997 resultados para CIM-OSA
Resumo:
ABSTRACT The diocese as the agent and advocate of diaconial work. The development of diaconial work in the Mikkeli diocese 1945–1991. The roots of Finnish diacony are in the individual devotional life of Pietism. An acting faith had to be evident in acts of love. Following German institutional diacony, diaconial institutions were established in Finland until congregational diacony emerged alongside these institutions in the 1890s. Pastor Otto Aarnisalo acted as a pathfinder in this. He aimed to unite diacony with the Church and the life of the congregation. Diacony had been based on the idea of volunteering to separate it from statutory social work. In 1944 the church law was amended, which made diacony the concern of every member of the congregation. In the years immediately following the Second World War, discussion took place in the Church of Finland about the direction that diacony should take. In the consequential debate, caritative services overcame social diacony. The diocese administration moved to Mikkeli in 1945, when the majority of the Vyborg diocese became part of the USSR in the armistice negotiations. The Mikkeli diocese acted in its diaconial work with the same objectives as the diaconial solutions of the whole church. The acting principle of the diocese diacony became a form of helping which emphasised assistance of the individual. Especially from the 1960s onwards, the country's industrialisation and the reduction of agricultural trade had an effect on the Mikkeli diocese. The diocese administration, specifically Bishop Martti Simojoki and his successor Osmo Alaja, aimed to open up connections to the political left and people working in industry. At least indirectly this helped the diaconial work in industrial localities. In the Mikkeli diocese, a diaconial committee was established in 1971, and its work was overseen by the diocesan chapter of the bishop's office. This enabled the work of the diocese to be organised for the different areas of diacony. Previously, the diaconial work of the Finnish church had primarily been in nursing. The Health Insurance Law of 1972 brought a change to this when the responsibility for health services was transferred to the municipalities. Diacony began to move towards a psychological and spiritual emphasis. Beginning in the 1970s, the diocese started holding diaconial themed days at prescribed intervals. Although these did not result in great realignments, they did help clarify the direction that diacony would take. Large international collections were also carried out, especially in the 1980s. At the same time, socio-ethical activity vitalised and diversified Christian services. The idea that every member of the congregation should practice diacony was a strong factor in the Mikkeli diocese as well. The diocese's vision for diacony was holistic; Christian service was the responsibility of every member of the congregation. During the period of study (1945–1991), the theology of diacony was rather tenuous. Bishop Kalevi Toiviainen, however, brought forth the viewpoint of church doctrine and officially sanctioned theology. Diacony was part of the complete faith of the Church.
Resumo:
Autoimmune diseases are more common in dogs than in humans and are already threatening the future of some highly predisposed dog breeds. Susceptibility to autoimmune diseases is controlled by environmental and genetic factors, especially the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene region. Dogs show a similar physiology, disease presentation and clinical response as humans, making them an excellent disease model for autoimmune diseases common to both species. The genetic background of canine autoimmune disorders is largely unknown, but recent annotation of the dog genome and subsequent development of new genomic tools offer a unique opportunity to map novel autoimmune genes in various breeds. Many autoimmune disorders show breed-specific enrichment, supporting a strong genetic background. Furthermore, the presence of hundreds of breeds as genetic isolates facilitates gene mapping in complex autoimmune disorders. Identification of novel predisposing genes establishes breeds as models and may reveal novel candidate genes for the corresponding human disorders. Genetic studies will eventually shed light on common biological functions and interactions between genes and the environment. This study aimed to identify genetic risk factors in various autoimmune disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-related diseases, comprising immune-mediated rheumatic disease (IMRD) and steroid-responsive meningitis arteritis (SMRA) as well as Addison s disease (AD) in Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers (NSDTRs) and chronic superficial keratitis (CSK) in German Shepherd dogs (GSDs). We used two different approaches to identify genetic risk factors. Firstly, a candidate gene approach was applied to test the potential association of MHC class II, also known as a dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) in canine species. Secondly, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to identify novel risk loci for SLE-related disease and AD in NSDTRs. We identified DLA risk haplotypes for an IMRD subphenotype of SLE-related disease, AD and CSK, but not in SMRA, and show that the MHC class II gene region is a major genetic risk factor in canine autoimmune diseases. An elevated risk was found for IMRD in dogs that carried the DLA-DRB1*00601/DQA1*005011/DQB1*02001 haplotype (OR = 2.0, 99% CI = 1.03-3.95, p = 0.01) and for ANA-positive IMRD dogs (OR = 2.3, 99% CI = 1.07-5.04, p-value 0.007). We also found that DLA-DRB1*01502/DQA*00601/DQB1*02301 haplotype was significantly associated with AD in NSDTRs (OR = 2.1, CI = 1.0-4.4, P = 0.044) and the DLA-DRB1*01501/DQA1*00601/DQB1*00301 haplotype with the CSK in GSDs (OR=2.67, CI=1.17-6.44, p= 0.02). In addition, we found that homozygosity for the risk haplotype increases the risk for each disease phenotype and that an overall homozygosity for the DLA region predisposes to CSK and AD. Our results have enabled the development of genetic tests to improve breeding practices by avoiding the production of puppies homozygous for risk haplotypes. We also performed the first successful GWAS for a complex disease in dogs. With less than 100 cases and 100 controls, we identified five risk loci for SLE-related disease and AD and found strong candidate genes involved in a novel T-cell activation pathway. We show that an inbred dog population has fewer risk factors, but each of them has a stronger genetic risk. Ongoing studies aim to identify the causative mutations and bring new knowledge to help diagnostics, treatment and understanding of the aetiology of SLE-related diseases.
Resumo:
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) transport lactate and protons across cell membranes. During intense exercise, lactate and protons accumulate in the exercising muscle and are transported to the plasma. In the horse, MCTs are responsible for the majority of lactate and proton removal from exercising muscle, and are therefore also the main mechanism to hinder the decline in pH in muscle cells. Two isoforms, MCT1 and MCT4, which need an ancillary protein CD147, are expressed in equine muscle. In the horse, as in other species, MCT1 is predominantly expressed in oxidative fibres, where its likely role is to transport lactate into the fibre to be used as a fuel at rest and during light work, and to remove lactate during intensive exercise when anaerobic energy production is needed. The expression of CD147 follows the fibre type distribution of MCT1. These proteins were detected in both the cytoplasm and sarcolemma of muscle cells in the horse breeds studied: Standardbred and Coldblood trotters. In humans, training increases the expression of both MCT1 and MCT4. In this study, the proportion of oxidative fibres in the muscle of Norwegian-Swedish Coldblood trotters increased with training. Simultaneously, the expression of MCT1 and CD147, measured immunohistochemically, seemed to increase more in the cytoplasm of oxidative fibres than in the fast fibre type IIB. Horse MCT4 antibody failed to work in immunohistochemistry. In the future, a quantitative method should be introduced to examine the effect of training on muscle MCT expression in the horse. Lactate can be taken up from plasma by red blood cells (RBCs). In horses, two isoforms, MCT1 and MCT2, and the ancillary protein CD147 are expressed in RBC membranes. The horse is the only species studied in which RBCs have been found to express MCT2, and the physiological role of this protein in RBCs is unknown. The majority of horses express all three proteins, but 10-20% of horses express little or no MCT1 or CD147. This leads to large interindividual variation in the capacity to transport lactate into RBCs. Here, the expression level of MCT1 and CD147 was bimodally distributed in three studied horse breeds: Finnhorse, Standardbred and Thoroughbred. The level of MCT2 expression was distributed unimodally. The expression level of lactate transporters could not be linked to performance markers in Thoroughbred racehorses. In the future, better performance indexes should be developed to better enable the assessment of whether the level of MCT expression affects athletic performance. In human subjects, several mutations in MCT1 have been shown to cause decreased lactate transport activity in muscle and signs of myopathy. In the horse, two amino acid sequence variations, one of which was novel, were detected in MCT1 (V432I and K457Q). The mutations found in horses were in different areas compared to mutations found in humans. One mutation (M125V) was detected in CD147. The mutations found could not be linked with exercise-induced myopathy. MCT4 cDNA was sequenced for the first time in the horse, but no mutations could be detected in this protein.
Resumo:
ABSTRACT The author Zacharias Topelius as a religious educator The present study concerns the author Zacharias Topelius (1818-98) as a religious educator. The study´s main questions are as follows: What is the theological and pedagogical content of Topelius books and how is his religious instruction linked with the history of his time. The primary sources are his educational books Naturens bok (The Book of the Nature, 1856), Boken om vårt land (The Book of our Land, 1875) and Evangelium för Barnen (Gospel for Children, 1893), as well as his storybooks Läsning för barn I-VIII (Reading for Children I-VIII, 1865-96). The dissertation concerns the his-tory of religious education. Its primary method is background-based systematic analy-sis. In Topelius children s books the view of God is characterised both as an omnipresent spirit and as Providence, who guides world history according to his plan. In addition to Lutheranism this view is also influenced by Nationalism and Romanticism. The theological content of the books emphasises instruction in Christian life that is natural to normative children s books. Topelius strongly expresses the importance of a personal relationship to God, an idealistic Christian view of one s fellow man and of one s own nation as well as the value of nature conservation. The books of Topelius were some of the first educational works on nature preservation in Finland. The didactic quality of Topelius children s books was high for 19th century Finland. Their main emphasis in terms of educational goals is on civilisation (Bildung), self-awareness, national solidarity and living idealism. The pedagogical argumentation is mostly based on theological, historical, social and rational reasoning. The primary principles in Topelius teaching are Christian nationalism, idealistic harmony and the agrarian bourgeois. Christian nationalism is the main element of Topelius religious education. He considers the fatherland as a God-given project and the taking care of it as a part of holy service. Idealistic harmony is seen as the comprehensive development of one s character in the sense of romantic idealism. The agrarian bourgeois principle combines the Finnish peasant tradition with the values of 19th century modern bourgeois culture. I have named Topelius vision of religious education the Christian national project of civilisation (Bildung). Its main theses are home, religion and fatherland. The author himself strongly believed in this vision and never questioned it despite its national chauvinism and theological inconsistency. The religious ideology represented in Topelius educational works and storybooks was popular among pedagogues during the whole era of the Finnish folk school. It fit per-fectly with the Christian national discourse stemming from 19th century ideological ten-dencies. Due to their appropriate content combined with their practical language and pedagogical methods, the books were popular both at school and in the home for a long period of time. Therefore the books of Topelius aptly symbolise the religious education of their time and manifest their author s pedagogical talent as a national religious educator and as a populariser of Christian nationalism. Topelius books have had a lasting influence on Finnish religiosity. Key words: Topelius, theology, religion, education, nationalism and national project
Resumo:
Normal growth and development require the precise control of gene expression. Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding specific sequences of DNA. Abnormalities in transcription are implicated in a variety of human diseases, including cancer, endocrine disorders and birth defects. Transcription factor GATA4 has emerged as an important regulator of normal development and function in a variety of endoderm- and mesoderm- derived tissues, including gut, heart and several endocrine organs, such as gonads. Mice harboring a null mutation of Gata4 gene die during embryogenesis due to failure in heart formation, complicating the study of functional role of GATA4 in other organs. However, the expression pattern of GATA4 suggests it may play a role in the regulation of ovarian granulosa cell development, function and apoptosis. This premise is supported by in vitro studies showing that GATA4 regulates several steroidogenic enzymes as well as auto-, para- and endocrine signaling molecules important for granulosa cell function. This study assessed the in vivo role of GATA4 for granulosa cell function by utilizing two genetically modified mouse strains. The findings in the GATA4 deficient mice included delayed puberty, impaired fertility and signs of diminished estrogen production. At the molecular level, the GATA4 deficiency leads to attenuated expression of central steroidogenic genes, Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), Side-chain cleavage (SCC), and aromatase as a response to stimulations with exogenous gonadotropins. Taken together, these suggest GATA4 is necessary for the normal ovarian function and female fertility. Programmed cell death, apoptosis, is a crucial part of normal ovarian development and function. In addition, disturbances in apoptosis have been implicated to pathogenesis of human granulosa cell tumors (GCTs). Apoptosis is controlled by extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. The intrinsic pathway is regulated by members of Bcl-2 family, and its founding member, the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, is known to be important for granulosa cell survival. This study showed that the expression levels of GATA4 and Bcl-2 correlate in the human GCTs and that GATA4 regulates Bcl-2 expression, presumably by directly binding to its promoter. In addition, disturbing GATA4 function was sufficient to induce apoptosis in cultured GCT- derived cell line. Taken together, these results suggest GATA4 functions as an anti-apoptotic factor in GCTs. The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is controlled by the members of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. An interesting ligand of this family is TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), possessing a unique ability to selectively induce apoptosis in malignant cells. This study characterized the previously unknown expression of TRAIL and its receptors in both developing and adult human ovary, as well as in malignant granulosa cell tumors. TRAIL pathway was shown to be active in GCTs suggesting it may be a useful tool in treating these malignancies. However, more studies are required to assess the function of TRAIL pathway in normal ovaries. In addition to its ability to induce apoptosis in GCTs, this study revealed that GATA4 protects these malignancies from TRAIL-induced apoptosis. GATA4 presumably exerts this effect by regulating the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. This is of particular interest as high expression of GATA4 is known to correlate to aggressive GCT behavior. Thus, GATA4 seems to protect GCTs from endogenous TRAIL by upregulating anti-apoptotic factors such as Bcl-2.
Resumo:
Suomalaisia vegaaniäitejä ja lapsia ei ole aiemmin tutkittu ravitsemustieteen näkökulmasta. Suomalaisilla suosituksissa (Valtion ravitsemusneuvottelukunta, Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriö) lasten ja äitien vegaaniruokavalioon suhtaudutaan varauksellisesti. Pohjois-Amerikassa mm. American Dietetic Association ja American Academy of Pediatrics sen sijaan pitävät vegaaniruokavaliota ravitsemuksellisesti riittävänä myös raskauden ja imetyksen aikana sekä pikkulapsilla. Suomalainen tutkimustieto on tarpeen mm. laadittaessa uusia suosituksia tulevaisuudessa. Tutkimukseen osallistui 14 perhettä. Vegaaniruokavaliota oli noudatettu 11 raskauden ja imetyksen ajan. Syntymästään saakka vegaanilapsia oli 13. Menetelmänä oli kolmeosainen kyselylomake, jonka tutkittavat palauttivat postitse. Raskaus- ja imetysaikaa tarkastellessani käytin vertailuaineistona niitä seitsemää raskautta, jotka eivät täyttäneet vegaaniruokavalion määritelmää, mutta joiden aikana oli syöty tavanomaista sekaruokavaliota kasvispainotteisemmin. Tutkimukseen osallistuneet olivat koulutettuja ja suurin osa asui kaupungissa. Lapset olivat iältään keskimäärin 1 ½-vuotiaita (vaihteluväli pariviikkoisesta 5-vuotiaaseen). Perheet olivat etsineet itse aktiivisesti tietoa ravitsemusasioista ja tietoa oli saatu myös Vegaaniliitosta. Virallinen terveydenhuolto ei ollut juurikaan pystynyt tarjoamaan tietoa: kahdeksan perhettä oli käynyt ravitsemusterapeutin vastaanotolla, mutta vain yksi ilmoitti saaneensa tietoa sitä kautta. Useimmiten perheen ruokavalio oli herättänyt hämmennystä ja epätietoisuutta terveydenhuollossa. Jotkut olivat kokeneet erittäin negatiivista suhtautumista, etenkin lääkärien taholta, mutta myös myönteisiä kokemuksia oli. Vegaaniäitien keskimääräinen painonnousu raskauden aikana oli normaali ja lapset olivat syntyneet normaalipainoisina. Lasten kasvu oli normaalia. Kaikki äidit olivat huolehtineet D- ja B12-saannista. Myös kaikki lapset saivat ko. vitamiinitäydennyksiä lukuun ottamatta yhtä epäselvää tapausta D-vitamiinin suhteen. Vegaaniäidit imettivät pitkään ja olivat lähempänä imetyssuosituksia kuin suomalaiset yleensä. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella suomalaisissa vegaaniperheissä ollaan tietoisia D- ja B12-vitamiinien tärkeydestä ja ravitsemusasioista yleensä. Sellaisia ongelmia ei noussut esille, etteikö ruokavaliota voisi suositella
Resumo:
Työni tavoitteena on vertailla unkarilaisia ja suomalaisia idiomeja, joissa esiintyy jokin perusvärinnimi. Perusvärinnimiä ovat fehér (valkoinen), fekete (musta), szürke (harmaa), piros tai vörös (punainen), zöld (vihreä), sárga (keltainen), kék (sininen) ja barna (ruskea). Erityisesti pyrin ottamaan selvää käytetäänkö samaa värinnimeä molemmissa kielissä samasta asiasta vai onko värinnimien käytössä tarkasteltujen kielten välillä eroja. Vertailen unkarilaisia idiomeja suomalaisiin ja käytän vertailussa Tamás Forgácsin esittämää mallia ekvivalenssin lajeista. Aineisto on kerätty unkarin- ja suomenkielisistä fraasi- ja idiomisanakirjoista sekä yleissanakirjoista. Idiomi on yksi fraseologismien alaryhmistä. Idiomi koostuu vähintään kahdesta lekseemistä, jotka voidaan kirjoittaa joko yhteen tai erikseen. Idiomi on puhtaimmillaan opaakki, kiteytynyt sanaliitto, mutta idiomi voi olla myös osittain sananmukaisesti tulkittavissa. Idiomaattisuuden ja metaforisuuden aste on jatkumo, jonka toisessa päässä ovat täysin läpinäkymättömät ja toisessa transparentit sanaliitot. Idiomit ovat puhtaimmillaan tiettyyn kieleen sidottuja. Idiomit voivat olla kuitenkin laajalevikkisiä, koska niitä on lainattu eri kieliin suoraan kääntämällä esimerkiksi Raamatusta tai antiikin teksteistä. Viime vuosisatojen ja vuosikymmenten idiomit ovat hypoteettisesti useimmiten käännöslainoja jostain Euroopan valtakielestä. Värinnimitutkimuksen tunnetuimpia teorioita on Berlinin ja Kayn teoria kielessä esiintyvien värinnimien järjestyksestä. Heidän mukaansa musta, valkoinen ja punainen esiintyvät maailman kielissä kaikista yleisimmin, sininen, ruskea ja harmaa puolestaan esiintyvät vain korkeakulttuureissa, eivät esimerkiksi luonnonkansojen kielissä. Hypoteesini on, että aineistossa esiintyvien värinnimien lukumäärä korreloi jossain määrin Berlinin ja Kayn esittämän värinnimien järjestyksen kanssa. Täysin identtisiä idiomeja sanastoltaan ja merkitykseltään löytyy aineistosta suhteellisen paljon, useimmat näistä ovat valkoisen, mustan tai harmaan värin sisältäviä idiomeja. Täysin toisiaan vastaavista idiomeista suurin osa on tullut unkariin ja suomeen Raamatusta tai lainattu sellaisenaan englannista, saksasta tai ranskasta. Osittaisessa vastaavuussuhteessa ja funktionaalisessa vastaavuussuhteessa löytyy värinnimien kannalta mielenkiintoisimmat idiomit: keltainen ja vihreä esiintyvät parissa idiomissa ristikkäin. Pääasiassa idiomeissa esiintyvät värinnimet ovat unkarin ja suomen välillä identtisiä, mikäli unkarilaiselle idiomille löytyy vastine suomen kielestä. Idiomit ilman vastinetta ovat aineiston suurin ja samalla myös kirjavin ryhmä analysoitavaksi, pienin ryhmä puolestaan ovat leksikaalisen vastaavuuden ryhmään kuuluvat idiomit. Suurin osa unkarilaisista idiomeista on työssä analysoitu, mutta suomenkieliset vastineettomat idiomit jäävät vähäiselle huomiolle tutkimusongelman näkökulmasta johtuen. Aineiston 143 unkarilaisesta idiomista noin puolet sijoittuu nollaekvivalenssin eli vastineettomien idiomien ryhmään. Täydellisen ekvivalenssin ryhmä on toiseksi suurin, leksikaalisen vastaavuuden ryhmä pienin. Idiomeissa esiintyvistä väreistä yleisimpiä ovat musta, valkoinen, punainen ja vihreä. Ruskeaa väriä ei esiinny unkarilaisissa idiomeissa lainkaan, suomalaisissa idiomeissa viidessä. Unkarin ja suomen värien merkityskentät vastaavat pitkälti toisiaan. Ainoastaan keltainen ja vihreä esiintyivät selkeästi ristikkäin: unkariksi kateus on keltaista ja suomeksi vihreää, tulokkaaseen liitetään unkarissa vihreä, suomessa keltainen väri.
Resumo:
Laki Kelan kuntoutuksesta määrittää, että kuntoutuksen tulee olla hyvän kuntoutuskäytännön mukaista. Tämän Vaikeavammaisten kuntoutuksen kehittämishankkeeseen (VAKE) kuuluvan tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kolmen diagnoosiryhmän – aivoverenkiertohäiriön (AVH), multippeliskleroosin (MS) ja Cerebral Palsyn (CP) – avulla kuvata Kelan järjestämän vaikeavammaisten lääkinnällisen kuntoutuksen nykytilaa, sen kehittämistarpeita ja eri kuntoutustoimenpiteiden vaikuttavuutta sekä laatia suositukset hyvästä kuntoutuskäytännöstä. Tutkimus toteutettiin laajassa tutkimusyhteistyössä vuosina 2007–2009. Kirjan toisessa osassa kuvataan AVH-, MS- ja CP-kuntoutuksen nykykäytännöt, jotka perustuvat kuntoutusalan ammattilaisille ja asiantuntijoille tehtyihin kysely- ja haastattelututkimuksiin, sekä esitellään Kelalle lähetettyjen kuntoutussuunnitelmien analyysit. Kirjan kolmas osa käsittelee kuntoutuksen arviointikäytäntöjä. Tulokset perustuvat nykykäytäntöjä selvittäneisiin kysely- ja haastatteluaineistoihin sekä vaikuttavuustutkimuksissa käytettyihin arviointimenetelmiin. Neljännessä osassa esitetään järjestelmällisiin katsauksiin perustuva vaikuttavuusnäyttö AVH-, MS- ja CP-kuntoutujien fysio-, puhe- ja toimintaterapiasta sekä MS:n osalta neuropsykologisesta kuntoutuksesta. Näytön asteen määrittely perustuu Käypä hoito -suosituksen kriteereihin. Kirjan viidennessä osassa esitetään tunnistettujen ongelmien sekä tutkimustulosten perusteella laaditut suositukset hyvistä kuntoutuskäytännöistä Kelan järjestämisvelvollisuuteen kuuluvan vaikeavammaisten lääkinnällisen kuntoutuksen osalta. Suositukset perustuvat edellä mainittuihin tutkimuksiin ja Asiakkaan äänellä -tutkimukseen. Suositusten tavoitteena on mahdollistaa tämänhetkisen tiedon mukainen asiakaslähtöinen, oikea-aikainen, oikein kohdennettu ja vaikuttava kuntoutus vaikeavammaisille kuntoutujille. Kuntoutujan sujuva ja yksilöllinen kuntoutusprosessi edellyttää suomalaisessa kuntoutusjärjestelmässä eri organisaatioiden välistä, moniammatillista sekä osaavaa yhteistyötä, kuntoutujan näkemyksen ja elämän kokonaistilanteen ymmärtämistä, joustavaa tiedonvälitystä sekä pitkäaikaista ohjausta, tukea ja seurantaa. Kuntoutuksen viitekehyksenä tulee käyttää ICF-luokitusta. Hyvien kuntoutuskäytäntöjen edelleen kehittämiseksi on saatava lisätietoa nykyisistä kuntoutuskäytännöistä, kuntoutuksen vaikuttavuudesta ja sen osoittamiseen soveltuvista arviointimenetelmistä.
Resumo:
Elintarvikemyymälät ovat saaneet viime vuosina runsaasti negatiivista julkisuutta elintarvikkeiden laatuun ja turvallisuuteen liittyen. Tämä on osaltaan herättänyt elintarvikealan toimijat ja viranomaiset kiinnittämään enemmän huomiota elintarvikekauppojen toimintaan. Koska elintarviketyöntekijöiden toiminnalla on selkeä merkitys elintarvikkeiden turvallisuuteen ja laatuun, on olennaisen tärkeää tietää, mitkä tekijät vaikuttavat työntekijöiden hygieniakäytäntöihin. Tämän Pro gradu -tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää, mitkä tekijät vaikuttavat myyjien hygieniakäytäntöihin vähittäiskaupan alalla, ja mihin esimiesten kannattaa keskittyä, jotta työntekijöiden hygieniakäytännöt olisivat mahdollisimman hyvät. Tutkimus suoritettiin Stockmannin Helsingin keskustan tavaratalon elintarvikeosastolla. Tutkielman teoriaosan tarkoituksena oli antaa kattava kuva tutkittavista ilmiöistä. Teoriaosassa käsiteltiin hygieniakäyttäytymisen periaatteita ja käytännön sovelluksia. Lisäksi esiteltiin suunnitellun käyttäytymisen teoria, johon tutkimuksen viitekehys pitkälti perustui. Teoriaosan lopuksi otettiin esille aiempia tutkimuksia hygieniakäyttäytymiseen liittyen. Lopuksi luotiin tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys, johon empiirinen osa perustui. Tutkielman empiirinen osa suoritettiin kyselylomakkeen avulla. Tutkimukseen osallistuivat ne elintarvikeosaston tiimit, joissa myyjät työskentelevät palvelutiskillä ja käsittelevät pakkaamattomia elintarvikkeita. Kyselylomakkeen avulla selvitettiin suunnitellun käyttäytymisen teorian mukaisesti myyjien asenteita, koettua sosiaalista painetta ja kokemuksia toimintaa rajoittavista tekijöistä. Tämän lisäksi selvitettiin myyjien aikomuksia noudattaa hygieenisiä toimintatapoja ja itse hygieenistä käyttäytymistä. Tuloksia tarkasteltiin deskriptiivisellä tasolla, ja tämän lisäksi eri tekijöiden välisiä yhteyksiä selvitettiin korrelaatio- ja regressioanalyysien avulla. Tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että asenteilla on suurin yhteys myyjien aikomuksiin noudattaa hyviä hygieniakäytäntöjä. Toisaalta asenteiden merkitys ei korostunut merkittävästi muiden tekijöiden joukosta, joten mitä todennäköisimmin esimiesten kannattaa kiinnittää huomiota asenteiden lisäksi myös myyjien kokemaan sosiaaliseen paineeseen ja myyjien kokemuksiin rajoittavista tekijöistä. Suurin yhteys myyjien hygieeniseen käyttäytymiseen oli aikomuksilla. Empiirisen osan lopussa annettiin suosituksia esimiehille, mitä heidän kannattaa tehdä, jotta myyjien hygieniakäytännöt olisivat mahdollisimman hyvät. Tulokset eivät ole laajasti yleistettävissä, mutta ne tarjoavat lisätietoa vähittäiskauppojen hygieeniseen toimintaan liittyen, jota on aikaisemmin tutkittu melko vähän.
Resumo:
An imagined nobleman Nobility as an enemy image and in-group identity in nineteenth-century Finland The focal point of this study is the difficult relationship between two seemingly very different 19th-century elite groups, the upwardly mobile bourgeois intelligentsia and the slowly declining traditional nobility. In the thinking of the bourgeois contender the two emerged as exact opposites, styled as conflicting ideal types: an outdated, exclusive, degenerate hereditary aristocracy versus a dynamic and progressive new force in society, recruited solely on the basis of personal merit, originating from the common people and representing the nation. The appearance of an important 19th-century novelty, print publicity, coincided with the emergence of the bourgeois intelligentsia. The institutions of the developing publishing industry were manned by the aspiring new group. The strengthening flow of progressive, democratic, nationalist ideas distributed via the printing presses carried an undercurrent of self-promotion. It transmitted to the developing readership the self-image of the new cultural bourgeoisie as the defender and benevolent educator of the nation. Having won the contest over the media, the intelligentsia was free to present its predecessor and rival as an enemy of the people. In its politics the nobility emerged as an ideal scapegoat, represented as the source for existing social evils, all if which would promptly go away after its disappearance. It also served as a black backcloth, against which the democratic, national, progressive bourgeois intelligentsia would shine more brightly. In order to shed light on the 19th-century process of (re)modelling the image of nobility as a public enemy I have used four different types of source materials. These include three genres of print publicity, ranging from popular historical and contemporary fiction to nonfictional presentations of national history and the news and political commentaries of the daily papers, complemented by another, originally oral type of publicity, the discussion protocols of the Finnish four-estate parliament. To counterpoint these I also analysed the public self-image of the nobility, particularly vis-à-vis the nationalist and democratic ethos of the modernising politics.
Resumo:
The purpose of this research was to study the bilingual class students attitudes toward schoolwork, studying in English and their attitudes toward ethnic diversity. Bilingualism has been shown to promote a person s cultural knowledge and to increase one s cultural tolerance. Also, it has been proven that young people are among the most receptive toward ethnic diversity. Students in bilingual classes have often lived abroad, travelled extensively, or have had contacts with different cultures through their parents work. This thesis seeks to clarify whether bilingualism has an effect on lower and upper graders intercultural competence. Also, it seeks to determine what the students think about their English language skills and what their abilities are to tolerate cultural differences. The research was carried out in one of Espoo Finland schools grades 4 to 9 in December 2008. One hundred fourteen (114) students participated in the research. Students answered the questions on a form where they were asked to submit their background information and answer which language they prefer in studying the school subjects. Students were also asked to choose from 18 pictures with ethnically different persons, telling which ones could be their friends and which ones they wished not to meet, as well as stating the reasons why. Also, the students answered to Likert-scale questions concerning their English studies and interculturalism. The data has been processed with qualitative and quantitative methods. The results show that the study language is not significant. Most of the students experienced studying in a bilingual class as a positive thing, and thought highly about their English skills. The students positive attitudes toward ethnic diversity and intercultural sensitivity were present in their answers. Tolerance and intercultural competence was especially noticeable in the written explanations by the older students.
Resumo:
Words as Events introduces the tradition of short, communicative rhyming couplets, the mantinádes, which are still sung and recited in a variety of performance situations on the island of Crete. The local focus on communicative economy and artistry is further examined in an in-depth analysis of the processes and ideals of composition. Short genres of oral poetry have been widely neglected in folklore research; however, their demand for structural and semantic coherence as well as their dialogic nature appeals to very different human needs from those of the longer poems. In contemporary Crete, poems also appear in written contexts, they are submitted to modern mass media, and people widely exchange them as text messages. By striving to understand the tradition during a period of change, this study analyzes the larger principles that ground the communication, self-expression and creativity in the genre. The aim of this research is thus twofold: to present this specific register of dialogic oral poetry as well as to create a theoretical approach sensitive to the creativity of such short registers. The study is based on long-term ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Crete between the years 1997 2009. An important aspect of the methodology was to create long-term ties with a number of key-informants who composed mantinádes. The interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological basis for this analysis is in the contemporary Finnish and international research on oral poetry and on anthropological research on communicative speech genres. These theoretical insights are extended by addressing questions of spontaneity and individual agency. Since mantinádes are at the same time a model for composition and a reserve of poems in fixed form, the aesthetics and objectives of performance and composition are also plural. In a traditional singing event, the basic motivation for the singers is to provide a meaningful contribution to a selected theme, which is the shared topic of the poetic dialogue. Consequently, similar topics giving rise to poetic associations can be encountered during various moments of everyday life: the dialogic nature is embodied in the tradition to such degree that it also arises in the performances and composition of single poems and outside of any institutionalized performance arenas. Therefore, as this study discusses in detail, even the apparently non-contextualized poems recited between locals or occurring in the contemporary mass media arenas, are understood and evaluated as utterances that provide an individual perspective within a certain dialogue.
Resumo:
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted into the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic sources, vegetation being the dominant source on a global scale. Some of these reactive compounds are deemed major contributors or inhibitors to aerosol particle formation and growth, thus making VOC measurements essential for current climate change research. This thesis discusses ecosystem scale VOC fluxes measured above a boreal Scots pine dominated forest in southern Finland. The flux measurements were performed using the micrometeorological disjunct eddy covariance (DEC) method combined with proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), which is an online technique for measuring VOC concentrations. The measurement, calibration, and calculation procedures developed in this work proved to be well suited to long-term VOC concentration and flux measurements with PTR-MS. A new averaging approach based on running averaged covariance functions improved the determination of the lag time between wind and concentration measurements, which is a common challenge in DEC when measuring fluxes near the detection limit. The ecosystem scale emissions of methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone were substantial. These three oxygenated VOCs made up about half of the total emissions, with the rest comprised of monoterpenes. Contrary to the traditional assumption that monoterpene emissions from Scots pine originate mainly as evaporation from specialized storage pools, the DEC measurements indicated a significant contribution from de novo biosynthesis to the ecosystem scale monoterpene emissions. This thesis offers practical guidelines for long-term DEC measurements with PTR-MS. In particular, the new averaging approach to the lag time determination seems useful in the automation of DEC flux calculations. Seasonal variation in the monoterpene biosynthesis and the detailed structure of a revised hybrid algorithm, describing both de novo and pool emissions, should be determined in further studies to improve biological realism in the modelling of monoterpene emissions from Scots pine forests. The increasing number of DEC measurements of oxygenated VOCs will probably enable better estimates of the role of these compounds in plant physiology and tropospheric chemistry. Keywords: disjunct eddy covariance, lag time determination, long-term flux measurements, proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, Scots pine forests, volatile organic compounds
Resumo:
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the second most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is an indolent and clinically heterogeneous disease, which is generally considered incurable. Currently, immunochemotherapy has significantly improved the outcome of FL patients. This is based on the combination of rituximab, a monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody, with chemotherapy, and is used at present as a standard first-line therapy in FL. Thus far, however, patients have been selected for treatment based on clinical risk factors and indices that were developed before the rituximab era. Therefore, there is a growing need to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease, which would not only provide information to predict survival in the rituximab era, but also enable the design of more targeted therapeutic strategies. In this study, our aim was to identify genes predicting the outcome in FL patients treated with immunochemotherapy. Thus, we performed a cDNA microarray with 24 FL patients. When gene expression differences from diagnostic tumour samples were related to the clinical outcome, we identified novel genes with a prognostic impact on survival. The expression of selected genes was further characterized with quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Interestingly, the prognostic influence of these genes was often associated with their expression in non-malignant cells instead of tumour cells. Based on the observed gene expression patterns, we analyzed the abundance and prognostic value of non-malignant immune cells in 95-98 FL patients treated with immunochemotherapy. We observed that a high content of tumour-associated macrophages was a marker of a favourable prognosis. In contrast, the accumulation of mast cells correlated with a poor outcome and was further associated with tumour vascularity. Increased microvessel density also correlated with an inferior outcome. In addition, we used the same microarray data with a systems biology approach to identify signalling pathways or groups of genes capable of separating patients with favourable or adverse outcomes. Among the transcripts, there were many genes associated with signal transducers and activators of the transcription (STAT5a) pathway. When IHC was used as validation, STAT5a expression was mostly observed in T-cells and follicular dendritic cells, and expression was found to predict a favourable outcome. In cell cultures, rituximab was observed to induce the expression of STAT5a-associated interleukins in human lymphoma cell lines, which might provide a possible link for the cross-talk between rituximab-induced FL cells and their microenvironment. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the microenvironment has a prognostic role in FL patients treated with immunochemotherapy. The results also address the importance of re-evaluating the prognostic markers in the rituximab era of lymphoma therapies.
Resumo:
Pro gradu -tutkielma käsittelee Niilin alueen poliittista kehitystä käyttäen viitekehyksenä Barry Buzanin, Ole Wæverin sekä Jaap de Wilden muodostaman Kööpenhaminan koulukunnan teoriaa turvallistamisesta sekä turvallisuuskomplekseista. Niilin kymmenen valtiota kattavan jokialueen poliittista historiaa on vuosikymmenet hallinnut valtioiden välinen epäluottamus, ja erityisesti Egypti, joka on täysin riippuvainen Niilin vesivaroista, on julistanut Niilin vesivarojen olevan sille kansallinen turvallisuuskysymys, ja se on uhannut käyttää myös voimakeinoja puolustaakseen vedenkäyttöoikeuksiaan. Egyptiä on myös voitu Niilin alueen hegemonina, sillä vanhat, alun perin siirtomaa-ajalta peräisin olevat sopimukset ovat antaneet sille lähes yksinoikeuden Niilin vesivarojen käyttöön. Samanaikaisesti erityisesti Etiopia, jonka alueelta suurin osa joen vesivaroista on peräisin, on pitänyt vanhoja sopimuksia epäreiluina, ja vedonnut maassa kasvavaan nälänhätään ja ruokapulaan, mutta myös useat muut alueen valtiot ovat esittäneet tyytymättömyytensä vanhoihin sopimuksiin. Vuonna 1999 kehityksessä tapahtui kuitenkin käänne, sillä jokilaakson valtiot perustivat tuolloin Niilin jokialueen yhteistyöjärjestön Nile Basin Initiativen (NBI). Tutkielma keskittyy NBI:n perustamisen jälkeiseen ajanjaksoon. Keskeinen tutkimuskysymys on, millä tavalla Niilin alueen jäsenvaltiot pyrkivät 2000-luvun alkupuolella keskinäisellä toiminnallaan muuttamaan alueella vallitsevaa kilpailu- ja konfliktiasetelmaa rauhanomaiseen suuntaan. Aineistona käytetään NBI:n omia kausijulkaisuja vuosilta 2006–2010, ja tutkimuksen menetelmänä käytetään diskurssianalyysia. Tutkitun aineiston perusteella on esitettävissä, että Niilin alueen poliittisesta kehityksestä on selvästi erotettavissa diskursseja, jotka ovat NBI:n toiminnan taustalla. Nämä ovat luottamuksen rakentamisen, yhteisten haasteiden voittamisen, yhteistyön tärkeyden sekä saavutusten diskurssit. Aineiston perusteella on nähtävissä, että valtioiden välisen luottamuksen vähitellen lisääntyessä yhteistyötä aletaan yhä enemmän legitimoida aikaisemmin yhteistyöstä saavutetuilla hyödyillä. Toisaalta diskurssianalyysin perusteella on myös nähtävissä, että alueella on ratkaisematta yhä fundamentaalisia ongelmia; uutta vesisopimusta ei ole vielä vuoteen 2010 mennessä aikaansaatu ja NBI:n jäsenvaltioiden suhteissa on myös nähtävissä kiistaa periaatteista, joihin yhteistyön olisi pohjauduttava. Tutkielma pyrkii analyysin avulla kehittämään myös Kööpenhaminan koulukunnan teoriaa turvallistamisesta. Kööpenhaminan koulukunta jättää turvallistamisen purkamiskehityksen kirjoituksissaan taka-alalle keskustelun painottuessa siihen, kuinka jokin asia tuodaan esille julkiseen turvallisuuskeskusteluun. Tältä osin tutkimuksen tavoitteena on esittää mahdollinen kehityskulku turvallistamisen purkamisdiskurssista. Teoriaosuudessa käytetyt keskeiset lähteet: Allan 2001,2009; Buzan 1991; Buzan ja Wæver 2003; Buzan, Wæver ja de Wilde 1998; Jutila 2008; Schulz 1995; Stritzel 2007; Turton 2001; Wæver 1995; Wendt 1992, 1999.