Late-career international migration and reproductive work. A comparison between Peruvian and Ukrainian women in the Southern Europe

Research on the relationship between reproductive work and women��s life trajectories including the experience of labour migration has mainly focused on the case of relatively young mothers who leave behind, or later re-join, their children. While it is true that most women migrate at a younger age, there are a significant number of cases of men and women who move abroad for labour purposes at a more advanced stage, undertaking a late-career migration. This is still an under-estimated and under-researched sub-field that uncovers a varied range of issues, including the global organization of reproductive work and the employment of migrant women as domestic workers late in their lives. By pooling the findings of two qualitative studies, this article focuses on Peruvian and Ukrainian women who seek employment in Spain and Italy when they are well into their forties, or older. A commonality the two groups of women share is that, independently of their level of education and professional experience, more often than not they end up as domestic and care workers. The article initially discusses the reasons for late-career female migration, taking into consideration the structural and personal determinants that have affected Peruvian and Ukrainian women���s careers in their countries of origin and settlement. After this, the focus is set on the characteristics of domestic employment at later life, on the impact on their current lives, including the transnational family organization, and on future labour and retirement prospects. Apart from an evaluation of objective working and living conditions, we discuss women���s personal impressions of being domestic workers in the context of their occupational experiences and family commitments. In this regard, women report varying levels of personal and professional satisfaction, as well as different patterns of continuity-discontinuity in their work and family lives, and of optimism towards the future. Divergences could be, to some extent, explained by the effect of migrants�� transnational social practices and policies of states.

Migrant domestic workers, vulnerability and the law: immigration and employment laws in Cyprus and Spain

The intersection of gender, welfare and immigration regimes has been one of the main focus of a rich scholarship on paid domestic work in Europe. This article brings into the discussion the nexus of employment and immigration law regimes to reflect on the role of legal regulation in structuring and reducing the vulnerability of domestic workers. I analyse this nexus by looking at the cases of Cyprus and Spain, two states falling under the cluster of Southern Mediterranean welfare regimes, that share certain characteristics in terms of immigration regimes, but have substantially different employment law regulation models. The first part sketches the debate on the employment law regulation of domestic work. The second part starts by giving an overview of the immigration regimes of Cyprus and Spain in relation to migrant domestic workers and then proceeds to analyse the two countries��� models and substance of employment law regulation in domestic work. The comparison of these two divergent approaches informs the debate on how the legal regulation of domestic work should be best structured. In Spain there have been recent dynamic legislative changes in the employment law regulation of domestic work. The final part of the article traces these changes and reflects on why such processes have not taken place in Cyprus.

Migrant women���s employment in paid reproductive work through the crisis: the case of Italy (2007-2012)

Paid reproductive work, especially in the case of cleaning and home-care for elderly people, is an important sector for foreign women in Italy. For this reason, since the beginning of the current economic crisis, scholars have wondered about the impact of the recession on migrant domestic workers. They have looked particularly at possible competition with Italian women entering the sector for lack of better alternatives. Our paper takes this discussion a step further by assessing the overall changes affecting migrant women in the Italian labour market, 2007-2012. We will look at how their position has been transformed, by taking both an ethnic perspective, in relation to Italian women, and a gender perspective, in relation to migrant men. By way of a conclusion, the argument will be made that there is a substantial lack of competition between Italian and foreign women in the care and domestic sector due to differences in their earnings, hours of work and activities.

Understandings of transnational families in debates on Migration and development

International migration sets in motion a range of significant transnational processes that connect countries and people. How migration interacts with development and how policies might promote and enhance such interactions have, since the turn of the millennium, gained attention on the international agenda. The recognition that transnational practices connect migrants and their families across sending and receiving societies forms part of this debate. The ways in which policy debate employs and understands transnational family ties nevertheless remain underexplored. This article sets out to discern the understandings of the family in two (often intermingled) debates concerned with transnational interactions: The largely state and policydriven discourse on the potential benefits of migration on economic development, and the largely academic transnational family literature focusing on issues of care and the micro-politics of gender and generation. Emphasizing the relation between diverse migration-development dynamics and specific family positions, we ask whether an analytical point of departure in respective transnational motherhood, fatherhood or childhood is linked to emphasizing certain outcomes. We conclude by sketching important strands of inclusions and exclusions of family matters in policy discourse and suggest ways to better integrate a transnational family perspective in global migration-development policy.

Incertidumbre y actitudes pro-redistributivas: mercados de trabajo y modelos de bienestar en Europa

La articulaci��n entre las pol��ticas de empleo y las pol��ticas sociales condicionan la percepci��n subjetiva de incertidumbre los individuos. El modelo de mercado laboral tiene un peso determinante en la percepci��n de incertidumbre. El empleo en s�� mismo ya no es suficiente garant��a de ingresos seguros. El empleo a tiempo parcial y los contratos temporales generan una creciente demanda de pol��ticas de redistribuci��n de los ingresos en los pa��ses del Sur y Este de Europa. En los pa��ses escandinavos los mismos tipos de contratos laborales generan menos desigualdad porque el empleo p��blico contribuye a generar un ���c��rculo virtuoso��� que favorece las pol��ticas de igualdad y la conciliaci��n entre la vida laboral y familiar. A nivel individual las actitudes pro-redistributivas las impulsan las mujeres, aquellas personas con incertidumbre en sus ingresos econ��micos y con bajo nivel de estudios. Por el contrario, quienes m��s conf��an en el ��xito individual y el m��rito son los j��venes con estudios universitarios y aquellos que perciben ingresos econ��micos altos.

Looking for Determinants of Ontological Security in the Spain of the Crisis

The concept of ontological security has a remarkable echo in the current sociology to describe emotional status of men of late modernity. However, the concept created by Giddens in the eighties has been little used in empirical research covering various sources of risk or uncertainty. In this paper, a scale for ontological security is proposed. To do this, we start from the results of a research focused on the relationship between risk, uncertainty and vulnerability in the context of the economic crisis in Spain. These results were produced through nine focus groups and a telephone survey with standardized questionnaire applied to a national sample of 2,408 individuals over 18 years. This work is divided into three main sections. In the fi rst, a scale has been built from the results of the application of different items present in the questionnaire used. The second part explores the relationships of the scale obtained with the variables further approximate the emotional dimensions of individuals. The third part observes the variables that contribute to changes in the scale: These variables show the structural feature of the ontological security.

Crisis, educaci��n y precariedad-afluencia. El rol de la educaci��n en las condiciones de vida de la poblaci��n espa��ola

El objeto de este art��culo es estudiar la influencia del nivel educativo (capital cultural) en los procesos de precariedad-afluencia de la poblaci��n espa��ola entre los a��os posteriores a la crisis de inicio de la d��cada de 1990 y los a��os m��s duros de la crisis de 2007. A partir de los datos de las encuestas PHOGUE y ECV del Instituto Nacional de Estad��stica (INE) se han construido cuatro indicadores para medir la precariedad laboral, de ingresos, de salud y de vivienda y su distribuci��n seg��n distintas variables demogr��ficas. Se pretende contrastar la hip��tesis de que m��s educaci��n significa m��s protecci��n frente a la precariedad, estudiando diferentes condiciones de las condiciones de vida y existencia en momentos tanto de crecimiento como de crisis econ��mica. Mediante un an��lisis multivariable se intenta determinar el nivel de impacto del capital cultural, alcance, evoluci��n y, sobre todo, si sus efectos positivos o negativos est��n en proceso de expansi��n o desaceleraci��n. El resultado tiene una doble aportaci��n: de un lado, metodol��gica, consistente en la construcci��n de los indicadores; de otro lado, los resultados, con los que se puede reevaluar algunas generalizaciones sobre la p��rdida de importancia del rol de la educaci��n en las sociedades contempor��neas.

Of Marx and Makers: an Historical Perspective on Generative Justice

In Marxist frameworks ���distributive justice��� depends on extracting value through a centralized state. Many new social movements���peer to peer economy, maker activism, community agriculture, queer ecology, etc.���take the opposite approach, keeping value in its unalienated form and allowing it to freely circulate from the bottom up. Unlike Marxism, there is no general theory for bottom-up, unalienated value circulation. This paper examines the concept of ���generative justice��� through an historical contrast between Marx���s writings and the indigenous cultures that he drew upon. Marx erroneously concluded that while indigenous cultures had unalienated forms of production, only centralized value extraction could allow the productivity needed for a high quality of life. To the contrary, indigenous cultures now provide a robust model for the ���gift economy��� that underpins open source technological production, agroecology, and restorative approaches to civil rights. Expanding Marx���s concept of unalienated labor value to include unalienated ecological (nonhuman) value, as well as the domain of freedom in speech, sexual orientation, spirituality and other forms of ���expressive��� value, we arrive at an historically informed perspective for generative justice.��

Qualitative Comparative Analysis as a Tool for Concept Clarification, Typology Building, and Contextualized Comparisons in Gender and Feminist Research

Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) is a method for the systematic analysis of cases. A holistic view of cases and an approach to causality emphasizing complexity are some of its core features. Over the last decades, QCA has found application in many fields of the social sciences. In spite of this, its use in feminist research has been slower, and only recently QCA has been applied to topics related to social care, the political representation of women, and reproductive politics. In spite of the comparative turn in feminist studies, researchers still privilege qualitative methods, in particular case studies, and are often skeptical of quantitative techniques (Spierings 2012). These studies show that the meaning and measurement of many gender concepts differ across countries and that the factors leading to feminist success and failure are context specific. However, case study analyses struggle to systematically account for the ways in which these forces operate in different locations.<br/>

L���influence de l���am��nagement linguistique sur l'orientation des travaux de terminologie �� l���Office qu��b��cois de la langue fran��aise (1961-2004)

La terminologie, telle quelle se pratique au Qu��bec depuis une cinquantaine d'ann��es, s'inscrit dans un projet d'am��nagement linguistique qui vise �� faire du fran��ais la langue d'utilisation commune sur le territoire qu��b��cois. La mise en ��uvre de ce projet a ��t�� confi��e �� l'Office qu��b��cois de la langue fran��aise. Dans le cadre de la pr��sente th��se, nous ��valuons l'influence de l'am��nagement linguistique sur l'orientation des travaux de terminologie �� l'Office qu��b��cois de la langue fran��aise de 1961 �� 2004. Notre objectif principal est de montrer que le projet d'am��nagement linguistique a engendr�� une intense activit�� terminologique �� la suite de l'adoption de diverses lois linguistiques au cours des cinquante derni��res ann��es. Plus pr��cis��ment, nous analysons l'impact de ces lois sur le d��veloppement de la pratique de la terminologie. Pour ce faire, nous avons propos�� six p��riodes qui caract��risent les travaux de terminologie de l'Office qu��b��cois de la langue fran��aise de 1961 �� 2004. �� l'int��rieur de ces six p��riodes, nous analysons les mandats que les lois linguistiques ont confi��s �� l'Office et leurs r��percussions sur l'orientation de ses travaux terminologiques. �� l'instar de la probl��matique que nous avons esquiss��e au d��but de cette th��se, les r��sultats de notre recherche r��v��lent que la pratique de la terminologie est li��e au projet de soci��t�� que le Qu��bec s'est donn�� pour assurer la d��fense du fran��ais sur son territoire. En outre, l'adoption des lois linguistiques a favoris�� le d��veloppement de la pratique de la terminologie. Cette pratique a ��volu�� en fonction des diff��rents mandats confi��s �� l'Office qu��b��cois de la langue fran��aise qui a mis au point une m��thodologie de travail en terminologie. C'est dans le cadre de l'am��nagement linguistique que la terminologie s'est d��velopp��e au Qu��bec et qu'elle est devenue l'instrument cl�� de la mise en ��uvre du projet d'am��nagement linguistique qu��b��cois.

Os Deputados Assistentes Sociais na Assembleia Nacional e na Assembleia da Rep��blica Portuguesa: principais interven����es parlamentares entre 1949 e 2011

A presente disserta����o �� relativa aos assistentes sociais que exerceram fun����es de deputados em Portugal Continental, na Assembleia Nacional e na Assembleia da Rep��blica Portuguesa. Procedeu-se �� sua caracteriza����o e �� an��lise dos seus principais discursos parlamentares. A pertin��ncia da investiga����o �� justificada pela inexist��ncia de trabalhos acerca da tem��tica escolhida e pela reduzida produ����o acad��mica no que respeita �� vasta dimens��o pol��tica do Servi��o Social em Portugal. A investiga����o alicer��ou-se numa pesquisa bibliogr��fica sobre os temas em foco, e documental, na an��lise das fichas biogr��ficas dos deputados identificados e das transcri����es textuais das sess��es da Assembleia Nacional e da Assembleia da Rep��blica Portuguesa, onde constam os discursos destes deputados. Estas fontes prim��rias est��o acess��veis no s��tio oficial da Assembleia da Rep��blica (www.parlamento.pt). Pretende-se com este estudo abordar o lugar atribu��do �� Assembleia Nacional e �� Assembleia da Rep��blica Portuguesa nos respetivos regimes de ditadura e democracia e identificar e caracterizar acad��mica, profissional e politicamente os assistentes sociais que exerceram estas fun����es. Objetiva-se ainda a an��lise das principais interven����es destes deputados no contexto da Assembleia Nacional e da Assembleia da Rep��blica Portuguesa. Apurou-se que o n��mero de deputadas �� Assembleia Nacional e �� Assembleia da Rep��blica Portuguesa n��o variou significativamente nos regimes pol��ticos abordados. Foram identificadas cinco deputadas �� Assembleia Nacional, da V �� XI legislatura (de 1949 a 1974 ��� 25 anos), sendo que a primeira deputada identificada exerceu fun����es ao longo da V e VI legislaturas da Assembleia Nacional. Ap��s a queda do regime ditatorial e depois de 21 anos em democracia, assistentes sociais voltaram a exercer fun����es de deputados. Entre 1995 e 2011 exerceram fun����es seis deputados �� Assembleia da Rep��blica Portuguesa. Um deles desenvolveu atividades ao longo da X e XI legislaturas. Os resultados da investiga����o mostram que a maioria destes deputados s��o mulheres, havendo apenas um homem. Relativamente �� forma����o acad��mica dos deputados constatou-se que antes de 1974 o estabelecimento que formou mais assistentes sociais deputadas foi o Instituto de Servi��o Social de Lisboa (3), seguido do Instituto Superior de Ci��ncias Sociais e Pol��ticas Ultramarinas (1) e do Instituto Superior de Servi��o Social Pio XII, em Luanda (1). Os deputados �� Assembleia da Rep��blica formaram-se no Instituto Superior de Servi��o Social de Coimbra (2); no Instituto Superior Bissaya Barreto, Coimbra (1); no Instituto Superior de Servi��o Social do Porto (1); no Instituto Superior de Servi��o Social de Lisboa (1) e no Instituto Superior de Servi��o Social Pio XII, Luanda (1). As deputadas que exerceram fun����es durante o Estado Novo pertenciam �� Uni��o Nacional e Ac����o Nacional Popular, sendo que uma delas pertencia �� Ala Liberal da ANP. Quanto aos deputados que exerceram fun����es no per��odo democr��tico percebe-se que todos eram vinculados a partidos do bloco central e da direita: uma deputada do PSD, uma do CDS e quatro deputados do PS. No que respeita ��s interven����es parlamentares dos deputados identificados, observou-se que as deputadas �� Assembleia Nacional apresentaram e fundamentaram propostas de medidas de pol��tica social apoiando-se na sua experi��ncia profissional, principalmente em debates em que o tema foi a fam��lia ou a pobreza. Os deputados �� Assembleia da Rep��blica direcionaram os seus discursos para o apoio e/ou complemento das iniciativas propostas pelo governo, pois quatro destes deputados exerceram fun����es enquanto o partido a que pertenciam estava na lideran��a do governo. Face �� vastid��o da tem��tica abordada, a presente disserta����o constitui-se como um primeiro contributo para a produ����o de bibliografia no ��mbito da dimens��o pol��tica do Servi��o Social, reconhecendo-se a necessidade de aprofundar mais o tema. / This thesis is on social workers who acted as deputies in Portugal, on the National Assembly and the Assembly of the Portuguese Republic. Characterization and analysis of its key parliamentary speeches was the chosen procedure. The relevance of the research is justified by the lack of previous work on the chosen theme and the reduced academic outputs with respect to the vast political dimension of social work in Portugal. Research has its foundations in a literature research on the topics in focus, and also documentary, by the analysis of the biographical records of Members discussed and the verbatim transcripts of the sessions of the National Assembly and the Assembly of the Portuguese Republic, which contains the speeches of such Members. These primary sources include legislative sessions and are available on the Assembly of the Republic (www.parlamento.pt) official website. The study aims to address the place assigned to the National Assembly and the Assembly of the Portuguese Republic, regarding the respective regimes of dictatorship and democracy and to identify and characterize academically, professionally and politically, the social workers who have exercised these functions. Furthermore on the objective is the analysis of the main interventions in the context of such Members of the National Assembly and the Assembly of the Portuguese Republic. It was found that the number of deputies to the National Assembly and the Assembly of the Portuguese Republic did not significantly vary in both political regimes. Five deputies to the National Assembly were identified on the legislatures V to XI (1949-1974 - 25 years), with the first identified lady holding positions along the V and VI legislatures of the National Assembly. After the fall of the dictatorship and after 21 years of democracy, social workers returned to act as deputies. Between 1995 and 2011 held office six members of the Assembly of the Portuguese Republic. One developed activities along the X and XI legislatures of the Assembly of the Portuguese Republic. Research results show that the majority of these are women, and only one man. Regarding the academic training of the deputies, it was found that before 1974 the establishment that formed most of the social workers was, the Institute of Social Service of Lisbon (3), followed by the School of Social Science and Policy Overseas (1) and the Higher Institute of Social Service Pius XII in Luanda (1). Members of Parliament formed in the Institute of Social Service of Coimbra (2), the Higher Institute Bissaya Barreto, Coimbra (1), the Institute of Social Service of Porto (1), the Higher Institute of Social service of Lisbon (1) and the Institute of Social service Pius XII, Luanda(1). Deputies who held office during the New state belonged to the National Union and National People's Action parties, one of which belonged to the Liberal Wing of the ANP. As for the deputies who held office in the democratic period one realizes that all parties were bound to the central block and right wing: A Member of the PSD, one of CDS and four members of the PS. Regarding the parliamentary speeches of identified Members, it was noted that the National Assembly deputies presented and substantiated proposals for social policy measures relying on their professional experience, primarily on the debates in which the theme was family or poverty. Members of Parliament have directed their speeches to support and / or complement the initiatives proposed by the government, since four of these deputies exercise their functions while the party they belonged was in governmental leadership. Given the vastness of the topic addressed in this thesis, it constitutes itself as a first contribution to the production of literature within the political dimension of social work, recognizing the need to go deeper into the subject.

Global Trade Governance and ASEAN: Studies of Trade-Related Aspects of Labor, Environment and Culture in Southeast Asia

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

The sexual health knowledge of people with intellectual disabilities: A review.

There is a growing recognition that people with disabilities have the same sexual needs and rights as people without disabilities. However, less attention is paid to the sexuality of people diagnosed with intellectual disabilities. This narrative review summarises what is currently known about the level of sexual health knowledge of people with intellectual disabilities. A literature review was conducted of the published literature using Google Scholar, PubMed, PsychInfo, EBSCOhost, and Science Direct. Forty eight articles were identified that addressed the question about the level of sexual health knowledge of people with intellectual disabilities. Overall, studies demonstrate that people with intellectual disabilities are highly variable in levels of sexual knowledge, but on average have a range of deficits in knowledge compared to non-disabled individuals. More tailored education and support in accessing formal and informal sources of information are needed.