Análise crítica do Regulamento Geral dos Sistemas Públicos e Prediais de Distribuição de Água e de Drenagem de Águas Residuais

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de Hidráulica

Abastecimento de água e drenagem de águas residuais no concelho de Cinfães

O presente relatório, desenvolvido no âmbito do estágio curricular realizado na Câmara Municipal de Cinfães, tem como objetivo caracterizar os sistemas de Abastecimento de Água e Drenagem de Água Residuais em Cinfães, analisando o seu funcionamento e a sustentabilidade de possíveis cenários futuros. Deste modo, o relatório inicia-se com a caracterização do Concelho, no seu enquadramento regional. Em seguida, são caracterizados os sistemas de água e saneamento, incluindo a evolução das redes de abastecimento, antes e depois da integração no sistema multimunicipal da Águas do Douro e Paiva (AdDP), de acordo com registos camarários. Nessa linha, foram analisados os problemas existentes e realizada uma caracterização da qualidade do serviço prestado atualmente, por ambos os sistemas. Tomando em consideração os dados de avaliação da Entidade Reguladora (ERSAR), conclui-se que os sistemas em causa estão ainda, de forma geral, aquém dos valores considerados de referência para a boa qualidade da prestação de serviços, em especial no que toca à cobertura dos serviços. Não obstante, por realização de um inquérito a uma amostra de 53 utentes dos sistemas de abastecimento de água e drenagem de águas residuais de Cinfães foi possível verificar que, o grau de satisfação é razoável ao nível da qualidade da água, garantia de pressões, níveis de falhas, rapidez de resposta na correção das mesmas e ainda das tarifas praticadas. Por último, é analisado um estudo, levado a cabo pelo consórcio Norteágua, para o grupo Águas de Portugal, relativamente à evolução dos sistemas de abastecimento de água e de drenagem e tratamento de águas residuais, em Cinfães. Neste capítulo, são abordadas situações de intervenção, propostas de evolução dos sistemas e estimativa de custos para essas soluções. Com base nesses elementos é feita uma avaliação simplificada da sustentabilidade económica dos sistemas na situação futura. Dessa análise foi possível concluir que a situação mais gravosa corresponde à drenagem e tratamento de águas residuais.

Definição Preliminar das Afluências Indevidas ao Subsistema de Gaia Litoral

O problema das afluências indevidas exerce um impacto considerável, não apenas sobre os sistemas de drenagem de águas residuais, mas também sobre o meio ambiente e as populações e infraestruturas presentes nas áreas de influência. Trata-se de um problema com consequências de dimensões técnica/estrutural, ambiental, social, económico-financeira e de saúde pública. Assim, a minimização das afluências indevidas deve constituir uma preocupação da gestão dos sistemas, visto que a mesma permite que a capacidade de transporte e tratamento instalada seja utilizada para as funções inicialmente planeadas (drenagem e tratamento das águas residuais domésticas) e inclui os benefícios de diminuir os custos associados, melhorar a eficiência dos serviços prestados e rentabilizar as infraestruturas existentes. Do ponto de vista económico, há a possibilidade de intervenção nos casos em que o custo de transporte e/ou tratamento do caudal associado às afluências indevidas é superior ao custo da sua eliminação. Neste sentido, um dos objetivos a atingir pela entidade gestora deverá ser o da redução gradual de afluências indevidas, numa perspetiva de custo-benefício. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho - a definição preliminar das afluências indevidas ao Subsistema de Gaia Litoral (incluindo a estimativa dos custos associados) - assume uma importância elevada no controlo e redução dos caudais em excesso, visto que a mesma é parte integrante do plano de minimização de afluências indevidas. No decorrer do trabalho, foram implementados os métodos mais adequados ao tipo e natureza da informação utilizada, de forma a cumprir os objetivos estabelecidos inicialmente. Os resultados obtidos permitiram formular uma definição das afluências indevidas assente em volumes em excesso e seus custos, parâmetros de avaliação e indicadores de desempenho.

Some ecological factors affecting the input and population level of total and faecal coliforms and salmonella in Twelve Mile Creek, Lake Ontario and sewage waters near St. Catharines, Ontario

Some Ecological Factors Affecting the Input and Population Levels of Total and Faecal Coliforms and Salmonella in Twelve Mile Creek, Lake Ontario and Sewage Waters Near St. Catharines, Ontario. Supervisor: Dr. M. Helder. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of some ecological factors on sewage-Dorne bacteria in waters near St. Catharines, Ontario. Total and faecal coliform levels and the presence of Salmonella were monitored for a period of a year along with determination of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, nitrate N, total phosphate P and ammonium N. Bacteriological tests for coliform analysis were done according to APHA Standard Methods by the membrane filtration technique. The grab sampling technique was employed for all sampling. Four sample sites were chosen in the Port Dalhousie beach area to determine what bacteriological or physical relationship the sites had to each other. The sample sites chosen were the sewage inflow to and the effluent from the St. Catharines (Port Dalhousie) Pollution Control Plant, Twelve Mile Creek below the sewage outfall and Lake Ontario at the Lakeside Park beach. The sewage outfall was located in Twelve Mile Creek, approximately 80 meters from the creek junction with the beach and piers on Lake Ontario. Twelve Mile Creek normally carried a large volume of water from the WeIland Canal which was diverted through the DeCew Generating Station located on the Niagara Escarpment. An additional sample site, which was thought to be free of industrial wastes, was chosen at Twenty Mile Creek, also in the Niagara Region of Ontarioo 3 There were marked variations in bacterial numbers at each site and between each site, but trends to lower_numbers were noted from the sewage inflow to Lake Ontario. Better correlations were noted between total and faecal coliform population levels and total phosphate P and ammonium N in Twenty Mile Creek. Other correlations were observed for other sample stations, however, these results also appeared to be random in nature. Salmonella isolations occurred more frequently during the winter and spring months when water temperatures were minimal at all sample stations except the sewage inflow. The frequency of Salmonella isolations appeared to be related to increased levels of total and faecal coli forms in the sewage effluent. However, no clear relationships were established in the other sample stations. Due to the presence of Salmonella and high levels of total and faecal coliform indicator organisms, the sanitary quality of Lake Ontario and Twelve Mile Creek at the sample sites seemed to be impaired over the major portion of the study period.

Port Dalhousie Municipal Records collection, 1863-1940, 1943, n.d.

Benjamin Pawling and Peter Ten Broeck were the earliest known settlers of this area. The village of Port Dalhousie owes its existence to the building of the first Welland Canal in 1824. The village was incorporated in 1862 and as a town in 1948. In the early 1960s it became amalgamated with the city of St. Catharines. Port Dalhousie remains a distinctive part of the city today (2009).

La vulnérabilité face aux risques environnementaux à Kigali (Rwanda) : enjeux et facteurs

L’objectif de ce mémoire est de faire un état des lieux des connaissances produites sur les risques environnementaux et la vulnérabilité et appliquer ces connaissances à la ville de Kigali (Rwanda). Après avoir présenté différentes approches, nous avons retenu le cadre d’analyse qui s’inscrit dans l’approche de J.C. Thouret et R.D’Ercole (1996). Cette approche est articulée autour de trois dimensions : enjeux, facteurs de la vulnérabilité et réponses sociales. A travers l’application des éléments pertinents de ces trois dimensions dans le cas de la ville de Kigali, réalisée grâce à une analyse qualitative, centrée sur l’analyse des documents et des entrevues semi-dirigées, voici les principaux résultats que nous avons obtenus: l’analyse des enjeux a révélé que la ville de Kigali est confrontée à plusieurs dommages, parmi lesquels, on peut mentionner les pertes des vies humaines, la démolition des maisons, la contamination des rivières, la prolifération des maladies et la perturbation des besoins de base ( eau potable, électricité, transport) dues aux risques. Cette situation s’explique par la combinaison de plusieurs facteurs dont le relief collinaire, le sol granitique, les pluies violentes, le caractère centrifuge du réseau hydrographique, le sous-dimensionnement des ouvrages d’évacuation et le réseau d’assainissement insuffisant. D’autres facteurs amplifient la vulnérabilité dont l’explosion démographique consécutive à une urbanisation spontanée et inconsciente en zones inondables, l’ensablement des lits des rivières, le vide juridique, les politiques fragmentaires et le dysfonctionnement des acteurs impliqués dans la gestion des risques. Cette situation aurait probablement été améliorée si les réponses sociales étaient efficaces. Or, d’un côté, la faible perception de risque chez les résidants affectés par les risques accélère davantage la vulnérabilité et de l’autre côté, l’intervention significative des CIB n’est pas accompagnée d’actions complémentaires des institutions publiques et des agences internationales.

A history of wastewater irrigation in Melbourne, Australia

Reclamation of wastewater for irrigation has had an important role to play in Melbourne’s struggle to manage water resources as effectively as possible. Rapid growth within the first few years of the founding of the city led to a sanitary crisis, which provided the impetus for the construction of a large sewerage system. Interest in using the effluent from sewage treatment plants for irrigation gained attention in the late 1970s, but despite some activity in the early 1980s, it was not until 2005 that large-scale wastewater irrigation schemes became a reality. Successful to a degree, there have also been problems, and the future viability of one large irrigation scheme for commercial vegetable production is threatened by high salt concentrations in the treated wastewater. Greywater irrigation at the household level has also become commonplace in Melbourne over the last decade, but it is difficult to regulate and the health risks urgently need to be quantified. More recently, several third-pipe schemes, where treated wastewater is reticulated to households, have been commissioned with plans for many more, and treated stormwater is growing in popularity, particularly for irrigation of public open spaces.

Regulação por contrato no setor de saneamento: o caso de Ribeirão Preto

A ampliação dos serviços de saneamento básico é uma questão fundamental para o desenvolvimento econômico e social. Requer, contudo, investimentos vultosos, nem sempre disponíveis, especialmente no setor público. No Brasil, o setor de saneamento é fortemente marcado pela presença de grandes companhias públicas estaduais, criadas no final da década de 1960. No entanto, em um contexto de alteração do paradigma do Estado como produtor direto de bens e serviços para o Estado regulador, alguns municípios incorporaram agentes privados ao setor, celebrando contratos de concessão de serviços de água e esgoto. Para tanto, utilizaram o próprio instrumento contratual como o arcabouço regulatório dos serviços, numa situação de regulação por contrato. Esse trabalho discute a regulação por contrato no setor de saneamento, apresentando, ao final, uma análise do caso de Ribeirão Preto, cidade do interior paulista que, em 1995, concedeu a uma empresa privada os serviços de tratamento e disposição final de esgotos. A dissertação discorre sobre a evolução histórica do setor de saneamento, os principais aspectos regulatórios e os fatores relevantes para a análise de uma iniciativa de regulação por contrato no nível local. Destaca que a regulação por contrato não pode ser resumida aos dispositivos contratuais, envolvendo também a dinâmica entre regulador e regulado, e aponta para o delicado equilíbrio entre segurança e flexibilidade da relação contratual de longo prazo.

Descentralização e provisão de serviços públicos: evidências a partir da criação de municípios brasileiros no setor de saneamento básico

Este trabalho analisa uma das vantagens aclamadas da descentralização fiscal: a melhor adequação da cesta de bens públicos às preferências de seus moradores (TIEBOUT, 1956, OATES, 1972). Com base no método proposto por Ravallion (1999), utilizam-se dos sucessivos desmembramentos de municípios brasileiros na década passada (1016 municípios instalados) para verificar se a quebra em municípios menores resulta em melhor performance dos investimentos no provimento de serviços públicos. Assim, verifica-se, nesse aspecto restrito de descentralização, se há melhor desempenho da gestão dos serviços públicos em seus investimentos no que se refere a adequar-se às necessidades locais. Os resultados sugerem que municípios desmembrados investem mais e tem melhor resposta, em termos de investimento, a baixos indicadores de provisão de bens públicos comparativamente aos não-desmembrados. Não encontramos evidência de que os novos municípios invistam diferentemente dos municípios de origem.

Gestão pública e cultura cívica: a participação pública no desenho do sistema de águas na cidade de Niterói

Este artigo diz respeito à participação popular nos processos de planejamento e implementação de políticas de gestão do uso do solo urbano por uma instância do poder municipal no Brasil. O foco de reflexão do trabalho busca analisar o processo de participação popular previsto na constituição brasileira, no caso da gestão municipal, e sua efetivação concreta nos sistema de água e saneamento na região de Itaipu, no município de Niterói, RJ. A partir desta análise teórica e empírica, o trabalho se propõe a discutir de que forma o aparato institucional e a cultura cívica existentes podem ser facilitadores ou não à participação pública na gestão municipal.

Acesso aos serviços odontológicos e incidência de cárie em adolescentes e fatores de risco em município do Nordeste Brasileiro, 2006

The aims of this study were to analyze the access of dental services by child population, to determine the prevalence of dental caries, gingivitis and malocclusion in resident children from the municipal district of Sobral Ceará and to evaluate the incidence of the dental decay in adolescents associated with the factors related to socioeconomic condition, access to health services and self-perception. This study had as main factor the multidisciplinary represented by the participation of health professional (doctors, dentists, nurses) in the development of the survey's initial reference; student from Human Sciences area to apply the structured questionnaire in domiciliary visits; statistics professionals in the orientation of the analysis to be held and family health team (community health agents, dentists and dental clinic assistants) in the scheduling of domiciliary visits and the accomplishment of oral exam. The sample was determined from the domicile record that included children born between 1990 and 1994 to develop the research Children health conditions in the municipal district of Sobral Ceará . The first sample comprised 3425 parents of children from 5 to 9 years old, living in the urban area at the municipal district of Sobral Ceará, aiming at identifying the most important factors associated to the access to dental service. From this sample, 1021 children were selected in a systematic way, for the accomplishment to the epidemiological study of decay, gingivitis and malocclusion. In the study's third phase, in order to arrange the group to be followed, 688 adolescents were examined and interviewed, by means of the active search from the 1021 individuals that had been previously examined. It was observed that 50.9% of the children had access to dental service at least once in a lifetime. Of this total, 65.3% accomplished it during the last year, and 85.4% of these did in public services, what allows to identify the importance of this sector in the access to dental services. It was observed that the factors that most affected the access to dental 129 services were related to socioeconomic condition, such as the access to health plan, the possession of toothbrush, garbage collecting, mother s schooling, sewerage treatment and malnutrition. In relation to oral diseases, an increase in the DMF-T index according the age was observed, from 0.10 in five years old to 1.66 in the nine years old, while with the dmf-t index, the inverse happened, since the index decreased from 3.59 in five years old to 2.69 in nine years old. In relation to gingivitis, an average 32.7% of the children presented gum bleeding. In what concerns malocclusion, it was observed that 60.3% of the children didn't present any problem, 30.17% had light malocclusion and 9.5% severe malocclusion. The average incidence of dental caries was 1.86 teeth per youngster. Among the studied variables, tooth pain in the last six months, mother's income and school snack, adjusted by the perception about the need of treatment, the mother's schooling and the dentist's appointment at least once in a lifetime, were the variables that presented positive relationship with the high incidence of dental caries on this population by logistic regression. Variables of socioeconomic nature, related to the access to health services and behavior and biological variables presented a relationship with the high caries incidence. The study point out to the need of developing health actions in a humanized way, by an oral health team effectively bound to the population's interest, with the great objective to provide, with the public health services managers, adequate conditions to improve oral health

Mortalidade de Blattella germanica (L. 1767) (Blattodea: blattellidae) sob diferentes áreas e períodos de exposição a diferentes inseticidas

The great importance of cockroaches as household pest have been on their ability to spread microorganisms harmful to humans and animals. Rest during the day in dark, humid and hot as sewerage. At night go into stores and kitchens or places to deposit and manipulation of food as bakeries, restaurants, hospitals and homes wich requires clinig operations. This work aimed to evaluate mortality of B. germanica ( L., 1767) ( Blattodea: Blattellidae) under different periods and exposure area treated by insecticides in laboratory. The tests were carried out at Department of Fitossanidade at UNESP, Campus of Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil. The insecticides were applied by Potter's tower sprayer on Petri dishes. Three times of exposure (2, 8 and 32 min) and four exposure areas ( 25, 50, 75 and 100%) and volume of 0,5 ml for the second experiment were tested. It was used the insecticides Pyrethroids gammacyalothrine, deltamethrine, lambdacialothrine, alfacipermethrine, cipermethrine and carbamates bendiocarb, in the dosages recommended by the manufacturers, and I was used control without application. Five adult cockroaches was confined in the dishes for both experiments. The mortality evaluation was done 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours after of the confinement on the treated surface. It was concluded that for exposure duration experiment all the insecticides have a good efficiency. The exposure area experiment the insecticide cipermethrine was what the one which had the higher mortality. Regarding to the effect of exposure duration on the accumulated mortality every duration times had a high mortality. In relation to the exposure area the highest mortality reached to 100% of treated area.

Influência das águas da Bacia Hidrográfica Pirangi na balneabilidade das praias de Pirangi, nos municípios de Nísia Floresta e Parnamirim Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

The Pirangi beach is located in the eastern coastline of Rio Grande do Norte state, in the municipality of Parnamirim and Nísia Floresta. In it flow into Pirangi Watershed (PW), whose water receives large amounts of pollutants, mainly domestic and industrial sewage from districts where pass the rivers that consist it, compromising, thus, the bathing water quality of the Pirangi beach. Bearing in mind the importance of water sanitary quality to ensure an environment that no present risk to the bathers s health, this work had as main objective to assess the influence of the PW s waters in the bathing water quality of the Pirangi beaches. To that end, were made collections of water in the beaches and in the rivers with the intention of quantify the fecal contamination indicators thermotolerant coliforms and enterococci, to then classify the conditions of bathing water quality according with the CONAMA Resolution number 274 of 2000. For the purposes greater knowledge about the health conditions of the Beaches Pirangi and about the influence the PW s waters exert on it, was done parallely to the study of the water quality, an investigation of the sand sanitary quality. Furthermore, it was made an evaluation of the PW s Water Quality through Water Quality Index (WQI). Starting from the results obtained in the research present was possible to verify, among other aspects, that the entry of the PW s waters in the Pirangi beaches exerts direct influence in the bathing water quality of the same ones, being the North Pirangi beach (point tracking PA-02) the most influenced. There was noticed also a significant reduction in the conditions of bathing water quality of the beaches in the rainy season. However, the precariousness do sewerage system of the Natal metropolitan region and the absence of a right system of treatment an final disposal of domestic sewage and industrial are the main factors responsi le for deterioration of the PW s Water Quality, and as a consequence, compromising the bathing water quality of the Pirangi beaches

Caminhos para a universalização dos serviços de água e esgotos no Brasil: a atuação das entidades reguladoras para indução da eficiência dos prestadores de serviços

The deficit of water and sewerage services is a historic problem in Brazil. The introduction of a new regulatory framework, in 2007, presented ways intending to overcome these deficits, among them, the providers efficiency improvement. This thesis aims to analyze the regulators performance regarding its ability to induce the efficiency of the Brazilian water and sewerage services providers. To this end, an analytical approach based on a sequential explanatory strategy was used, and it consists of three steps. In the first step, the Data Envelopment Analysis ( DEA ) was used to measure the providers efficiency in 2006 and 2011. The results show that the average efficiency may be considered high; however significant inefficiencies among the 29 analyzed providers were detected. The ones in the Southeast region showed better performance level and Northeast had the lowest. The local and the private providers were more efficient on average. In 2006 and 2011 the average performance was higher among non-regulated providers. In 2006 the group regulated by local agencies had the best average performance, in 2011, the best performance was the group regulated by the consortium agencies. To analyse the second step was used the Malmquist Index, it pointed that the productivity between 2006 and 2011 dropped. The analysis through decomposing Malmquist Index showed a shift of technical efficiency frontier to a lower level, however was detected a small provider s advance towards the frontier. Only the Midwest region recorded progress in overall productivity. The deterioration in the total factor productivity was higher among regional providers but the local ones and the private agencies moved quickly to the frontier level. The providers regulated from 2007 showed less decrease on the total productivity and the results of the catch up effect were more meaningful. In the last step, the regulators standardization activity analyses noted that there are agencies that had not issued rules until 2011. The most standards topics discussed in the issued rules were the tariff adjustments and the setting of general conditions for the provision and use of services; in another hand, the least covered topics were new technologies incentive and the introduction of efficiency-inducing regulatory mechanisms and productivity gains for price reviews. Regulators created from 2007 were more active proportionately. Even with the advent of the regulatory framework and the creation of new regulatory bodies, the evidence points to a reality in which the actions of these agencies have not been ensuring that providers of water and sewage, regulated by them, has achieved better performance. The non- achievement of regulatory goals can be explained by the incipient level of performance of the Brazilian regulatory authorities, which should be strengthened because of its potential contribution to the Brazilian basic sanitation department

Tracoma em crianças do ensino fundamental no município de Bauru: Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

OBJETIVO: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, por amostragem de escolares, frequentadores das escolas estaduais de Bauru, São Paulo, com o objetivo de detectar possíveis portadores de tracoma. MÉTODOS: Foram examinadas 1.749 crianças do ensino fundamental, de 6 a 14 anos, durante o ano de 2005. As escolas foram escolhidas por sorteio, de acordo com o número de estudantes e com a localização da escola dentro do setor da cidade (centro, região intermediária e periferia). O diagnóstico dos casos foi clínico, seguindo as normas da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), confirmado laboratorialmente pelo método da imunofluorescência direta para detecção de Chlamydia trachomatis. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de tracoma inflamatório foi de 3,8%, tendo sido diagnosticado tracoma folicular em 3,7% e tracoma intenso em 0,06% das crianças examinadas. As crianças com tracoma moravam principalmente na região intermediária e periférica da cidade, áreas onde o fornecimento de água pode ser descontínuo e o tratamento do esgoto pode estar ausente. Um programa de controle foi desenvolvido e os comunicantes foram diagnosticados e tratados. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de tracoma inflamatório em Bauru - Estado de São Paulo - é de 3,8%. Além da oportunidade de reconhecer e tratar os portadores e contatantes, os autores realçam o fato positivo da mobilização da comunidade bauruense no sentido de prevenir a cegueira pelo tracoma.