Alimentación e identidades en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, siglos XVI y XVII

Este libro busca comprender la forma en que se crearon y transformaron identidades alimenticias en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, durante los siglos XVI y XVII. Para ello toma como punto de partida dos ejes centrales: las concepciones sobre la abundancia y las formas en las que el comercio hispánico modificó los panoramas alimenticios de los indígenas y de los españoles. Es un trabajo de Historia de la Alimentación que, dentro de su análisis, toma en cuenta las estructuras del gusto, los sistemas productivos, las concepciones simbólicas de la comida y el poder, porque, acorde con los trabajos que se han venido desarrollando en esta área de la disciplina, asume el principio de que no se puede entender la alimentación y su estudio como un elemento accesorio o curioso de la experiencia humana, sino como un punto nuclear que artícula el entramado social y cultural. Uno de los aportes de este libro es la forma en que logra mostrar cómo se articularon las realidades y posibilidades locales con las aspiraciones imperiales, en un proceso de adaptación que manifestó un conjunto de variables, ricamente analizadas.

Cidadania : Cultura, Lazer e Educação para todos. 'Ciudadanía : Cultura, Ocio y Educación para todos'.

Monográfico con el título: '¿Educa la ciudad?'. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Mídia e intervenção psicossocial nas comunidades : em busca de novas possibilidades

O objetivo deste artigo é refletir acerca das possibilidades de utilização da mídia como instrumento de uma intervenção psicossocial, voltada para o desenvolvimento do senso crítico e autonomia nas comunidades. Parte-se do pressuposto de que a mídia pode ser utilizada a favor das transformações sociais. Sendo assim, mídia má é aquela que aliena e paralisa os sujeitos, ao apresentar a realidade como algo dado e que, portanto, não pode ser transformado. É proposta do artigo pensar a mídia de uma outra maneira, com base na cosmovisão social-comunitária, que permite encará-la enquanto fator de libertação social, possibilitando aos grupos serem autores de sua história e, portanto, modificá-la. A construção de espaços midiáticos alternativos é uma boa maneira para se alcançar estes objetivos dentro das comunidades.

Escola promotora de saúde : um estudo na unidade integrada José Castro do município de Caxias- Maranhão, Brasil

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo analisar as práticas pedagógicas vivenciadas pela comunidade educativa e pela equipe saúde da família do Programa Saúde na Escola no Ensino Fundamental II (8ª série) da Unidade Integrada José Castro do município de Caxias, Estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de caráter descritivo e exploratório com abordagens quantitativa, qualitativa e documental direta. O universo foi constituído de 52 pessoas que correspondem à comunidade educativa (adolescentes, professores, coordenador pedagógico e gestor escolar) e a equipe de saúde da família (enfermeiros, médicos, dentista, agentes comunitários de saúde e assistente de saúde bucal) da Unidade Básica de Saúde do bairro Ponte. Sendo realizada no período de Agosto a Novembro de 2010. O estudo evidenciou que os alunos estão bastante receptivos com o programa saúde na escola. Com relação aos docentes, constatamos uma insatisfação pelo fato de não terem participado de uma formação em educação permanente em saúde, nem terem tomado conhecimento sobre as estratégias de operacionalização do programa. Já os profissionais de saúde, questionaram sobre a falta de conhecimento da política de implantação do programa e sugerem também, que a equipe de saúde da família fosse específica para este programa.

Formação continuada de professores dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental I : uma experiencia com o programa escola que vale

Inúmeras pesquisas estão sendo desenvolvidas sobre a importância da formação continuada dos professores para a prática educativa, a fim de melhorar o entendimento sobre as variáveis necessárias para assegurar que os alunos possam obter o aprendizado almejado. Afirma-se ainda que a maioria desses estudos considere que o professor reflexivo possui melhores oportunidades de crescimento profissional e pedagógico, disponibilizando aos seus alunos melhores estratégias didáticas. Para tanto, o objetivo deste estudo é Analisar se a formação continuada de professores, aplicada pelo “Programa Escola que Vale”, tem contribuído para as mudanças das práticas docentes dos professores dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental I, e como a formação continuada, desenvolvida por este Programa, tem contribuído para as mudanças das práticas docente dos professores dos anos iniciais. Assim, a metodologia deste estudo foi realizada através de uma pesquisa exploratória de caráter bibliográfica e uma pesquisa de campo com docentes, supervisores e orientadores do município de Ourilândia do Norte. Os resultados desta análise nos mostraram que a formação continuada de professores do Programa Escola que Vale, contribuiu muito propiciando melhorias ao desenvolvimento da ação pedagógica, que o profissional torna-se motivado para continuar aprendendo e melhorando sua ação docente, sobretudo utilizando de meios que possibilitam envolvimentos de toda comunidade educativa em prol de uma educação de qualidade.

Biological effects of insulin on murine melanoma cells and fish erythrophoroma cells: A comparative study

Insulin is the hormone that plays an essential role in metabolism and mitosis of normal and tumor cells, exerting its pleiotropic effects through binding to specific membrane receptors and promoting the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of the receptor itself and of other components of the signaling pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of insulin on melanogenesis and cell growth in three different cell lines: the goldfish GEM-81 erythrophoroma cells (undifferentiated and differentiated with 1.5% dimethylsulfoxide-DMSO), and the murine B16F10 and Cloudman S91 melanoma cells. Undifferentiated GEM-81 and B16F10 cells responded to insulin with a small increase of cell proliferation, whereas S91 cells responded with a decrease of growth. In the two mammalian cell lines, and in DMSO-differentiated GEM-81 cells, the hormone strongly inhibited melanogenesis, by decreasing tyrosinase activity. In undifferentiated GEM-81 cells, insulin had no effect on tyrosinase activity. An increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation status of pp 185 (insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2-IRS-1/2) phosphorylation degree was observed in S91 mouse melanoma and in differentiated GEM-81 erythrophoroma cells, suggesting that this specific protein was maintained during transformation process and participates in insulin signaling. Our results imply an ancient and diverse history of the insulin signaling system in vertebrate pigment cells. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Hemiparkinsonian rats rotate toward the side with the weaker dopaminergic neurotransmission

Rats with unilateral lesion of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) have been used as a model of Parkinson`s disease. Depending on the lesion protocol and on the drug challenge, these rats rotate in opposite directions. The aim of the present study was to propose a model to explain how critical factors determine the direction of these turns. Unilateral lesion of the SNpc was induced with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Separate analysis showed that neither the type of neurotoxin nor the site of lesion along the nigrostriatal. pathway was able to predict the direction of the turns these rats made after they were challenged with apomorphine. However, the combination of these two factors determined the magnitude of the lesion estimated by tyrosine-hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and HPLC-ED measurement of striatal dopamine. Very small lesions did Dot cause turns, medium-size lesions caused ipsiversive turns, and large lesions caused contraversive turns. Large-size SNpc lesions resulted in an increased binding of [H-3] raclopride to D2 receptors, while medium-size lesions reduced the binding of [H-3]SCH-23390 D1 receptors in the ipsilateral striatum. These results are coherent with the model proposing that after challenged with a dopamine receptor agonist, unilaterally SNpc-lesioned rats rotate toward the side with the weaker activation of dopamine receptors. This activation is weaker on the lesioned side in animals with small SNpc lesions due to the loss of dopamine, but stronger in animals with large lesions due to dopamine receptor supersensitivity. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Metformin reduces the stimulatory effect of obesity on in vivo Walker-256 tumor development and increases the area of tumor necrosis

Aims: The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of obesity and insulin resistance on tumor development and, in turn, the effect of insulin sensitizing agents. Main methods: Male offspring of Wistar rats received monosodium glutamate (400 mg/kg) (obese) or saline (control) from the second to sixth day after birth. Sixteen-week-old control and obese rats received 5 x 10(5) Walker-256 tumor cells, subcutaneously injected into the right flank. Some of the obese and control rats received concomitant treatment with metformin (300 mg/kg) by gavage. At the 18th week, obesity was characterized. The percentage of rats that developed tumors, the tumor relative weight and the percentage of cachexia incidence were analyzed. The tumor tissue was evaluated histologically by means of hematoxylin and eosin staining. Key findings: Metformin did not correct the insulin resistance in obese rats. The tumor development was significantly higher in the obese group, whereas metformin treatment reduced it. After pathological analysis, we observed that the tumor tissues were similar in all groups except for adipocytes, which were found in greater quantity in the obese and metformin-treated obese groups. The area of tumor necrosis was higher in the group treated with metformin when compared with the untreated one. Significance: Metformin reduced Walker-256 tumor development but not cachexia in obese rats. The reduction occurred independently of the correction of insulin resistance. Metformin increased the area of necrosis in tumor tissues, which may have contributed to the reduced tumor development. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Amlodipine reduces the antimigratory effect of diclofenac in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Amlodipine, an antihypertensive drug, and diclofenac, an anti inflammatory drug, may generally be combined, particularly in elderly patients; therefore, the potential for their interaction is high. We aim to determine if amlodipine interferes with the antimigratory effect of diclofenac. For this, male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were treated with either diclofenac (1 mg.kg(-1).d(-1), 15 d) alone or combined with amlodipine (10 mg.kg(-1).d(-1), 15 d). Leukocyte rolling, adherence, and migration were studied by intravital microscopy. Diclofenac did not change (180.0 +/- 2.3), whereas amlodipine combined (163.4 +/- 5.1) or not (156.3 +/- 4.3) with diclofienac reduced the blood pressure (BP) levels in SHR (183.1 +/- 4.4). Diclofenac and amlodipine reduced leukocyte adherence, migration, and ICAM-I expression, whereas only diclofenac reduced rolling leukocytes as well. Combined with amlodipine, the effect of the diclofenac was reduced. Neither treatment tested increased the venular shear rate or modified the venular diameters, number of circulating leukocytes, P-selectin, PECAM-1, L-selectin, or CD-18 expressions. No difference could be found in plasma concentrations of both drugs given alone or in association. In conclusion, amlodipine reduces leukocyte migration in SHR, reducing endothelial cell ICAM-1 expression. Amlodipine reduces the effect of the diclofenac, possibly by the same mechanism. A pharmacokinetic interaction as well as an effect on the other adhesion molecules tested could be discarded.

Enalapril treatment corrects the reduced response to bradykinin in diabetes increasing the B2 protein expression

Considering the growing importance of the interaction between components of kallikreinkinin and renin-angiotensin systems in physiological and pathological processes, particularly in diabetes mellitus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of enalapril on the reduced response of bradykinin and on the interaction between angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) and bradykinin (BK), important components of these systems, in an insulin-resistance model of diabetes. For the above purpose, the response of mesenteric arterioles of anesthetized neonatal streptozotocin-induced (n-STZ) diabetic and control rats was evaluated using intravital microscopy. In n-STZ diabetic rats, enalapril treatment restored the reduced response to BK but not the potentiation of BK by Ang-(1-7) present in non-diabetic rats. The restorative effect of enalapril was observed at a dose that did not correct the altered parameters induced by diabetes such as hyperglycernia, glicosuria, insulin resistance but did reduce the high blood pressure levels of n-SZT diabetic rats. There was no difference in mRNA and protein expressions of B1 and B2 kinin receptor subtypes between n-STZ diabetic and control rats. Enalapril treatment increased the B2 kinin receptor expression. From our data, we conclude that in diabetes enalapril corrects the impaired BK response probably by increasing the expression of B2 receptors. The lack of potentiation of BK by Ang-(1-7) is not corrected by this agent. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Hyaluronidase increases the duration of mepivacaine in inferior alveolar nerve blocks

Purpose: To evaluate the duration of the effect of mepivacaine when hyaluronidase is injected immediately prior to the end of pulpal anesthesia. Patients and Methods: Forty bilateral, symmetrical third molar surgeries were performed in 20 healthy patients. Inferior alveolar nerve block was induced using 2.8 mL 2% mepivacaine with epinephrine. Hyaluronidase (75 turbidity-reducing units) or a placebo was injected 40 minutes after the beginning of pulpar anesthesia (randomized and double-blind trial). The duration of effect in the pulpal and gingival tissues was evaluated by response to painful electrical stimuli applied to the Adjacent premolar, and by mechanical stimuli (pin prick) to the vestibular gingiva, respectively. Results: in both tissues, the duration of anesthetic effect with hyaluronidase was longer (P <.01) than with the placebo. Conclusion: Hyaluronidase increases the duration of mepivacaine in inferior alveolar nerve blocks. (c) 2008 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

Differential expression of apoptosis-related genes from death receptor pathway in chronic myeloproliferative diseases

Background Chronic myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) are clonal haematopoietic stem cell malignancies characterised by an accumulation of mature myeloid cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood. Deregulation of the apoptotic machinery may be associated with MPD physiopathology. Aims To evaluate expression of death receptors` family members, mononuclear cell apoptosis resistance, and JAK2 allele burden. Subjects and Methods Bone marrow haematopoietic progenitor CD34 cells were separated using the Ficoll-hypaque protocol followed by the Miltenyi CD34 isolation kit, and peripheral blood leukocytes were separated by the Haes-Steril method. Total RNA was extracted by the Trizol method, the High Capacity Kit was used to synthesise cDNA, and real-time PCR was performed using SybrGreen in ABIPrism 7500 equipment. The results of gene expression quantification are given as 2(-Delta Delta Ct). The JAK2 V617F mutation was detected by real-time allelic discrimination PCR assay. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by the Ficoll-hypaque protocol and cultured in the presence of apoptosis inducers. Results In CD34 cells, there was mRNA overexpression for fas, faim and c-flip in polycythaemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythaemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), as well as fasl in PMF, and dr4 levels were increased in ET. In leukocytes, fas, c-flip and trail levels were increased in PV, and dr5 expression was decreased in ET. There was an association between dr5 and fasl expression and JAK2V617F mutation. PBMCs from patients with PV, ET or PMF showed resistance to apoptosis inducers. Conclusions The results indicate deregulation of apoptosis gene expression, which may be associated with MPD pathogenesis leading to accumulation of myeloid cells in MPDs.

Total absolute horospherical curvature of submanifolds in hyperbolic space

We study the horospherical geometry of submanifolds in hyperbolic space. The main result is a formula for the total absolute horospherical curvature of M, which implies, for the horospherical geometry, the analogues of classical inequalities of the Euclidean Geometry. We prove the horospherical Chern-Lashof inequality for surfaces in 3-space and the horospherical Fenchel and Fary-Milnor`s theorems.

C(0) and bi-Lipschitz K-equivalence of mappings

In this paper we investigate the classification of mappings up to K-equivalence. We give several results of this type. We study semialgebraic deformations up to semialgebraic C(0) K-equivalence and bi-Lipschitz K-equivalence. We give an algebraic criterion for bi-Lipschitz K-triviality in terms of semi-integral closure (Theorem 3.5). We also give a new proof of a result of Nishimura: we show that two germs of smooth mappings f, g : R(n) -> R(n), finitely determined with respect to K-equivalence are C(0)-K-equivalent if and only if they have the same degree in absolute value.

Horo-tight spheres in hyperbolic space

We study horo-tight immersions of manifolds into hyperbolic spaces. The main result gives several characterizations of horo-tightness of spheres, answering a question proposed by Cecil and Ryan. For instance, we prove that a sphere is horo-tight if and only if it is tight in the hyperbolic sense. For codimension bigger than one, it follows that horo-tight spheres in hyperbolic space are metric spheres. We also prove that horo-tight hyperspheres are characterized by the property that both of its total absolute horospherical curvatures attend their minimum value. We also introduce the notion of weak horo-tightness: an immersion is weak horo-tight if only one of its total absolute curvature attends its minimum. We prove a characterization theorem for weak horo-tight hyperspheres.