Les Science studies : de la marginalité thématique à la refondation de la discipline

Dans cet article, nous tentons de mettre en évidence ce qui, progressivement, constitue des points de convergence relativement partagés (l'analyse des controverses, l'attention portée au contenu, la prise en compte des connaissances, des inscriptions, des objets et des instruments dans l'action) qui influent partiellement sur les problématiques et approches d'autres domaines et courants de pensée en sociologie. Des déplacements significatifs ont été opérés qui sont potentiellement porteurs d'effets profonds, encore faudrait-il qu'ils soient repris par d'autres sociologues, ce qui n'a rien d'évident tant ils posent questions. Ainsi, les Science studies (étude sociale des sciences), qui ont longtemps constitué un domaine relativement à part de la sociologie du fait de ses objets d'études, contribue au renouveau des manières de penser et de travailler dans les sciences sociales en ouvrant des champs de questionnement autour de la définition des éléments constitutifs de la société et de l'agency. n this article, we highlight what gradually becomes converging topics and issues (analyzing of controversies, consideration for the content, the objects and the instruments of the action, integration of the issues related to the knowledge) and affects the problematics and approaches into other research fields and currents of thought in sociology. Significant shifts occurred which are potential carriers of profound effects if they would be picked up by other sociologists, which is not obvious due to the profounds debates emerging from theses studies. Thus, the Science Studies, which have long been an area relatively apart from sociology because of its objects of study, participate to the renewal of ways of thinking and working in the social sciences by opening questioning around the definition of the elements of society and the agency.

Can chest high-resolution computed tomography findings diagnose pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis?

AbstractObjective:The present study was aimed at retrospectively reviewing high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings in patients with pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis in order to evaluate the frequency of tomographic findings and their distribution in the lung parenchyma.Materials and Methods:Thirteen patients (9 females and 4 males; age, 9 to 59 years; mean age, 34.5 years) were included in the present study. The HRCT images were independently evaluated by two observers whose decisions were made by consensus. The inclusion criterion was the presence of abnormalities typical of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis at HRCT, which precludes lung biopsy. However, in 6 cases lung biopsy was performed.Results:Ground-glass opacities and small parenchymal nodules were the predominant tomographic findings, present in 100% of cases, followed by small subpleural nodules (92.3%), subpleural cysts (84.6%), subpleural linear calcifications (69.2%), crazy-paving pattern (69.2%), fissure nodularity (53.8%), calcification along interlobular septa (46.2%) and dense consolidation (46.2%).Conclusion:As regards distribution of the lesions, there was preferential involvement of the lower third of the lungs. No predominance of distribution in axial and anteroposterior directions was observed.

Tasolohkolinjan läpäisyaikojen tarkastelu ja kehittäminen Lean management periaatteita soveltaen

Diplomityön tavoitteena oli Aker Yardsin Turun telakan tasolohkolinjan läpäisyajan parantaminen. Työssä selvitettiin lohkotehtaan nykyinen läpimenoaika ja pyrittiin parantamaan sitä Lean management periaatteita soveltaen. Työssä suoritettiin perusteellinen työntutkimus yhdessä työnjohdon kanssa, jossa selvitettiin eri työvaiheiden läpimenoajat ja työtunnit. Tuloksista löydettiin kolme selvää kehityskohdetta, joilla saadaan nykyistä läpimenoaikaa ja alihankintakustannuksia pienemmäksi. Nämä kehityskohteet olivat jäykkääjien asennuksen ja hitsauksen parantaminen, myynnin jälkeisten töiden minimointi sekä nostotukien asennuksen tehostaminen. Lisäksi tutkimustyön ohella havaittiin neljäs kehityskohde, osavalmistuksen ajoittaminen oikeaan aikaan. Tämä ei tullut ilmi tutkimustuloksista vaan ihmisiä haastattelemalla. Kehityskohtien tunnistamisen perusteella luotiin investointiehdotus jäykkääjien toiminnan tehostamiseen, sekä uusia toimintatapoja myynnin jälkeisten töiden minimoimiseksi ja nostotukien asennuksen tehostamiseksi. Osavalmistuksen ajoittamisella oikeaan aikaan, pyritään tehostamaan toimintaa lohkonkoontipaikalla.

Membrane interaction of a new synthetic antimicrobial lipopetide sp-85 with broad spectrum activity

Antimicrobial peptides offer a new class of therapeutic agents to which bacteria may not be able todevelop genetic resistance, since their main activity is in the lipid component of the bacterial cell mem-brane. We have developed a series of synthetic cationic cyclic lipopeptides based on natural polymyxin,and in this work we explore the interaction of sp-85, an analog that contains a C12 fatty acid at theN-terminus and two residues of arginine. This analog has been selected from its broad spectrum antibac-terial activity in the micromolar range, and it has a disruptive action on the cytoplasmic membrane ofbacteria, as demonstrated by TEM. In order to obtain information on the interaction of this analog withmembrane lipids, we have obtained thermodynamic parameters from mixed monolayers prepared withPOPG and POPE/POPG (molar ratio 6:4), as models of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, respec-tively. LangmuirBlodgett films have been extracted on glass plates and observed by confocal microscopy,and images are consistent with a strong destabilizing effect on the membrane organization induced bysp-85. The effect of sp-85 on the membrane is confirmed with unilamelar lipid vesicles of the same com-position, where biophysical experiments based on fluorescence are indicative of membrane fusion andpermeabilization starting at very low concentrations of peptide and only if anionic lipids are present.Overall, results described here provide strong evidence that the mode of action of sp-85 is the alterationof the bacterial membrane permeability barrier.

Confecção de um perfurador de lamínulas de vidro por corrosão ácida

A simple device for glass plate drilling, which is an important step in microfabrication procedures, is described. A reservoir of concentrated hydrofluoric acid with a hole in its bottom is affixed against the glass plate. Leakage is prevented by using a neoprene O-ring. A plastic pipet tip inserted in the reservoir, close to the corrosion region, provides forced convection by pressure variations inside it. A device to make 5 simultaneous holes in a plate is also presented. For a 140 µm thickness alkaline glass lamina and 1/8" O-ring, 5 holes are drilled in 20 min.

Imobilização de enzimas a partir de "kit" comercial: determinação de parâmetros metabólicos em sangue animal empregando multicomutação em fluxo

Automatic flow procedures based on the multicommutation concept, dedicated to the determination of 3-hydroxybutyrate, glucose and cholesterol are proposed. The enzymes were immobilized on glass beads and packed into mini-columns that were coupled to a flow system. Sampling throughputs of 55, 40 and 40 determinations per hour, linear response from 10 to 150, 50 to 600, 25 to 125 mg L-1, detection limits of 1.5, 14 and 4 mg L-1 and relative standard deviations of 1, 2 and 2% for 3-hydroxybutyrate, glucose and cholesterol, respectively, were achieved.

Suomalaisten teollisuuden kunnossapitoyritysten investoinnit: analyysi ja skenaariot

Työn tavoitteena oli lisätä ymmärrystä teollisuuden kunnossapidon toimialasta ja sen tulevaisuudesta, tutkimalla teollisuuden kunnossapitoyritysten toteuttamia käyttöomaisuus- ja käyttöpääomainvestointeja vuosilta 2003–2007. Tutkimus toteutettiin tilinpää-tösanalyysin menetelmin suppealla, mutta edustavalla, 20 teollisuuden kunnossapitoyrityksen tilinpäätösaineistolla. Yritysjoukko jaettiin pk-yrityksiin ja suuriin yrityksiin, jolla pyrittiin kuvaamaan toimialan todellisempaa rakennetta. Analyysiosiossa tarkasteltiin toteutuneita investointiasteita, investointilogiikoita, yritysten kannattavuuksia sekä käyttöpääomainvestointien hallintaa. Toteutetun analyysin perusteella luotiin kolme tulevaisuuden skenaariota teollisuuden kunnossapidon toimi-alan kehitykselle. Eri skenaarioille laskettiin ennustemallilla keskimääräiset investointiasteet. Analyysin mukaan teollisuuden kunnossapitoyrityksien liikevaihto kasvoi tutkimusaikavälillä keskimäärin noin 8,5 prosenttia vuodessa. Kyseinen kasvu on vaatinut yrityksiltä noin 2,5 prosentin investointiasteen. Verratessa pk-yrityksiä ja isoja yrityksiä, havaittiin merkittäviä eroja toteutuneissa investointiasteissa sekä investointilogiikoissa. Yhteistä yritysjoukoille oli hyvä kannattavuus, johon eri investointiasteilla ei näyttäisi lyhyellä aikavälillä olevan vaikutusta. Tulevaisuuden investointitarve vaikuttaa maltillisemmalta kuin toteutunut taso, johtuen osaltaan taantuman vaikutuksista.

Consultoria del procés de logística interna del laboratori d'anàlisis clíniques a l'Hospital General de Vic

Com a resultat de les politiques i estratègies de col·laboració entre la universitat de Vic i de l’hospital i de la voluntat de realitzar activitats formatives conjuntes , s’estableix un línia de treball orientada a l’estudi i anàlisi de la situació logística interna actual del laboratori d’anàlisis clíniques de l’Hospital General de Vic. El treball es centra en el procés intern del laboratori i l’abast de l’estudi es troba limitat a les àrees especifiques d’hematologia i coagulació i bioquí… [+]mica. D’aquestes dues àrees el treball realitza un estudi exhaustiu del seu procés intern, identifica les seves activitats i la seva metodologia de treball amb l’objectiu d’elaborar el Value Stream Map de cadascuna de les àrees. Les àrees de Microbiologia, Banc de Sang i Urgències resten fora d’aquest estudi exhaustiu tot i que són presents en el treball per la inevitable interacció que tenen en la globalitat del procés. El treball es centra bàsicament en els processos automatitzats tot i que els processos que es duen a terme en el laboratori són tant automatitzats com manuals. També es limita al sistema productiu intern del laboratori tot i la interacció que té aquest sistema intern amb altres centres productius del sistema com ara són els centres d’atenció primària, els diversos hospitals i centres d’atenció sociosanitària. El laboratori es troba immers en el moment de l’elaboració d’aquest treball en un situació de canvi i millora del seus processos interns que consisteixen principalment en la substitució de part la maquinària actual que obliguen a la definició d’un nou layout i d’una nova distribució de la producció a cada màquina. A nivell extern també s’estan produint millores en el sistema informàtic de gestió que afecten a part del seu procés. L’objectiu del treball és donar visibilitat total al procés de logística interna actual del laboratori, identificant clarament com són i quina seqüència tenen els processos logístics interns i els mètodes de treball actuals, tant de recursos màquina com recursos persona, per poder identificar sota una perspectiva de generació de valor, aquells punts concrets de la logística interna que poden ser millorats en quant a eficiència i productivitat amb l’objectiu que un cop identificats es puguin emprendre accions i/o projectes de millora. El treball finalitza amb un anàlisis final del procés logística interna des d’una òptica Lean. Per fer-ho, identifica aquelles activitats que no aporten valor al procés o MUDA i les classifica en set categories i es realitzen diverses propostes de millora com són la implantació d’un flux continu , anivellat i basat en un concepte pull , identifica activitats que poden ser estandarditzades i/o simplificades i proposa modificacions en les infraestructures físiques per donar major visibilitat al procés. L’aspecte humà del procés es planteja des d’un punt de vist de metodologia, formació, comunicació i aplicació de les 5S.

Análise dinâmico-mecânica: aplicações em filmes comestíveis

Edible films are thin materials based on biopolymers and food additives. The aim of this work is a review on the application of dynamic mechanical analysis in edible film technology. After a brief review of the linear visco-elasticity theory, a description of some practical aspects related to dynamic mechanical analysis, such as sample fixation and sample dehydration during analysis and types and modes of tests are presented. Thus, the use of temperature scanning analysis for glass transition and for plasticizer-biopolymer compatibility studies and frequency scanning tests, less common in edible film technology, are critically reviewed.

Saako historiasta selvää? Monikulttuuriset yläkoululaiset historian lähteillä historian taidot motiivien, seurauksien, historian tulkintojen ja lähteiden luotettavuuden arvioinneissa

The research assesses the skills of upper comprehensive school pupils in history. The focus is on locating personal motives, assessing wider reasons hidden in historical sources and evaluating source reliability. The research also questions how a wide use of multiple sources affects pupils’ holistic understanding of historical phenomena. The participants were a multicultural group of pupils. The origins of their cultures can be traced to the Balkan, the Middle East, Asia and Europe. The number of native Finnish speakers and pupils speaking Finnish as their second language was almost equal. The multicultural composition provides opportunities to assess how culturally responsive learning history from sources is. The intercultural approach to learning in a multicultural setting emphasizes equality as a precondition for learning. In order to set assignments at least to some extent match with all participants only those answers were taken into account which were produced by pupils who had studied history for a similar period of time in the Finnish comprehensive school system. Due to the small number of participants (41), the study avoids wide generalizations. Nevertheless, possible cultural blueprints in pupils’ way of thinking are noted. The first test examined the skills of pupils to find motives for emigration. The results showed that for 7th graders finding reasons is not a problematic task. However, the number of reasons noticed and justifications varied. In addition, the way the pupils explained their choices was a distinguishing factor. Some pupils interpreted source material making use of previous knowledge on the issue, while other pupils based their analysis solely on the text handed and did not try to add their own knowledge. Answers were divided into three categories: historical, explanatory and stating. Historical answers combined smoothly previously learned historical knowledge to one’s own source analysis; explanatory answers often ignored a wider frame, although they were effective when explaining e.g. historical concepts. The stating answers only noticed motives from the sources and made no attempts to explain them historically. Was the first test culturally responsive? All pupils representing different cultures tackled the first source exam successfully, but there were some signs of how historical concepts are understood in a slightly different way if the pupil’s personal history has no linkage to the concepts under scrutiny. The second test focused on the history of Native Americans. The test first required pupils to recognize whether short source extracts (5) were written by Indians or Caucasians. Based on what they had already learned from North American history, the pupils did not find it hard to distinguish between the sources. The analysis of multiphase causes and consequences of the disputes between Native Americans and white Americans caused dispersion among pupils. Using two historical sources and combining historical knowledge from both of them simultaneously was cumbersome for many. The explanations of consequences can be divided into two groups: the ones emphasizing short term consequences and those placing emphasis on long term consequences. The short term approach was mainly followed by boys in every group. The girls mainly paid attention to long term consequences. The result suggests that historical knowledge in sources is at least to some extent read through role and gender lenses. The third test required pupils to explain in their own words how the three sources given differed in their account of living conditions in Nazi Germany, which turned out to be demanding for many pupils. The pupils’ stronghold was rather the assessment of source reliability and accounts why the sources approached the same events differently. All participants wrote critical and justified comments on reliability and aspects that might have affected the content of the sources. The pupils felt that the main reasons that affected source reliability were the authors’ ethnic background, nationality and profession. The assessment showed that pupils were well aware that position in a historical situation has an impact on historical accounts, but in certain cases the victim’s account was seen as a historical truth. The account of events by a historian was chosen most often as the most reliable source, but it was often justified leniently with an indication to professionalism rather than with clear ideas of how historians conduct accounts based on sources. In brief, the last source test demonstrates that pupils have a strong idea that the ethnicity or nationalism determines how people explained events of the past. It is also an implication that pupils understand how historical knowledge is interpretative. The results also imply that history can be analyzed from a neutral perspective. One’s own membership in an ethnical or religious group does not automatically mean that a person’s cultural identity excludes historical explanations if something in them contradicts with his or her identity. The second method of extracting knowledge of pupils’ historical thinking was an essay analysis. The analysis shows that an analytical account of complicated political issues, which often include a great number of complicated political concepts, leads more likely to an inconsistent structure in the written work of pupils. The material also demonstrates that pupils have a strong tendency to take a critical stance when assessing history. Historical empathy in particular is shown if history somehow has a linkage to young people, children or minorities. Some topics can also awake strong feelings, especially among pupils with emigrant background, if there is a linkage between one’s own personal history and that of the school; and occasionally a student’s historical experience or thoughts replaced school history. Using sources during history lessons at school seems to have many advantages. It enhances the reasoning skills of pupils and their skills to assess the nature of historical knowledge. Thus one of the main aims and a great benefit of source work is to encourage pupils to express their own ideas and opinions. To conclude, when assessing the skills of adolescents in history - their work with sources, comments on history, historical knowledge and finally their historical thinking - one should be cautious and avoid cut off score evaluations. One purpose of pursuing history with sources is to encourage pupils to think independently, which is a useful tool for further identity construction. The idea that pupils have the right to conduct their own interpretations of history can be partially understood as part of a wider learning process, justification to study history comes from extrinsic reasons. The intrinsic reason is history itself; in order to understand history one should have a basic understanding of history as a specific domain of knowledge. Using sources does not mean that knowing history is of secondary importance. Only a balance between knowing the contextual history, understanding basic key concepts and working with sources is a solid base to improve pupils’ historical understanding.

Uso das técnicas de infravermelho e de ressonância magnética nuclear na caracterização da reação ácido-base de um cimento odontológico experimental

Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are products of the acid-base setting reaction between an finely fluoro-alumino silicate glass powder and poly(acrylic acid) in aqueous solution. The sol gel method is an adequate route of preparation of the glasses used to obtain the GICs. The objective of this paper was to compare two powders: a commercial and an experimental and to investigate the structural changes during hardening of the cements by FTIR and Al MAS NMR. These analyses showed that the experimental glass powder reacted with organic acid to form the GICs and it is a promising material to manufacture dental cements.

Avaliação da biocompatibilidade de vidro e vitrocerâmica do sistema SNCP (SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5)

This article reports research results related to bioactivity and cytotoxicity tests using neutral red uptake method for glass powders and bulk glass ceramics belonging to the SNCP (SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5) system. The obtained materials showed bioactivity when immersed in SBF promoting the surface deposition of HAp. When analyzed as powders, cytotoxicity was evidenced in the processed materials but not when bulk samples were tested.

Síntese e caracterização de copolímeros de cadeia lateral derivados de acrilatos de 4,5-di-hidroisoxazol e do (-)-mentol

Five monomers 5-[4-(5-cyano-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-3-yl)phenoxy]undecyl acrylate (7a); n-alkyl 3-{4-[5-(acryloyloxyundecyl)oxyphenyl]}-4,5-dihydroisoxazole-5-carboxylate (7b,c for n-butyl and n-hexyl, respectively); 3-{4-[5-(acryloyloxyundecyl) oxyphenyl]}-4,5-dihydroisoxazole-5-carboxylic acid (7d) and (1R,2S,5R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl acrylate (9) and the corresponding copolymers 10a-d,11 and homopolymers 12 from 7a and 13 from 9 were designed and synthesized. Except for acrylate 9 which is derived from (-)-menthol, all of the monomers belong to the series containing the isoxazoline ring linked to the acrylate unit by a flexible spacer chain of eleven methylene units. They presented low glass temperature and despite birefringence behavior, these copolymers showed no mesomorphic properties.

Perfil dos bolsistas PQ da área de Química baseado na Plataforma Lattes

The Lattes Platform, an information system maintained by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), is the main source of information on Brazilian researchers. This paper presents a scientific output profile of the CNPq Productivity Research Fellows in the Chemistry area based on the information extracted automatically from Lattes curricula in the 2002-2011 period using the language "LattesMiner". This paper also provides a comparison with the results of Santos et al. (2010). The findings confirmed that the majority of the researchers are male (67.9%), classified as category 2 (63.2%) and working in the Southeast region (60.7%).

OBTAINING ZnO IMMOBILIZED OVER DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES BY HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT FOR PHOTOCATALYSIS APPLICATION

The aim of this work is to systematically explore the effect of the synthesis conditions of ZnO structures, immobilized on different substrates by hydrothermal treatment, in its photocatalytic activity. A circumscribed central composite design of experiments was used to analyze the effects of reagents stoichiometry, reaction time and temperature, covering a wide range of these variables. The substrates used were etched glass, copper and zinc foils. The photocatalytic activity of the as-obtained ZnO samples was evaluated through photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous solution under UV irradiation. Zinc foils presented the best immobilized film quality and the maximum dye removal was 80% in one hour of UV exposure.