkaisemat GT-tutkimukset vuosina 2000-2012. Tuloksina havaitaan lehdille tyypillisiä ominaispiirteitä. Tarkastelun kohteena ovat tutkimusotannat, tutkimusprosessit, tutkimusten aihealueet sekä tutkimuksissa esitetyt lopputulokset. Lisäksi työssä tarkastellaan havaittuja trendejä grounded theory tutkimuksissa sekä pohditaan tutkimusmenetelmän tulevaisuutta. Perinteinen GT-tutkimus on tietyissä akateemisissa lehdissä yhä yleisesti käytetty menetelmä, mutta sen soveltava käyttö, sekä monimenetelmäiset tutkimukset ovat selvässä kasvussa.

Adult education policy in the European Union during the Lisbon decade : the shift to vocational adult learning and work skills matching

This doctoral dissertation investigates the adult education policy of the European Union (EU) in the framework of the Lisbon agenda 2000–2010, with a particular focus on the changes of policy orientation that occurred during this reference decade. The year 2006 can be considered, in fact, a turning point for the EU policy-making in the adult learning sector: a radical shift from a wide--ranging and comprehensive conception of educating adults towards a vocationally oriented understanding of this field and policy area has been observed, in particular in the second half of the so--called ‘Lisbon decade’. In this light, one of the principal objectives of the mainstream policy set by the Lisbon Strategy, that of fostering all forms of participation of adults in lifelong learning paths, appears to have muted its political background and vision in a very short period of time, reflecting an underlying polarisation and progressive transformation of European policy orientations. Hence, by means of content analysis and process tracing, it is shown that the new target of the EU adult education policy, in this framework, has shifted from citizens to workers, and the competence development model, borrowed from the corporate sector, has been established as the reference for the new policy road maps. This study draws on the theory of governance architectures and applies a post-ontological perspective to discuss whether the above trends are intrinsically due to the nature of the Lisbon Strategy, which encompasses education policies, and to what extent supranational actors and phenomena such as globalisation influence the European governance and decision--making. Moreover, it is shown that the way in which the EU is shaping the upgrading of skills and competences of adult learners is modeled around the needs of the ‘knowledge economy’, thus according a great deal of importance to the ‘new skills for new jobs’ and perhaps not enough to life skills in its broader sense which include, for example, social and civic competences: these are actually often promoted but rarely implemented in depth in the EU policy documents. In this framework, it is conveyed how different EU policy areas are intertwined and interrelated with global phenomena, and it is emphasised how far the building of the EU education systems should play a crucial role in the formation of critical thinking, civic competences and skills for a sustainable democratic citizenship, from which a truly cohesive and inclusive society fundamentally depend, and a model of environmental and cosmopolitan adult education is proposed in order to address the challenges of the new millennium. In conclusion, an appraisal of the EU’s public policy, along with some personal thoughts on how progress might be pursued and actualised, is outlined.