999 resultados para Direito tributario : Direito internacional publico
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Dissertação de mestrado em Direito dos Contratos e da Empresa
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Os contratos de transporte marítimo internacional de mercadorias, têm sido objecto de importantes estudos, através dos tempos, porém muitas dúvidas ainda restam ser esclarecidas, sobretudo no que concerne a determinação do direito aplicável aos referidos contratos de transporte. O presente estudo ocupa-se da análise do contrato de transporte marítimo internacional de mercadorias, no Direito Cabo-Verdiano, e destaca essencialmente o problema da determinação do direito material aplicável aos contratos com base no Direito Internacional Privado geral. Perante as várias iniciativas, que têm sido desenvolvidas com vista a unificação internacional do direito material aplicável aos contratos de transporte marítimo de mercadorias, serão abordadas, as normas internacionais que tratam desta matéria, designadamente a Convenção de Bruxelas de 1924, as Regras de Hamburgo de 1978, e a Convenção de Rotterdam de 2006. Serão igualmente, abordadas as normas do Direito interno Cabo-Verdiano aplicáveis aos contratos de transportes marítimos, dispostas no Código Marítimo de 2010, no Código Civil de 1997 e no Código do Processo Civil de 2010. Será analisado também o direito aplicável aos contratos de transporte marítimo internacional de mercadorias, com base no Direito de conflitos geral, Direito este, que designa a ordem jurídica estadual aplicável às questões que não são resolúveis com base no Direito material unificado. Para finalizar, será analisado o papel da arbitragem internacional como principal meio de resolução de disputas envolvendo o direito marítimo.
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O presente Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso se propõe a analisar o instituto denominado Beneficiário Efetivo (Beneficial Owner), levando-se em considerações doutrinas nacionais e estrangeiras, os principais casos envolvendo o referido conceito, e comparando sua aplicabilidade nos países common law e civil law. Assim, pretende-se: conceituar o instituto denominado Beneficiário Efetivo; apontar a problemática que envolve o referido instituto demonstrando a importância da sua compreensão; estudar os principais casos internacionais sobre o assunto; demonstrar a diferença de se aplicar o conceito em comento em países common e civil law, bem como analisar a sua aplicabilidade na hipótese de o tratado internacional não prever Beneficial Ownership Clause.
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This thesis aims at demonstrating the dogmatic autonomy of Water Law. It also intends to clarify that this branch of law must not be confused with other similar subjects of law. To accomplish this task, the thesis justifies the dogmatic autonomy of Water Law beginning by discussing the emergence of this branch of law both at international and regional levels. The thesis analyses the emergence of International Water Law, discussing the reasons of its existence, its subject and importance. It also explains the relationship between international watercourses and the need to regulate them, considering that rules related to the use and management of such resources, although created at international level, are meant to be applied at regional and local levels. The thesis demonstrates that the fact that some waters are international, because they cross different states or serve as border between two or more states, justifies the existence of international water law rules aplicable to the region and to the watercourse they are supposed to regulate. For this reason, this thesis considers not only international water law in relation with the aplicable regional water law, but also the regional law in relation with the rules aplicable to the water basins and particularly with the concerned water basin states. This relationship between rules leads us to discuss how these three spectrums of rules are conciliated, namely international or universal, regional and water basin rules. To demonstrate how all this works we chose SADC for our case study. The thesis also studies the States who benefit from rules of international water law, and all other subjects who directly use water from international watercourses, and the conclusion we reach is that who really benefits are the population of such states whose rights of access, use and management are regulated by international, regional and basin rules As we can imagine, it is not easy to concile so many different rules, applicable to a scarce resource to which many subjects in many states compete for. And the interaction of the different interests, which is done under different spectrum of rules, is what guided our study, in which we analyse how all this process functions. And the main reason of all the discussion is to conclude that there is, in fact, a dogmatic autonomy of water law. To reach such a conclusion, the thesis begins by studying how international water law is applied at local level. Considering that international watercourses usually have different regimes adopted by the basin states, which difference may cause conflicts, the thesis discusses how water law may contribute to solve possible conflicts. To do this, the thesis studies and compares rules of international water law with rules of water law applicable to SADC states, and figures out the level of interaction between such rules. Considering that basin states have to obey to local rules, first of all, and after that to international and basin level rules, the thesis studies how the differents interests at stake are managed by riparian states, who act on behalf of their population. SADC appeared to provide an excellent case study to reach this goal. And the thesis discusses all these matters, the rules and principles applicable, and provides solutions where applicable, always considering water as subject of our study. Accordingly, we discuss the right to water, its nature and how it functions, considering the facts mentioned previously. And, as we conclude, all these legal discussions over water are a clear sign of the dogmatic autonomy of water
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Ne bis in idem, understood as a procedural guarantee in the EU assumes different features in the AFSJ and in european competition law. Despite having a common origin (being, in both sectors the result of the case law of the same jurisdictional organ) its components are quite distintic in each area of the integration. In the AFSJ, the content of bis and idem are broader and addressed at a larger protection of individuals. Its axiological ground is based on the freedom of movements and human dignity, whereas in european competition law its closely linked to defence rights of legal persons and the concept of criminal punishment of anticompetitive sanctions as interpreted by the ECHR´s jurisprudence. In european competition law, ne bis in idem is limited by the systemic framework of competition law and the need to ensure parallel application of both european and national laws. Nonetheless, the absence of a compulsory mechanism to allocate jurisdiction in the EU (both in the AFSJ and in the field of anti-trust law) demands a common axiological framework. In this context, ne bis in idem must be understood as a defence right based on equity and proportionality. As far as its international dimension is concerned, ne bis in idem also lacks an erga omnes effect and it is not considered to be a rule of ius cogens. Consequently, the model which the ECJ has built regarding the application of the ne bis in idem in transnational and supranational contexts should be replicated by other courts through cross fertilization, in order to internationalize that procedural guarantee and broaden its scope of application.
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Módulo Europeu Programa Jean Monnet
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Módulo Europeu Programa Jean Monnet
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Módulo Europeu Programa Jean Monnet
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O presente trabalho analisará o cumprimento das decisões da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos sobre o direito à propriedade coletiva de comunidades indígenas e tribais. Para isto será caracterizado em primeiro lugar o direito à propriedade coletiva no Sistema Intermaericano de Direitos Humanos. Em seguida serão analisadas as sentenças, abordado os fatos de cada caso e as medidas determinadas pela Corte. Os relatórios de monitoramento do cumprimento das decisões serão analisados, determinando quais medidas estabelecidas pela Corte foram cumpridas para que seja discutida a eficácia das decisões da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos sobre este direito.
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O trabalho analisa o tema do capital social no direito societário brasileiro. Seu objetivo é demonstrar, do ponto de vista jurídico, os malefícios e benefícios que o instituto promove. Apesar de ser tido como um conceito clássico e essencial para as sociedades com limitação de responsabilidade no Brasil, esse instituto vem sendo cada vez mais criticado no sentido de que não desempenha suas funções clássicas (organização, produção, e proteção de credores) de maneira efetiva nos dias atuais. Nesse contexto, direito societário moderno vem passando por uma evolução no sentido de questionar a efetividade de seus institutos. A análise aqui proposta do capital social segue esse raciocínio. Para auxiliar na interpretação do instituto no Brasil, serão utilizadas serão estudadas as lições e legislações dos ordenamentos europeu e norte-americano, onde o tema já foi amplamente debatido. O tratamento dado pelo Revised Model Business Corporation Act, legislação modelo norte americana, e da Segunda Diretiva do Capital da União Europeia aos instituto serão comparados com o tratamento da Lei das S.A. para o capital social. Por fim, são identificadas algumas particularidades do instituto do capital social em relação aos ordenamentos estrangeiros, que demonstram que uma eventual supressão do conceito de capital social no Brasil possuiria características próprias que não estão presentes na Europa e nos Estados Unidos. Nesse contexto, serão identificados os custos legislativos que uma eventual mudança do regime de capital social teria no sistema legislativo brasileiro.
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Apresento ao leitor o quinto volume da Revista do Programa de Direito da União Europeia. O livro constitui uma publicação dos trabalhos de conclusão de curso dos alunos inscritos e selecionados na Cátedra Jean Monnet da FGV DIREITO RIO. A FGV DIREITO RIO é uma das poucas Instituições de Ensino Superior do Brasil eleitas para contar com o apoio institucional e financeiro da Comissão Europeia. A Cátedra Jean Monnet segue na linha do anterior Módulo Jean Monnet, e é composta por diversas atividades no âmbito do ensino e pesquisa do Direito da União Europeia, bem como de outros sistemas de integração sob a ótica comparada. Dentre as atividades da Cátedra, oferecemos o curso sobre “Regionalismo Comparado”, inovador, realizado no âmbito do Programa Erasmus + da Comissão Europeia, que se insere no objetivo do bloco de estimular o ensino, a pesquisa e a reflexão de temas relacionados à integração europeia em instituições de ensino superior dentro e fora da União. É com este objetivo que é publicado o quinto volume da Revista, que conta com trabalhos de alunos internos e externos à FGV DIREITO RIO.
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In Brazil, social rights have always been considered secondary legal categories, whose implementation could wait for the pending of political decisions. At the end of the Second World War, International Law emphasizes the protection of human beings, raising his dignity as a legal pillar of the legal orders and one of the main foundations of Constitutions. At the post-positivism Constitutionalism, the realization of social rights receives special attention with the assumption of supremacy and normativity of the Constitutions, while the judiciary participates in the realization of democracy, not only as applicator of laws, but also as the guardian of constitutionality of the acts and administrative omissions, creatively contributing to the constitutional achievement, filling gaps and normative state omissions. In this aspect, the supply of medicines, whose costs can not be supported by the individual, keep a close connection with the right to life, health and dignity of the human being, as the subject of numerous lawsuits directed against the Public Administration. Such phenomenon has caused intense debate regarding judicial activism and legitimacy of these decisions, particularly on the need to define what are the limits and possibilities considering the principle of separation of powers and the principle of reserve of the possible; bieng this the problematic developed in this research. Thus, this research aims to verify the legitimacy of judicial decisions that determines to the Public Administration the compulsory providing of medicine to those who can not afford the cost of their treatment, as well as, contribute to the dogmatic constructions of parameters to be observed by judicial interference. Regarding the methodology, this research has an investigative and descriptive caracter and an theoretical approach based on bibliographical data collection (judicial and doutrine decisions) that received qualitative treatment and dialectical approach. As a result, it is known that the judicial decision that determines the supply of medicines to those individuals who can not afford them with their own resources is legitimate and complies with the democratic principle, not violating the principle of separation of powers and the reserve of the possible, since the judicial decison is not stripped with an uniform and reasonable criteria, failing to contain high burden of subjectivism and witch signifies a possible exacerbation of functions by the judiciary, suffering, in this case, of requirement of legal certainty. It is concluded that the Court decision that determines the government the providing of medicine to those who can not afford the cost of treatment should be based on parameters such as: the protection of human dignity and the minimum existencial principle, the inafastable jurisdiction principle; compliance critique of the possible reserve principle; subsidiarity of judicial intervention; proportionality (quantitative and qualitative) in the content of the decision; the questioning about the reasons for non-delivery of the drug through administrative via; and, finally, the attention not to turn the judiciary into a mere production factor of the pharmaceutical industry, contributing to the cartelization of the right to health