Keskinopeusalueella toimivan induktiomoottori - puhallinkäytön suorituskyvyn mittaus alipainekäytössä

Keskinopeusalueella toimivaa massiiviroottorista epätahtimoottoria voidaan käyttää teollisissa puhaltimissa, joissa on tärkeää saavuttaa normaalia korkeampi pyörimisnopeus ja paine-ero. Usein tällaisella puhaltimella saavutetaan parempi hyötysuhde ja säädettävyys kuin vanhoilla volumetrisilla pumpuilla. Paperikoneiden vedenpoistossa käytetty alipaineen tuotto muodostaa erään sovelluskohteen tällaiselle puhallinkäytölle. Työssä esitellään tällaiseen sovelluskohteeseen suunnitellun puhaltimen ja sitä käyttävän massiiviroottorisen epätahtikoneen testausmenetelmät niiden ominaisuuksien määrittämiseksi, sekä siihen tarvittavan mittalaitteiston vaatimukset. Puhaltimen osalta esitetään täydellinen laskenta perustuen LTKK:ssa 20.10.2000 - 27.10.2000 välisenä aikana suoritettuun puhaltimen testiajoon.

Liiketoiminnan ohjausraportoinnin kehittäminen

Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli määritellä kohdeyrityksen, Paroc Oy Ab:n, liiketoimintaprosessiin liittyvät keskeiset alueet ja mahdolliset ongelmakohdat sekä kehittää ennakointia mahdollistavaa raportointia. Päätavoite jaettiin kolmeen keskeiseen aihealueeseen. Ensimmäinen aihealue käsitti kokonaistoimintaprosessin kuvauksen ohjattavuuden näkökulmasta, liiketoimintaprosessissa toiminnan sujumiseen keskeisimmin vaikuttavien kohtien kuvauksen ja raportoinnin kytkeytymisen näihin kohtiin. Toinen aihealue käsitti Rakennuseristeiden kotimaan myynnin raportoinnin ja kolmas aihealue raporttikartan ja sen kehittämisen. Tutkimus toteutettiin pääosin konstruktiivisella tutkimusotteella, vaikka alussa tehtiinkin käsitemäärittelyjä työn vaatimassa laajuudessa. Tutkimukseen liittyy osittain toiminta-analyyttisen tutkimusotteen piirteitä.Työn teoreettinen osa tehtiin kirjallisuustutkimuksena. Teoreettisessa osassa käytiin työhön liittyen läpi seuraavat käsitteet: liiketoimintaprosessi, logistiikka, ohjaus, raportointi ja kannattavuus. Teoreettisessa osassa luodun viitekehyksen tarkoitus oli tukea tutkimuksen empiiristä osaa.Empiirinen osa toteutettiin case-tutkimuksena. Sen yhteydessä käytiin kohdeyrityksen sisäiseen ja ulkoiseen käyttöön tarkoitettua materiaalia läpi sekä tehtiin kysely Rakennuseristeiden eri toiminnoissa työskenteleville henkilöille. Kyselyn avulla tutkittiin päätöksentekotilanteita ja tiedontarvetta, ongelmatilanteita, raportointia sekä mahdollisia puutteita.Tutkimuksessa on tarkasteltu kohdeyrityksen liiketoimintaprosessiin liittyviä toimintoja ja tietojärjestelmiä sekä budjetointiprosessia. Rakennuseristeiden kotimaan myynnin raportoinnin osalta on tutkittu teknistä toteutusta, raporttien hyväksikäyttöä, poikkeamien analysointia ja myynnin tasoon vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Raporttikartan kehittämisen yhteydessä on tutkittu päätöksentekoon liittyvää tiedon tarvetta sekä raportointia. Näiden perusteella on esitetty kehittämiskohteita ja mahdollisia jatkotutkimuksen aiheita.Keskeisimmiksi kehittämiskohteiksi nostettiin myynnin perusraportoinnin laajentaminen, tietojärjestelmien välisen tiedon kulun parantaminen ja tietojärjestelmiä koskevan integraation kehittäminen sekä eri toiminnoissa työskentelevien henkilöiden välisen yhteistyön parantaminen. Näitä kehittämällä parannetaan ennakointia mahdollistavaa ohjausraportointia johdon päätöksenteon tueksi.

Kysynnän hallinnan vaikutukset päivittäistavararyhmän kustannustehokkuuteen

Tutkielman konkreettisena tavoitteena oli rakentaa kauppaketjulle kysynnän hallinnan pohjalta malli, jonka avulla ketju voi parantaa asiakaslähtöisyyttään ja samalla tehostaa toimintaansa. Tutkielman teoriaosassa muodostetun viitekehyksen pitävyyttä kokeiltiin TOKMANNI-ketjun makeistuoteryhmään. Tutkielman teoriaosassa seurattiin päivittäistavarakauppaan suunnatun ECR-toiminnan teoreettista viitekehystä, josta saatiin tietoa kirjallisuudesta, konsulttiraporteista sekä artikkeleista. Empiirinen osa toteutettiin kvantitatiivisilla kohdeyrityksen tuottamilla dokumenteilla, joita täydennettiin kvalitatiivisilla haastattelututkimuksilla. Tutkielman pohjalta ketjun makeistuoteryhmään rakennettiin uudelleen määritelty ja yhtenäinen valikoima sekä esillepano. Valikoiman selkiyttämisellä ja yhtenäistämisellä parannettiin tuoteryhmän hallittavuutta sekä helpotettiin henkilökunnan työskentelyä tilaustoiminnassa, esillepanossa ja kampanjoinnissa. Lisäksi tuoteryhmän selkiytymisen ja kulutuskysynnän mukaisen valikoiman nähtiin parantavan myös tuoteryhmän kannattavuutta ja asiakaslähtöisyyttä siisteinä, selkeinä hyllyinä sekä kulutuskysynnän mukaisena valikoimana. Teoreettinen malli tuntui toimivan myös käytännössä.

Active du/dt Filtering for Variable-Speed AC Drives

An oscillating overvoltage has become a common phenomenon at the motor terminal in inverter-fed variable-speed drives. The problem has emerged since modern insulated gate bipolar transistors have become the standard choice as the power switch component in lowvoltage frequency converter drives. Theovervoltage phenomenon is a consequence of the pulse shape of inverter output voltage and impedance mismatches between the inverter, motor cable, and motor. The overvoltages are harmful to the electric motor, and may cause, for instance, insulation failure in the motor. Several methods have been developed to mitigate the problem. However, most of them are based on filtering with lossy passive components, the drawbacks of which are typically their cost and size. In this doctoral dissertation, application of a new active du/dt filtering method based on a low-loss LC circuit and active control to eliminate the motor overvoltages is discussed. The main benefits of the method are the controllability of the output voltage du/dt within certain limits, considerably smaller inductances in the filter circuit resulting in a smaller physical component size, and excellent filtering performance when compared with typical traditional du/dt filtering solutions. Moreover, no additional components are required, since the active control of the filter circuit takes place in the process of the upper-level PWM modulation using the same power switches as the inverter output stage. Further, the active du/dt method will benefit from the development of semiconductor power switch modules, as new technologies and materials emerge, because the method requires additional switching in the output stage of the inverter and generation of narrow voltage pulses. Since additional switching is required in the output stage, additional losses are generated in the inverter as a result of the application of the method. Considerations on the application of the active du/dt filtering method in electric drives are presented together with experimental data in order to verify the potential of the method.

Surface Modification of Ceramics

Ceramics are widely used in industrial applications due to their advantageous thermal and mechanical stability. Corrosion of ceramics is a great problem resulting in significant costs. Coating is one method of reducing adversities of corrosion. There are several different thin film deposition processes available such as sol-gel, Physical and Chemical Vapour Deposition (PVD and CVD). One of the CVD processes, called Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) stands out for its excellent controllability, accuracy and wide process capability. The most commonly mentioned disadvantage of this method is its slowness which is partly compensated by its capability of processing large areas at once. Several factors affect the ALD process. Such factors include temperature, the grade of precursors, pulse-purge times and flux of precursors as well as the substrate used. Wrongly chosen process factors may cause loss of self-limiting growth and thus, non-uniformities in the deposited film. Porous substrates require longer pulse times than flat surfaces. The goal of this thesis was to examine the effects of ALD films on surface properties of a porous ceramic material. The analyses applied were for permeability, bubble point pressure and isoelectric point. In addition, effects of the films on corrosion resistance of the substrate in aqueous environment were investigated. After being exposured to different corrosive media the ceramics and liquid samples collected were analysed both mechanically and chemically. Visual and contentual differences between the exposed and coated ceramics versus the untreated and uncoated ones were analysed by scanning electron microscope. Two ALD film materials, dialuminium trioxide and titanium dioxide were deposited on the ceramic substrate using different pulse times. The results of both film materials indicated that surface properties of the ceramic material can be modified to some extent by the ALD method. The effect of the titanium oxide film on the corrosion resistance of the ceramic samples was observed to be fairly small regardless of the pulse time.

Energia-auditointipalveluprosessin kehittäminen

Pro gradu -tutkielman tavoitteena on kehittää LUT Energian tarjoamia energia-auditointipalveluja tuotteistamisen myötä. Lisäksi tarkoitus on selvittää, miten tietoa voidaan siirtää palveluprosessien välillä ja täten kehittää palvelun jatkuvuutta sekä markkinointia. Laadullinen tutkimus toteutettiin keräämällä esitutkimusmateriaali kyselyjen avulla ja varsinainen tutkimusaineisto teemahaastatteluilla. Haastattelujen kohteena olivat palvelun hankkineet yritykset ja palvelua tuottaneet opiskelijat. Tutkimuksen tuloksena energia-auditointipalvelussa havaittiin useita merkittäviä kehittämiskohteita. Kehittämiskohteet liittyvät kuuteen eri teemaan: palveluprosessin alkuvaiheeseen, aikatauluun, luottamukseen ja sitoutumiseen, palvelun markkinointiin ja palvelun jatkuvuuteen. Aineiston pohjalta luotiin kohdeyritykselle konkreettisia toimenpide-ehdotuksia, joiden avulla palveluprosessia voidaan tulevaisuudessa kehittää ja sen laatua parantaa. Palvelun hallittavuus ja jatkuvuuden edellytykset paranevat tutkimustulosten myötä.

Teollisuuden jäähdytysjärjestelmät. Case: Kaasunerotuslaitteiston evaluointi

Teollisuuden jäähdytysjärjestelmiä tarvitaan prosessien lämpötilan ja paineen hal-litsemiseen. Vesi on käytetyin lämmönsiirtoaine hyvän saatavuutensa, halvan hin-nan ja korkean lämmönsiirtokyvyn ansiosta. Jäähdytysjärjestelmät jaetaan kolmeen päätyyppiin, joita ovat läpivirtausjäähdytys, suljettu ja avoin kiertojäähdytys. Kullakin järjestelmätyypillä on tyypilliset alatyyppinsä. Avoimella kiertojär-jestelmällä on eniten alatyyppejä, joista yleisin on jäähdytystorni. Jäähdytystorneja on kolmea tyyppiä: märkä-, kuiva ja hybriditorni. Kullakin järjestelmätyypillä on ominaiset piirteensä käyttökohteiden, ympäristövaikutusten, ohjattavuuden, investointi- ja käyttökulujen suhteen, joita tässä työssä esitellään. Työssä tutkitaan teollisuuden jäähdytysjärjestelmien esittelyn lisäksi erään ali-painekaasunpoistimen soveltuvuutta suljetun kiertojäähdytysjärjestelmän kaasun-poistoon. Suljettuun kiertojäähdytysjärjestelmään jää ilmaa täyttövaiheessa ja kul-keutuu liuenneena käytettävän jäähdytysveden mukana. Muodostuva ylikylläinen seos synnyttää veden sekaan ilmakuplia, jotka aiheuttavat korroosiota kemiallisesti ja kuluttamalla. Lisäksi kaasukuplat vievät tilavuutta nesteeltä. Tämä pienentää järjestelmän jäähdytystehoa merkittävästi, koska kaasun lämmönsiirtokyky verrat-tuna veden lämmönsiirtokykyyn on pieni. Työssä esitellään myös muita mahdolli-sia suljetun järjestelmän kaasulähteitä ja niiden aiheuttamia ongelmia. Alipainekaasunpoistimen kaasunerotustehokkuutta mitattiin jäähdytysvesinäyttei-den selkeytymisnopeudella ja lämmönsiirtimien tehon paranemisella. Kahden viikon tarkastelujaksolla selkeytymisajat paranivat 36–60 % eri mittauspaikoissa ja lämmönsiirtimien tehot paranivat 6–29 %. Järjestelmään kuitenkin jäi merkittävä määrä kaasua, vaikka laitteen käyttöä jatkettiin tarkastelujakson jälkeen, joten tavoitteisiin ei päästy. Tutkitun alipainekaasunpoistolaitteen ei todettu soveltuvan tehdasympäristöön kestämättömyyden, hankalakäyttöisyyden ja tehottomuuden takia. Tulokset kuitenkin osoittavat, että kaasunerotuksella on merkittävä vaikutus suljetun jäähdytysjärjestelmän toimivuuteen ja saavutettavaan jäähdytystehoon.

Methods and Models for Accelerating Dynamic Simulation of Fluid Power Circuits

The objective of this dissertation is to improve the dynamic simulation of fluid power circuits. A fluid power circuit is a typical way to implement power transmission in mobile working machines, e.g. cranes, excavators etc. Dynamic simulation is an essential tool in developing controllability and energy-efficient solutions for mobile machines. Efficient dynamic simulation is the basic requirement for the real-time simulation. In the real-time simulation of fluid power circuits there exist numerical problems due to the software and methods used for modelling and integration. A simulation model of a fluid power circuit is typically created using differential and algebraic equations. Efficient numerical methods are required since differential equations must be solved in real time. Unfortunately, simulation software packages offer only a limited selection of numerical solvers. Numerical problems cause noise to the results, which in many cases leads the simulation run to fail. Mathematically the fluid power circuit models are stiff systems of ordinary differential equations. Numerical solution of the stiff systems can be improved by two alternative approaches. The first is to develop numerical solvers suitable for solving stiff systems. The second is to decrease the model stiffness itself by introducing models and algorithms that either decrease the highest eigenvalues or neglect them by introducing steady-state solutions of the stiff parts of the models. The thesis proposes novel methods using the latter approach. The study aims to develop practical methods usable in dynamic simulation of fluid power circuits using explicit fixed-step integration algorithms. In this thesis, twomechanisms whichmake the systemstiff are studied. These are the pressure drop approaching zero in the turbulent orifice model and the volume approaching zero in the equation of pressure build-up. These are the critical areas to which alternative methods for modelling and numerical simulation are proposed. Generally, in hydraulic power transmission systems the orifice flow is clearly in the turbulent area. The flow becomes laminar as the pressure drop over the orifice approaches zero only in rare situations. These are e.g. when a valve is closed, or an actuator is driven against an end stopper, or external force makes actuator to switch its direction during operation. This means that in terms of accuracy, the description of laminar flow is not necessary. But, unfortunately, when a purely turbulent description of the orifice is used, numerical problems occur when the pressure drop comes close to zero since the first derivative of flow with respect to the pressure drop approaches infinity when the pressure drop approaches zero. Furthermore, the second derivative becomes discontinuous, which causes numerical noise and an infinitely small integration step when a variable step integrator is used. A numerically efficient model for the orifice flow is proposed using a cubic spline function to describe the flow in the laminar and transition areas. Parameters for the cubic spline function are selected such that its first derivative is equal to the first derivative of the pure turbulent orifice flow model in the boundary condition. In the dynamic simulation of fluid power circuits, a tradeoff exists between accuracy and calculation speed. This investigation is made for the two-regime flow orifice model. Especially inside of many types of valves, as well as between them, there exist very small volumes. The integration of pressures in small fluid volumes causes numerical problems in fluid power circuit simulation. Particularly in realtime simulation, these numerical problems are a great weakness. The system stiffness approaches infinity as the fluid volume approaches zero. If fixed step explicit algorithms for solving ordinary differential equations (ODE) are used, the system stability would easily be lost when integrating pressures in small volumes. To solve the problem caused by small fluid volumes, a pseudo-dynamic solver is proposed. Instead of integration of the pressure in a small volume, the pressure is solved as a steady-state pressure created in a separate cascade loop by numerical integration. The hydraulic capacitance V/Be of the parts of the circuit whose pressures are solved by the pseudo-dynamic method should be orders of magnitude smaller than that of those partswhose pressures are integrated. The key advantage of this novel method is that the numerical problems caused by the small volumes are completely avoided. Also, the method is freely applicable regardless of the integration routine applied. The superiority of both above-mentioned methods is that they are suited for use together with the semi-empirical modelling method which necessarily does not require any geometrical data of the valves and actuators to be modelled. In this modelling method, most of the needed component information can be taken from the manufacturer’s nominal graphs. This thesis introduces the methods and shows several numerical examples to demonstrate how the proposed methods improve the dynamic simulation of various hydraulic circuits.

Recovery and refining of manganese as by-product from hydrometallurgical processes

The consumption of manganese is increasing, but huge amounts of manganese still end up in waste in hydrometallurgical processes. The recovery of manganese from multi-metal solutions at low concentrations may not be economical. In addition, poor iron control typically prevents the production of high purity manganese. Separation of iron from manganese can be done with chemical precipitation or solvent extraction methods. Combined carbonate precipitation with air oxidation is a feasible method to separate iron and manganese due to the fast kinetics, good controllability and economical reagents. In addition the leaching of manganese carbonate is easier and less acid consuming than that of hydroxide or sulfide precipitates. Selective iron removal with great efficiency from MnSO4 solution is achieved by combined oxygen or air oxidation and CaCO3 precipitation at pH > 5.8 and at a redox potential of > 200 mV. In order to avoid gypsum formation, soda ash should be used instead of limestone. In such case, however, extra attention needs to be paid on the reagents mole ratios in order to avoid manganese coprecipitation. After iron removal, pure MnSO4 solution was obtained by solvent extraction using organophosphorus reagents, di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and bis(2,4,4- trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (CYANEX 272). The Mn/Ca and Mn/Mg selectivities can be increased by decreasing the temperature from the commonly used temperatures (40 –60oC) to 5oC. The extraction order of D2EHPA (Ca before Mn) at low temperature remains unchanged but the lowering of temperature causes an increase in viscosity and slower phase separation. Of these regents, CYANEX 272 is selective for Mn over Ca and, therefore, it would be the better choice if there is Ca present in solution. A three-stage Mn extraction followed by a two-stage scrubbing and two-stage sulfuric acid stripping is an effective method of producing a very pure MnSO4 intermediate solution for further processing. From the intermediate MnSO4 some special Mn- products for ion exchange applications were synthesized and studied. Three types of octahedrally coordinated manganese oxide materials as an alternative final product for manganese were chosen for synthesis: layer structured Nabirnessite, tunnel structured Mg-todorokite and K-kryptomelane. As an alternative source of pure MnSO4 intermediate, kryptomelane was synthesized by using a synthetic hydrometallurgical tailings. The results show that the studied OMS materials adsorb selectively Cu, Ni, Cd and K in the presence of Ca and Mg. It was also found that the exchange rates were reasonably high due to the small particle dimensions. Materials are stable in the studied conditions and their maximum Cu uptake capacity was 1.3 mmol/g. Competitive uptake of metals and acid was studied using equilibrium, batch kinetic and fixed-bed measurements. The experimental data was correlated with a dynamic model, which also accounts for the dissolution of the framework manganese. Manganese oxide micro-crystals were also bound onto silica to prepare a composite material having a particle size large enough to be used in column separation experiments. The MnOx/SiO2 ratio was found to affect significantly the properties of the composite. The higher the ratio, the lower is the specific surface area, the pore volume and the pore size. On the other hand, higher amount of silica binder gives composites better mechanical properties. Birnesite and todorokite can be aggregated successfully with colloidal silica at pH 4 and with MnO2/SiO2 weight ratio of 0.7. The best gelation and drying temperature was 110oC and sufficiently strong composites were obtained by additional heat-treatment at 250oC for 2 h. The results show that silica–supported MnO2 materials can be utilized to separate copper from nickel and cadmium. The behavior of the composites can be explained reasonably well with the presented model and the parameters estimated from the data of the unsupported oxides. The metal uptake capacities of the prepared materials were quite small. For example, the final copper loading was 0.14 mmol/gMnO2. According to the results the special MnO2 materials are potential for a specific environmental application to uptake harmful metal ions.

Approaches to Supply Chain Risk Management: Identification, Analysis and Control

Supply chain risk management has emerged as an increasingly important issue in logistics as disruptions in the supply chain have become critical issues for many companies. The scientific literature on the subject is developing and in many respects the understanding of it is still in its infancy. Thus, there is a need for more information in order for scholars and practitioners to understand the causalities and interrelations that characterise the phenomenon. The aim of this dissertation is to narrow this gap by exploring key aspects of supply chain risk management through two maritime supply chains in the immediate region of the Gulf of Finland. The study contributes to the field in three different ways. Firstly, it facilitates the identification of risks on different levels of the supply chain through a systematic analysis of the processes and actors, and of the cognitive barriers that limit the actors’ visibility and their understanding of the operations and the risks involved. There is a clear need to increase collaboration and information exchange in order to improve visibility in the chain. Risk management should be a collaborative effort among the individual actors, aimed at obtaining a holistic picture. Secondly, the study contributes to the literature on risk analysis through the use of systemic frameworks that illustrate the causalities and linkages in the system, thereby making it easier to perceive the vulnerabilities. Thirdly, the study enhances current knowledge of risk control in identifying actor roles, risk visibility and risk controllability as being among the key factors determining risk-management effectiveness against supply-chain vulnerability. This dissertation is divided into two parts. The first part gives a general overview of the relevant literature, the research design and the conclusions of the study, and the second part comprises six research publications. Case-study methodology with systematic combining approach is used, where in-depth interviews, questionnaires and expert panel sessions are the main data collection methods. The study illustrates the current state of risk management in multimodal maritime supply chains, and develops frameworks for further analysis. The results imply that there are major differences between organizations in their ability to execute supply chain risk management. Further collaboration should be considered in order to facilitate the development of systematic and effective management processes.

Tulosyksikkölaskentamallin kehittäminen teollisuusyrityksen ohjauksen välineeksi

Tämän diplomityön kohdeyrityksenä toimii prosessijohtamismallin mukaisesti organisoitunut sellua valmistava ja toimittava yritys. Yritys valmistaa omaa sellua neljällä tehtaalla, jotka sijaitsevat eri paikkakunnilla. Tulosyksikkölaskentaa kehittämällä yritys haluaa tuoda esiin tehtaiden oman toiminnan merkityksen myös prosessijohtamisen toimintamallia noudatettaessa ja saada selville tehtaiden todellisen suorituksen tason. Tutkimusotteeltaan työ on konstruktiivinen, mutta siinä voidaan havaita piirteitä myös toiminta-analyyttisesta tutkimusotteesta. Työn tavoitteena oli kehittää kohdeyrityksen käyttöön yksinkertainen, selkeä ja helppokäyttöinen laskentamalli, jonka avulla yrityksen on mahdollista tarkastella ja vertailla eri tehtaiden tuotantoprosessien toiminnan tehokkuutta sekä sen kehitystä. Mallin rakentaminen perustui ohjattavuuden periaatteeseen pohjautuvaan vastuualuelaskentaan. Lisäksi mallin kehittämisessä hyödynnettiin benchmarkingin ja kapasiteettitarkastelun ajatuksia. Mallintamisen lähtökohtia selvitettiin kohdeyrityksen henkilöstön kanssa suoritettujen teemahaastattelujen avulla. Työn merkittävimpänä tuloksena syntyi teoreettisen aineiston, haastatteluihin perustuvan kvalitatiivisen tiedon sekä yrityksen tietojärjestelmistä saatavan datan avulla luotu laskentamalli. Mallin toimintaa tarkasteltiin sijoittamalla malliin tietyltä ajanjaksolta kerättyä numeerista aineistoa. Mallin avulla yrityksen on mahdollista aiempaa paremmin tarkastella eri tehtaiden onnistumista tuotantotoiminnassaan. Mallissa korostettiin, että tehtaiden on pystyttävä hallitsemaan omat erityispiirteensä, minkä vuoksi mallin antamia tuloksia tarkasteltaessa on huomioitava myös mahdolliset mallintamisen taustalla vaikuttavat tekijät. Mallintamisen lopputuloksena syntynyt selkeä perusmalli luo hyvät lähtökohdat myös mahdolliselle jatkokehitykselle.

Active inverter output filtering methods

Frequency converters are widely used in the industry to enable better controllability and efficiency of variable speed AC motor drives. Despite these advantages, certain challenges concerning the inverter and motor interfacing have been present for decades. As insulated gate bipolar transistors entered the market, the inverter output voltage transition rate significantly increased compared with their predecessors. Inverters operate based on pulse width modulation of the output voltage, and the steep voltage edge fed by the inverter produces a motor terminal overvoltage. The overvoltage causes extra stress to the motor insulation, which may lead to a prematuremotor failure. The overvoltage is not generated by the inverter alone, but also by the sum effect of the motor cable length and the impedance mismatch between the cable and the motor. Many solutions have been shown to limit the overvoltage, and the mainstream products focus on passive filters. This doctoral thesis studies an alternative methodology for motor overvoltage reduction. The focus is on minimization of the passive filter dimensions, physical and electrical, or better yet, on operation without any filter. This is achieved by additional inverter control and modulation. The studied methods are implemented on different inverter topologies, varying in nominal voltage and current.For two-level inverters, the studied method is termed active du/dt. It consists of a small output LC filter, which is controlled by an independent modulator. The overvoltage is limited by a reduced voltage transition rate. For multilevel inverters, an overvoltage mitigation method operating without a passive filter, called edge modulation, is implemented. The method uses the capability of the inverter to produce two switching operations in the same direction to cancel the oscillating voltages of opposite phases. For parallel inverters, two methods are studied. They are both intended for two-level inverters, but the first uses individual motor cables from each inverter while the other topology applies output inductors. The overvoltage is reduced by interleaving the switching operations to produce a similar oscillation accumulation as with the edge modulation. The implementation of these methods is discussed in detail, and the necessary modifications to the control system of the inverter are presented. Each method is experimentally verified by operating industrial frequency converters with the modified control. All the methods are found feasible, and they provide sufficient overvoltage protection. The limitations and challenges brought about by the methods are discussed.

On Dynamic Monitoring Methods for Networks-on-Chip

Rapid ongoing evolution of multiprocessors will lead to systems with hundreds of processing cores integrated in a single chip. An emerging challenge is the implementation of reliable and efficient interconnection between these cores as well as other components in the systems. Network-on-Chip is an interconnection approach which is intended to solve the performance bottleneck caused by traditional, poorly scalable communication structures such as buses. However, a large on-chip network involves issues related to congestion problems and system control, for instance. Additionally, faults can cause problems in multiprocessor systems. These faults can be transient faults, permanent manufacturing faults, or they can appear due to aging. To solve the emerging traffic management, controllability issues and to maintain system operation regardless of faults a monitoring system is needed. The monitoring system should be dynamically applicable to various purposes and it should fully cover the system under observation. In a large multiprocessor the distances between components can be relatively long. Therefore, the system should be designed so that the amount of energy-inefficient long-distance communication is minimized. This thesis presents a dynamically clustered distributed monitoring structure. The monitoring is distributed so that no centralized control is required for basic tasks such as traffic management and task mapping. To enable extensive analysis of different Network-on-Chip architectures, an in-house SystemC based simulation environment was implemented. It allows transaction level analysis without time consuming circuit level implementations during early design phases of novel architectures and features. The presented analysis shows that the dynamically clustered monitoring structure can be efficiently utilized for traffic management in faulty and congested Network-on-Chip-based multiprocessor systems. The monitoring structure can be also successfully applied for task mapping purposes. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the presented in-house simulation environment is flexible and practical tool for extensive Network-on-Chip architecture analysis.

The Human in the Loop: User Participation in Self-Adaptive Software

Self-adaptive software provides a profound solution for adapting applications to changing contexts in dynamic and heterogeneous environments. Having emerged from Autonomic Computing, it incorporates fully autonomous decision making based on predefined structural and behavioural models. The most common approach for architectural runtime adaptation is the MAPE-K adaptation loop implementing an external adaptation manager without manual user control. However, it has turned out that adaptation behaviour lacks acceptance if it does not correspond to a user’s expectations – particularly for Ubiquitous Computing scenarios with user interaction. Adaptations can be irritating and distracting if they are not appropriate for a certain situation. In general, uncertainty during development and at run-time causes problems with users being outside the adaptation loop. In a literature study, we analyse publications about self-adaptive software research. The results show a discrepancy between the motivated application domains, the maturity of examples, and the quality of evaluations on the one hand and the provided solutions on the other hand. Only few publications analysed the impact of their work on the user, but many employ user-oriented examples for motivation and demonstration. To incorporate the user within the adaptation loop and to deal with uncertainty, our proposed solutions enable user participation for interactive selfadaptive software while at the same time maintaining the benefits of intelligent autonomous behaviour. We define three dimensions of user participation, namely temporal, behavioural, and structural user participation. This dissertation contributes solutions for user participation in the temporal and behavioural dimension. The temporal dimension addresses the moment of adaptation which is classically determined by the self-adaptive system. We provide mechanisms allowing users to influence or to define the moment of adaptation. With our solution, users can have full control over the moment of adaptation or the self-adaptive software considers the user’s situation more appropriately. The behavioural dimension addresses the actual adaptation logic and the resulting run-time behaviour. Application behaviour is established during development and does not necessarily match the run-time expectations. Our contributions are three distinct solutions which allow users to make changes to the application’s runtime behaviour: dynamic utility functions, fuzzy-based reasoning, and learning-based reasoning. The foundation of our work is a notification and feedback solution that improves intelligibility and controllability of self-adaptive applications by implementing a bi-directional communication between self-adaptive software and the user. The different mechanisms from the temporal and behavioural participation dimension require the notification and feedback solution to inform users on adaptation actions and to provide a mechanism to influence adaptations. Case studies show the feasibility of the developed solutions. Moreover, an extensive user study with 62 participants was conducted to evaluate the impact of notifications before and after adaptations. Although the study revealed that there is no preference for a particular notification design, participants clearly appreciated intelligibility and controllability over autonomous adaptations.

Exploiting non-Markovianity for quantum control

Quantum technology, exploiting entanglement and the wave nature of matter, relies on the ability to accurately control quantum systems. Quantum control is often compromised by the interaction of the system with its environment since this causes loss of amplitude and phase. However, when the dynamics of the open quantum system is non-Markovian, amplitude and phase flow not only from the system into the environment but also back. Interaction with the environment is then not necessarily detrimental. We show that the back-flow of amplitude and phase can be exploited to carry out quantum control tasks that could not be realized if the system was isolated. The control is facilitated by a few strongly coupled, sufficiently isolated environmental modes. Our paradigmatic example considers a weakly anharmonic ladder with resonant amplitude control only, restricting realizable operations to SO(N). The coupling to the environment, when harnessed with optimization techniques, allows for full SU(N) controllability.