Of Marx and Makers: an Historical Perspective on Generative Justice


Autoria(s): Eglash, Ron; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)
Contribuinte(s)

National Science Foundation (NSF)

National Science Foundation (NSF)

Data(s)

30/06/2016

Resumo

In Marxist frameworks “distributive justice” depends on extracting value through a centralized state. Many new social movements—peer to peer economy, maker activism, community agriculture, queer ecology, etc.—take the opposite approach, keeping value in its unalienated form and allowing it to freely circulate from the bottom up. Unlike Marxism, there is no general theory for bottom-up, unalienated value circulation. This paper examines the concept of “generative justice” through an historical contrast between Marx’s writings and the indigenous cultures that he drew upon. Marx erroneously concluded that while indigenous cultures had unalienated forms of production, only centralized value extraction could allow the productivity needed for a high quality of life. To the contrary, indigenous cultures now provide a robust model for the “gift economy” that underpins open source technological production, agroecology, and restorative approaches to civil rights. Expanding Marx’s concept of unalienated labor value to include unalienated ecological (nonhuman) value, as well as the domain of freedom in speech, sexual orientation, spirituality and other forms of “expressive” value, we arrive at an historically informed perspective for generative justice. 

En términos marxistas, la "justicia distributiva" depende de la extracción de valor a través de un estado centralizado. Muchos de los nuevos movimientos sociales centrados en la economía peer to peer, el activismo fabricante, la agricultura comunitaria, ecología queer, etc., toman el camino contrario: mantener el valor en su forma alienada permitiendo que circule libremente desde abajo hacia arriba. A diferencia del marxismo, no existe una teoría general de abajo hacia arriba sobre la circulación del valor no alienado. Este artículo examina el concepto de "justicia generativa" a través de un contraste histórico entre los escritos de Marx y las culturas indígenas en que se basó. Marx llegó a la conclusión errónea de que, mientras que las culturas indígenas tenían formas enajenadas de producción, sólo el valor de la extracción centralizada podría permitir la productividad necesaria para una alta calidad de vida. Sin embargo, las culturas indígenas ahora proporcionan un modelo sólido para la "economía del don" que sustenta la producción tecnológica de código abierto, la agroecología y las aproximaciones de restitución de los derechos civiles. Ampliando el concepto del valor del trabajo no alienado de Marx para incluir el valor no alienado ecológico (no humano), así como el dominio de la libertad de expresión, la orientación sexual, la espiritualidad y otras formas de valor "expresiva", llegamos a una definición de la justicia generativa.For the English abstract, please select "English" in the language settings on the right column. 

Em termos marxistas, uma “justiça distributiva” pressuporia extrair valor através de um estado centralizado. Muitos dos novos movimentos sociais (economia peer-to-peer, ativismo fabricante, agricultura comunitária, ecologia queer, etc.) tomam um caminho inverso: mantêm o valor em sua forma não alienada, permitindo que circule livremente de “baixo” para “cima”. Diferente do Marxismo, não existe uma teoria geral para a circulação de valor inalienado de baixo para cima. Este artigo examina o conceito de “justiça generativa” através de um contraste histórico entre os escritos de Marx e as culturas indígenas a que ele recorreu. Marx concluiu erroneamente que, enquanto as culturas indígenas tivessem formas não alienadas de produção, somente a extração de valor centralizada poderia permitir a produtividade necessária para uma alta qualidade de vida. Ao contrário, culturas indígenas agora  fornecem um modelo robusto para a “economia do dom”, que sustenta modalidades como a produção tecnológica de código aberto, a agroecologia e as abordagens restauradoras de direitos civis. Expandindo o conceito marxista de “valor do trabalho alienado” (para incluir o valor ecológico inalienado não-humano, bem como o domínio da liberdade de expressão, orientação sexual, espiritualidade e outras formas de valor “expressivas”), chegamos a uma perspectiva historicamente informada para uma justiça generativa.

Formato

application/pdf

Identificador

http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/TEKN/article/view/52096

10.5209/rev_TK.2016.v13.n1.52096

Publicador

Grupo de Investigación Cultura Digital y Movimientos Sociales. Cibersomosaguas

Relação

http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/TEKN/article/view/52096/48785

/*ref*/Alaimo, S. (2010).Bodily Natures: Science, Environment, and the Material Self. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

/*ref*/Altieri, M. (2004). "Agroecology versus Ecoagriculture: balancing food production and biodiversity conservation in the midst of social inequity."Commission on Environmental, Economic & Social Policy CEESP Occasional Papers #3, pp. 8-28. Retrieved from: <http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/occasional_paper___altieri.pdf>

/*ref*/Barad, K. (2011). Nature’s queer performativity.Qui Parle: Critical Humanities and Social Sciences, 19(2), 121–158.

/*ref*/Bauhardt, C. (2014). “Solutions to the Crisis? The Green New Deal, Degrowth, and the Solidarity Economy: Alternatives to the Capitalist Growth Economy from an Ecofeminist Economics Perspective.” Ecological Economics 102, 60–68.

/*ref*/Bellotti, V., Carroll, J. M. & Han, K. (2013). “Random Acts of Kindness: The Intelligent and Context-Aware Future of Reciprocal Altruism and Community Collaboration.” In 2013 International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS), 1–12.

/*ref*/Bohm, M. (2013, September 6). “The Roots of Russia's Homophobia.”Moscow Times. Retreived from: <http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/the-roots-of-russia-s-homophobia/485634.html>

/*ref*/Benkler, Y. (2013). “Practical Anarchism: Peer Mutualism, Market Power, and the Fallible State.” Politics and Society 4(2), 213-251.

/*ref*/Bennett, J. (2010)Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press.

/*ref*/Bennett, J., Strange, N. & Medrado, A. (2015). “A Moral Economy of Independent Work? Creative Freedom and Public Service in UK Digital Agencies.” In James Bennett; Niki Strange. (Eds.).Media Independence: Working with Freedom or Working for Free? (pp. 139-158). London: Routledge.

/*ref*/Blanding, M. & White, H. (2015, April 6). “How China Is Screwing Over Its Poisoned Factory Workers.” Wired. Retrieved from: http://www.wired.com/2015/04/inside-chinese-factories/

/*ref*/Buechley, L. & Hill, B. M. (2010). “LilyPad in the Wild: How Hardware’s Long Tail is Supporting New Engineering and Design Communities.” InProceedings of Designing Interactive Systems (pp. 199-207). New York, NY: ACM.

/*ref*/Callon, M. (1986). "Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of St Brieuc Bay." In John Law (Ed.)Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge (pp. 196–233). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

/*ref*/Campbell, M. N. (2005). Sacred Groves for Forest Conservation in Ghana’s Coastal Savannas: Assessing Ecological and Social Dimensions.”Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 26(2), 151–69.

/*ref*/Chopra, S. & Dexter, S. (2006). “The Political Economy of Open Source Software.” International Journal of Technology, Knowledge and Society 1(7), 127-134.

/*ref*/Davies, R.W. (1998).Soviet Economic Development from Lenin to Khrushchev. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

/*ref*/Eglash, R. & Banks, D. A. (2014). “Recursive Depth in Generative Spaces: Democratization in Three Dimensions of Technosocial Self-Organization.”The Information Society 30(2) 106-115.

/*ref*/Eglash, R. & Garvey, C. (2014). “Basins of Attraction for Generative Justice.” In S. Banerjee, Ş. Ş. Erçetin, and A. Tekin (Eds.),Chaos Theory in Politics (pp. 75–88). Springer Netherlands.

/*ref*/Eglash, R. (2016). Generative Technologies from Africa.” In , edited by D. L. Hodgson & J. A. Byfield (Eds.), Global Africa. University of California Press, 2016. Preprint at: <https://docs.google.com/document/d/1raRU0CA5CXm4QeEn9MFOWLYYE1btjY27hhdy-BB7rv4/edit>

/*ref*/Ekbia, H. & Nardi, B. (2014) “Heteromation and Its (dis)contents: The Invisible Division of Labor between Humans and Machines.” First Monday 19(6). Retrieved from: <http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/5331>

/*ref*/Eltis, W.(1988). “The Contrasting Theories of Industrialization of François Quesnay and Adam Smith.” Oxford Economic Papers, 40(2) 269–88.

/*ref*/Magdoff, F. & Foster, J. B. (2011).What Every Environmentalist Needs to Know about Capitalism: A Citizen’s Guide to Capitalism and the Environment. New York, NY: NYU Press.

/*ref*/Engels, F. (1902).The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. Chicago: C. H. Kerr.

/*ref*/Federici, S. (2012).Revolution at Point Zero: Housework, Reproduction, and Feminist Struggle. Oakland, CA: PM Press.

/*ref*/Feshbach, M. & Friendly, A. (1993).Ecocide in the USSR: Health and Nature Under Siege. New York, NY: Basic Books.

/*ref*/Fox, S.,Ulgado, R. R. & Rosner, D. (2015). “Hacking Culture, Not Devices: Access and Recognition in Feminist Hackerspaces,” CSCW '15, Vancouver, BC; 56–68. ACM Press.

/*ref*/Fuentes-Nieva, R., & Galasso, N. (2014).Working for the Few: Political capture and economic inequality (Vol. 178). Oxfam.

/*ref*/Graeger, D. (2012). Debt: The First 5,000 Years. New York: Melville House.

/*ref*/Graham, L. (1993).Science in Russia and the Soviet Union. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

/*ref*/Gibson- Graham, J. K. (2006).A Postcapitalist Politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

/*ref*/Grinde, D. A. and Johansen, B. E. (1991).Exemplar of Liberty: Native American and the Evolution of Democracy. Los Angeles: American Indian Studies Center, University of California.

/*ref*/Hall, V. (1980). “The Role of Force or Power in Liebig’s Physiological Chemistry.”Medical History 24(1), 20–59.

/*ref*/Hamari, J., Mimmi, S. & Ukkonen, A. (2015). “The Sharing Economy: Why People Participate in Collaborative Consumption.”SSRN Scholarly Paper. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. Retreived from: <http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2271971>

/*ref*/Haraway, D. (1992). “The Promises of Monsters: A Regenerative Politics for Inappropriate/d Others.” In L. Grossberg, C. Nelson, & P. A. Treichler (eds.),Cultural Studies New York, NY: Routledge.

/*ref*/Haraway, D. (2007). When Species Meet. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota Press.

/*ref*/Irani, L. (2015). “Hackathons and the making of entrepreneurial citizenship.”Science Technology and Human Values, 40(5), 799 - 824.

/*ref*/Kawano, E. M. & Teller-Ellsberg, J. (Eds.). (2010).Solidarity Economy I: Building Alternatives for People and Planet. Amherst, MA: Center for Popular Economics. 2010. “Building a Solidarity Economy from Real World Practices.” Online at: <https://www.academia.edu/2472194/Building_a_Solidarity_Economy_from_Real_World_Practices>

/*ref*/Keen, A. (2007).The Cult of the Amateur: How Today's Internet Is Killing Our Culture. NY: Crown Business.

/*ref*/Kim, S. M. (2015). “The Conditions and Strategies of the Success of Local Currency Movements.” Society for Social Work and Research Annual Conference. <https://sswr.confex.com/sswr/2015/webprogram/Paper23495.html>

/*ref*/Kostakis, V. & Bauwens, M. (2014).Network society and future scenarios for a collaborative economy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

/*ref*/Lachney, M., Babbitt, B. & Eglash, R. (2016). “Content Aware Software Design in the ‘Construction Genre’ of Learning Technology.” Software Studies no. 5.

/*ref*/Latour, B. (1993). We Have Never Been Modern. Translated by Catherine Porter. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

/*ref*/LANGE, J. (2012). “Division, demand and supply of labour Elements of a theory of population in Adam Smith.” XIVème Colloque de l’Association Charles Gide pour l’étude de la pensée économique, Juin 2012. Retreived from: <http://www.gredeg.cnrs.fr/colloques/gide/papers/Lange_Division.pdf>

/*ref*/Lessig, L. (2009). Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy. New York: Penguin Books.

/*ref*/Matthews, R. C. O., Feinstein, C. H. & Odling-Smee, J. C. (1982).British Economic Growth, 1856-1973. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

/*ref*/Marx, K. (1989). Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Collected Works. New York: Intl Pub.

/*ref*/Marx, K. (1976). Capital, vol. I, New York: Vintage.

/*ref*/Marx, K. (1973).Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy. New York: Vintage Books.

/*ref*/Marx, K. (1974).Political Writings Vol. I: The Revolutions of 1848. New York, NY: Vintage Books/Random House.

/*ref*/Marx, K. (1979).The Letters of Karl Marx. Ed. Saul Kussiel Padover. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

/*ref*/Marx, K. (1842). On Freedom of the Press: Censorship.Rheinische Zeitung, 135, Supplement, May 15. Retrieved from: http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1842/free-press/

/*ref*/May, K. (2013). “Architecture infused with fractals”. Retrieved from: <http://blog.ted.com/architecture-infused-with-fractals-ron-eglash-and-xavier-vilalta/>

/*ref*/McRobbie, A. (2002). “Clubs to Companies: Notes on the Decline of Political Culture in Speeded up Creative Worlds.” Cultural Studies 16(4), 516–531.

/*ref*/Miller, E. (2013). “Community economy: Ontology, ethics, and politics for radically democratic economic organizing.” Rethinking Marxism:A Journal of Economics, Culture & Society, 25(4), 518–533.

/*ref*/MIT (2012). “Fighting Peak Phosphorus.” Retrieved from: <http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2016/finalwebsite/solutions/phosphorus.html>

/*ref*/Morsello, C., Ruiz-Mallén, I., Diaz, M. D. M. & Reyes-García, V. (2012). The Effects of Processing Non-Timber Forest Products and Trade Partnerships on People's Well-Being and Forest Conservation in Amazonian Societies. PLoS ONE 7(8). Retrieved from <http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0043055#pone-0043055-t002>

/*ref*/Olajide, O. J., Makinde, M., Okpako, D. T. & Awe, S. O. (2000). Studies on the Anti-Inflammatory and Related Pharmacological Properties of the Aqueous Extract of Bridelia Ferruginea Stem Bark. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71(1–2), 153–60.

/*ref*/O’Neil, P. (2009, January 22). “Pro-life, eco-feminists work for consist ethic of life.”National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved from: <http://ncronline.org/news/pro-life-eco-feminists-work-consist-ethic-life>

/*ref*/Ostrom, E. (2010). "Beyond markets and states: polycentric governance of complex economic systems". American Economic Review (American Economic Association) 100 (3): 641–672.

/*ref*/Penn, L. & Shear, B. (2015). Solidarity economy and community development: emerging cases in three Massachusetts cities, Community Development, 46: 3, 244-260

/*ref*/Pickering, A. (1995).The Mangle of Practice Time, Agency, and Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

/*ref*/Place, Ch. (2015). Impact of complementary currency for sustainability: an integral approach. In: 3rd International Conference on Social and Complementary Currency, 27th, 28th, 29th and 30th of October 2015. Salvador: Federal University of Bahia, 2015. Available from: http://socialcurrency.sciencesconf.org/conference/socialcurrency/pages/Impact_of_complementary_currency_PLACE.pdf

/*ref*/Sandoval, M. (2013). “Foxconned Labour as the Dark Side of the Information Age: Working Conditions at Apple’s Contract Manufacturers in China.”tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 11, no. 2 (July 25): 318–47.

/*ref*/Schneider, M. & McMichael, P. (2010). “Deepening, and Repairing, the Metabolic Rift.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 37, no. 3, 461–84.

/*ref*/Schrödinger, E. (1944). What is Life? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

/*ref*/Shirky, C. (2011).Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age. Penguin Books.

/*ref*/Slay, B. (2009) “Poverty, Inequality, and Social Policy Reform in the Former Soviet Union.” United Nations Development Programme. Pp 1-19. Online at: <http://www.undp.org/content/dam/rbec/docs/Poverty-inequality-and-social-policy-reform-in-the-former-Soviet-Union.pdf>

/*ref*/Smith, A. (1776).An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Glasgow: W.Strahan and T. Cadel.

/*ref*/Stein, H. (6 April 1994). "Board of Contributors: Remembering Adam Smith".The Wall Street Journal Asia p. A14.

/*ref*/Taubman, W. (2004).Khrushchev:The Man and His Era. Reprint edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

/*ref*/Wright, E. (2013). “Transforming Capitalism through Real Utopias.”American Sociological Review. 78(1):1-25.

/*ref*/Zeitlyn, D. (2003). “Gift Economies in the Development of Open Source Software: Anthropological Reflections.”Research Policy, Open Source Software Development, 32, no. 7 (July): 1287–91.

Direitos

Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:a) Los autores conservan los derechos de autor.b) Los textos publicados en esta revista están sujetos –si no se indica lo contrario– a una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento no Comercial 3.0. España (cc-by-nc). Puede copiarlos, distribuirlos, comunicarlos públicamente, y hacer obras derivadas siempre que reconozca los créditos de las obras (autoría, nombre de la revista, institución editora). Puede consultar desde aquí la versión informativa y el texto legal de la licencia. La indicación de la licencia de uso y distribución, cc-by-nc, ha de hacerse constar expresamente de esta forma cuando sea necesario.Creative Commons 3.0.

Fonte

Teknokultura; Vol 13, No 1 (2016): Visiones Tecnológicas Iberoamericanas; 245-269

Teknokultura. Journal of Digital Culture and Social Movements; Vol 13, No 1 (2016): Visiones Tecnológicas Iberoamericanas; 245-269

Palavras-Chave #Ciencias Sociales> Antropología> STS #generative justice; peer-to-peer; maker; DIY; indigenous; queer ecology #Antropología; Sociología; Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología #Ciencias Sociales > Antropología #justicia generativa; Peer-to-Peer; fabricante; DIY; indígena; ecología queer #justiça generativa; peer-to-peer; fabricante; “DIY”; indígena; ecologia queer
Tipo

info:eu-repo/semantics/article

Karpeta

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion