La negociación política internacional en derechos humanos: Colombia en la Comisión de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas

Con la creación y maduración de los organismos internacionales, las relaciones de poder ya no se daban solo entre estados, sino que se incluyen organismos internacionales y organizaciones multinacionales como actores del sistema internacional

Prevalencia de factores de riesgo psicosocial en trabajadores de una empresa del sector salud, Yopal 2014

Antecedentes: Los factores de Riesgo psicosocial según la resolución 2646 de 2008 “comprenden los aspectos intralaborales, extralaborales o externos a la organización y las condiciones individuales o características intrínsecas al trabajador, los cuales en una interrelación dinámica, mediante percepciones y experiencias, influirían en la salud y el desempeño de las personas”. El objetivo del estudio es establecer la prevalencia de factores de riesgo psicosocial y la asociación existente en la población trabajadora del área administrativa y asistencial, en una empresa del sector salud nivel II, Yopal, 2014 Materiales y método: Se diseñó un estudio de corte transversal para establecer la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo psicosocial en una población de 92 trabajadores del área administrativa (50) y asistencial (42) en una empresa del sector salud nivel II en Yopal, por medio de la batería de Riesgo Psicosocial del Ministerio de la Protección Social. Resultados: Se realizó un análisis multivariado, se puede afirmar con un nivel de confianza del 95% que en la población de estudio, la prevalencia de riesgo intralaboral en la población administrativa está entre el 9,5% y 34,5% y en los trabajadores del área asistencial entre el 9,7% y el 37,9%. El riesgo extralaboral en el área administrativa está entre el 4,8% y el 27,2%, en el área asistencial la prevalencia está entre el 1,5% y el 19,5%. La prevalencia de Riesgo de Estrés se encuentra en la población administrativa entre el 29,2% y el 58,8% y en el área asistencial entre el 17,9% y el 48,8%. Se encontró una asociación (p = 0,007) entre estado civil y riesgo intralaboral en la población asistencial, entre tipo de vivienda y nivel de estres (p= 0,003) en la población administrativa, y entre número de personas a cargo económicamente y riesgo extralaboral (p=0,004) en el área asistencial. Discusión: La prevalencia de riesgo psicosocial es evidente en las dos áreas de trabajo tanto administrativos como asistenciales, sin embargo se encuentra una prevalencia mayor de riesgo en el área asistencial en la dimensión exigencias del rol dado a un incremento en la responsabilidad y tiempo extra que se debe realizar para el desarrollo de tareas y su cumplimiento ante el rol desempeñado; los resultados permiten implementar programas de vigilancia epidemiológica que permitan mitigar y controlar los hallazgos en este estudio.

Ofício, Estresse e Resiliência: desafios do Professor Universitário.

The objective of this study was to investigate the elements that contribute to the state of stress which often affects those who embrace the university teaching career, and also to learn whatever strategies professors use to cope with stressing situations in order to develop resilience and a sound exercise of their profession. To the very nature of university teaching belong a variety of attributions, demands and challenges which, together, may contribute to the development of stress. The epistemological principles which guided this research were those of Complex Thinking, which facilitate a deeper comprehension of the human and social phenomena as viewed through the lens of complexity principles: the dialogical principle, the organizational recursivity principle and the hologramatical principle. Fully acknowledging the many difficulties brought about by any attempt that would try to explain human phenomena based only on one theoretical reference, we have elected multi-referentiality as the support for this study, thus being able to dialogue with a variety of authors about the same phenomenon. This was a qualitative research in which questionnaires and interviews were used as instruments for the empirical work. The data has been articulated into categories and subcategories, allowing for a thematic analysis. Participants of the study were seventeen professors from two different colleges in the city of Natal, state of Rio Grande do Norte. Bad working conditions, demands from the institution, student s lack of commitment, long working hours, low salaries, lack of incentives to university teachers, uncertainty concerning timetable and difficulties in proper time administration are the variables that contribute to the stress of professors. Although this is a problem that affects the group as a whole, strategies to cope with it are individually sought and vary from trying to find different leisure options, opening one s heart to colleagues or relatives, individual planning, prayer, rational facing of the situation, to simply giving in to exhaustion. The study has proposed institutional as well as personal actions that may foster a development among professors which takes into account a resilience development in a collective perspective. Also, it shows some articulations that are already under way so that professors may be attended to.

A autonomia da escola pública :um complexo movimento entre a outorga e a construção

The present research to explorer the configurations that come being given to the autonomy of the school, since the decade of 1990. We investigate the implementation of the principle of the autonomy in the public system of education of the State of Pernambuco and, specifically, in four school units and this schools its in the quarters of Stubborn Brasilia Teimosa and Casa Amarela, both located in Recife. We try to know if the implementation of the autonomy of the school is circumscribed in the process of productive reorganization, it was evidenced that the inclusion of this principle in the educational politics - in the scopes national and state - obeyed the dynamics of retraction that, in the neoliberal context, the performance of the State in relation to the public education and the school characterizes, with consequence impact in the investigated schools. From the empirical inquiry it was identified to the occurrence of a movement realized for the social actors of the schools research in direction to the construction of the pertaining to school autonomy; this movement presenting some limits and fragilities. It was evidenced despite this movement varied of intensity in the measure where the social actors of the schools had developed levels of dinamics processes (in greater or minor degree) related with the diverse expressions of democratic management that can occur into the school, such as: elaboration of the Politician-Pedagogical Project, institution and functioning of the Pertaining to school Advice, etc. The set of the carried through analyses made possible that it concluded that, in the context neoliberal and delimited to the investigated time and space, the implementation of the autonomy of the school comes if giving in way to a complex movement of construction

Efeito da interação genótipo ambiente, sob a forma de heterogeneidade de variâncias entre rebanhos

Foram simuladas estruturas de dados em modelos mistos representando o teste de 100 reprodutores, sendo cada reprodutor acasalado com 10 matrizes (total de 1000 matrizes), originando em cada acasalamento 2 proles, totalizando 2000 proles (vinte proles por reprodutor). De cada combinação reprodutor e matriz, dez proles tiveram seu fenótipo expresso no ambiente de baixa produção (Estrato 1) e, a outra metade, no ambiente de alta produção (Estrato 2). A simulação foi realizada de forma a representar diferentes situações de presença de heterogeneidade de variâncias, combinando-se as origens da heterogeneidade, de natureza genética e ambiental. Na presença de heterogeneidade residual, o valor estimado para o componente de variância residual, considerando homogeneidade de variâncias se aproximou do valor médio das variâncias entre os estratos. Houve superestimação, também, do componente de variância genético aditivo. Ao simular heterogeneidade de variância de origem genética, observou-se que a estimação desse componente situou-se em valor intermediário aos simulados. Nessa situação, o componente de variância residual estimado foi próximo do valor simulado, indicando que a heterogeneidade de variâncias quando proveniente de fatores genéticos, não interfere, substancialmente, sobre e estimação do componente de variância residual. Na simulação de dados com presença de heterogeneidade tanto de origem genética quanto ambiental (estrutura de dados 4), conduziu a estimação de componentes de variâncias intermediários aos valores simulados em cada estrato. Assim, observa-se que, mesmo quando os reprodutores apresentam proles bem distribuídas em ambos os estratos, a heterogeneidade de variância proveniente de fatores não genético provoca distorções sobre a estimação da variância genética aditiva. Mas por outro lado, quando a heterogeneidade de variância é decorrente de fatores genéticos, não há grande interferência sobre a estimativa da variância residual, tal comportamento pode ser explicado pela incorporação da matriz de parentesco na estimação do componente de variância genético aditivo, possibilitando discriminar melhor a origem da diferenças entre variâncias. Na estrutura onde a variância residual foi heterogênea a estimativa de herdabilidade foi menor em relação à estrutura de homogeneidade de variâncias. Por outro lado, quando somente a variância genética aditiva foi heterogênea, a estimativa de herdabilidade, considerando-se apenas o estrato de alta variabilidade genética, foi inflacionada pela superestimação da variância genética aditiva. No entanto, a estimativa de herdabilidade obtida, desconsiderando essa fonte de heterogeneidade de variância, foi próxima à situação de homogeneidade de variância, indicando que, quando os reprodutores possuem boa distribuição de proles em diferentes ambientes, as estimativas relacionadas ao efeito genético são ponderadas pelo desempenho dos animais em cada ambiente. As correlações de Spearman e de Pearson entre os valores genéticos preditos dos reprodutores, para todas as situações, foram maiores que 0,90. O resultado indica que, mesmo havendo presença de heterogeneidade de variância genética e/ou ambiental, se os reprodutores possuem proles bem distribuídas entre os ambientes (estratos heterogêneos) a classificação do mérito genético não se altera, o que era esperado, pois em análises unicarácter, quando ocorre uma fonte de viés na avaliação genética, ela é comum a todos os indivíduos. Na situação em que foi imposta a estrutura de dados à presença de heterogeneidade de variância residual com número de número desigual de proles por reprodutor nos estratos, provocou superestimação dos componentes de variância. Porém mesmo havendo alteração na magnitude dos valores genéticos preditos para os reprodutores, a heterogeneidade de variância não alterou a classificação entre os reprodutores todas as correlações de ordem foram próximas à unidade. O efeito da heterogeneidade de variância, oriunda de fatores ambientais, ocasiona em maiores distorções sobre a avaliação genética animal, em relação, quando a mesma é proveniente de causas genéticas. A conexidade genética entre diferentes ambientes, dilui o efeito da heterogeneidade de variância, tanto de origem genética, quanto ambiental, na predição de valores genéticos dos reprodutores.

Quarter bill book for the Classes of 1798-1815, 1798-1812

Leather hardcover bound volume containing quarter bill tallies for the Classes of 1798-1815 arranged alphabetically and beginning with the bill period ending on February 22, 1798 through the period ending April 2, 1812. After each quarter's tallies, an additional section lists students delinquent in payment, and provides the totals for all students in each of the categories.

Collection of Harvard College admission form letter and bills sent to Charles Walker and his son Charles Walker, Jr., 1785-1816

This collection consists primarily of quarter bills and butler's bills from Charles Walker and Charles Walker, Jr.'s years as students at Harvard College, from 1785 to 1789 and from 1815-1816. It includes the following materials from Charles Walker: a form of admission (a printed form letter with manuscript annotations and signatures) from August 1785, quarter bills and butler's bills from 1785 to 1789, and occasional receipts of payment. The documents from Charles Walker, Jr. are less numerous, consisting solely of quarter bills from 1815 and 1816. The bills for father and son include annotations explaining the basis of additional or unusual charges, including fines for absence from lectures and prayers. The form used for the son's quarter bills, issued in 1815 and 1816, separate the amounts owed into the following categories: Steward and Commons, Sizings, Study and Cellar Rent, Instruction, Librarian, Natural History, Episcopal Church, Books, Catalogue and Commencement Dinner, Repairs, Sweepers, Assessments for delinquency in payment of Quarter Bills, Wood, and Fines. All of the bills are printed forms which were then filled out by hand, by either the steward or the butler, and issued to the students. Caleb Gannett was the College steward during both father and son's era. Joshua Paine, William Harris, and Thomas Adams served, successively, as butler during the father's era. Some of the butler's bills are signed by Roger Vose, a student who appears to have been employed by the butler in 1786 and 1787.

On the Regulation of Small Actors: Three Experimental Essays about Policies based on Voluntary Compliance and Decentralized Monitoring

Monitoring and enforcement are perhaps the biggest challenges in the design and implementation of environmental policies in developing countries where the actions of many small informal actors cause significant impacts on the ecosystem services and where the transaction costs for the state to regulate them could be enormous. This dissertation studies the potential of innovative institutions based on decentralized coordination and enforcement to induce better environmental outcomes. Such policies have in common that the state plays the role of providing the incentives for organization but the process of compliance happens through decentralized agreements, trust building, signaling and monitoring. I draw from the literatures in collective action, common-pool resources, game-theory and non-point source pollution to develop the instruments proposed here. To test the different conditions in which such policies could be implemented I designed two field-experiments that I conducted with small-scale gold miners in the Colombian Pacific and with users and providers of ecosystem services in the states of Veracruz, Quintana Roo and Yucatan in Mexico. This dissertation is organized in three essays.

The first essay, “Collective Incentives for Cleaner Small-Scale Gold Mining on the Frontier: Experimental Tests of Compliance with Group Incentives given Limited State Monitoring”, examines whether collective incentives, i.e. incentives provided to a group conditional on collective compliance, could “outsource” the required local monitoring, i.e. induce group interactions that extend the reach of the state that can observe only aggregate consequences in the context of small-scale gold mining. I employed a framed field-lab experiment in which the miners make decisions regarding mining intensity. The state sets a collective target for an environmental outcome, verifies compliance and provides a group reward for compliance which is split equally among members. Since the target set by the state transforms the situation into a coordination game, outcomes depend on expectations of what others will do. I conducted this experiment with 640 participants in a mining region of the Colombian Pacific and I examine different levels of policy severity and their ordering. The findings of the experiment suggest that such instruments can induce compliance but this regulation involves tradeoffs. For most severe targets – with rewards just above costs – raise gains if successful but can collapse rapidly and completely. In terms of group interactions, better outcomes are found when severity initially is lower suggesting learning.

The second essay, “Collective Compliance can be Efficient and Inequitable: Impacts of Leaders among Small-Scale Gold Miners in Colombia”, explores the channels through which communication help groups to coordinate in presence of collective incentives and whether the reached solutions are equitable or not. Also in the context of small-scale gold mining in the Colombian Pacific, I test the effect of communication in compliance with a collective environmental target. The results suggest that communication, as expected, helps to solve coordination challenges but still some groups reach agreements involving unequal outcomes. By examining the agreements that took place in each group, I observe that the main coordination mechanism was the presence of leaders that help other group members to clarify the situation. Interestingly, leaders not only helped groups to reach efficiency but also played a key role in equity by defining how the costs of compliance would be distributed among group members.

The third essay, “Creating Local PES Institutions and Increasing Impacts of PES in Mexico: A real-Time Watershed-Level Framed Field Experiment on Coordination and Conditionality”, considers the creation of a local payments for ecosystem services (PES) mechanism as an assurance game that requires the coordination between two groups of participants: upstream and downstream. Based on this assurance interaction, I explore the effect of allowing peer-sanctions on upstream behavior in the functioning of the mechanism. This field-lab experiment was implemented in three real cases of the Mexican Fondos Concurrentes (matching funds) program in the states of Veracruz, Quintana Roo and Yucatan, where 240 real users and 240 real providers of hydrological services were recruited and interacted with each other in real time. The experimental results suggest that initial trust-game behaviors align with participants’ perceptions and predicts baseline giving in assurance game. For upstream providers, i.e. those who get sanctioned, the threat and the use of sanctions increase contributions. Downstream users contribute less when offered the option to sanction – as if that option signal an uncooperative upstream – then the contributions rise in line with the complementarity in payments of the assurance game.

O stresse em alunos de enfermagem e a sua influência na relação de ajuda com o doente

Dissertação de mest. em Observação e Análise da Relação Educativa, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Univ. do Algarve, Escola Superior de Educação, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, 2005

Exploration des processus de choix des consommateurs intermittents d’aliments biologiques

La consommation d’aliments biologiques croît depuis plusieurs années. Malgré cette croissance, la majorité des consommateurs d’aliments biologiques sont des consommateurs intermittents : leur consommation alimentaire n’est pas uniquement composée d’aliments biologiques, mais en comprend une part variable. Bien que majoritaires, ces consommateurs ont été l’objet de très peu de recherches, et demeurent mal connus. Cette étude exploratoire s’intéresse aux raisons qui conduisent ces consommateurs à opter ou non pour la version biologique d’un aliment. À partir de 24 entretiens individuels semi-dirigés, une restitution du processus de choix des répondants est proposée. Les résultats montrent que la décision d’opter pour le biologique est directement liée à un problème identifié avec l’offre non biologique, problème qui change selon le type d’aliment considéré et entre en contradiction avec les valeurs du répondant. L’option biologique est évaluée en fonction de la gravité du problème perçue par le répondant et de la capacité de l’option biologique à y répondre. Pour un même répondant, le caractère biologique d’un aliment est ainsi d’une importance variable pour différents aliments. Les stratégies mises en place en cas d’indisponibilité de l’option biologique sont également variables, allant de l’abstention complète de l’aliment à la consommation de la version non biologique, sous certaines conditions. Cette étude montre la grande diversité des raisons qui mènent les consommateurs à opter pour le biologique. Elle souligne également la nécessité de prendre en compte l’offre non biologique pour comprendre les consommateurs intermittents d’aliments biologiques.

The experiences of African women giving birth in Brisbane, Australia

Our purpose in this research was to uncover first-person descriptions of the birth experiences of African refugee women in Brisbane, Australia, and to explore the common themes that emerged from their experiences. We conducted semistructured interviews with 10 African refugees who had given birth in Brisbane. Essences universal to childbirth such as pain, control, and experiences of caregivers featured prominently in participants’ descriptions of their experiences. Their experiences, however, were further overshadowed by issues such as language barriers, the refugee experience, female genital mutilation (FGM), and encounters with health services with limited cultural competence.

Aligning the drivers in the value chain - a new cane payment system for Mackay Sugar

For the 2005 season, Mackay Sugar and its growers agreed to implement a new cane payment system. The aim of the new system was to better align the business drivers between the mill and its growers and as a result improve business decision making. The technical basis of the new cane payment system included a fixed sharing of the revenue from sugar cane between the mill and growers. Further, the new system replaced the CCS formula with a new estimate of recoverable sugar (PRS) and introduced NIR for payment analyses. Significant mill and grower consultation processes led to the agreement to implement the new system in 2005 and this consultative approach has been reflected in two seasons of successful operation.