Gerenciamento dos resíduos da disciplina química inorgânica II do curso de química da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Beginning students in chemistry usually do not realize that wastes generated in their experimental classes constitute an environmental problem and that residues must be treated or disposed of in a suitable way. In this manuscript we describe the work that we have been doing in the inorganic chemistry course of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul with the objective of creating a critical consciousness in the students about the chemical wastes they generate. With this policy, students are required to take into account the nature of the residues they generate, how they can treat or segregate them, and how they can keep them in a suitable way for final destination, instead of simply throwing them away.

Gestão de resíduos químicos em universidades: Universidade de Brasília em foco

The University of Brasília (UnB) uses a diversity of chemical products, generating residues in a significant way in its multiple activities - teaching, research and community services. The UnB Comission on Chemical Residues Management was established in November 2002, aiming at three main objectives: 1) correct destination for the accumulated residues; 2) implantation of a chemical residues management system and 3) implantation of a UnB Unit for Treatment of Chemical Residues. To fulfil these commitments, a diagnosis of chemical residues produced by the University was performed, which is here presented with an evaluation of their future use, limitations and possibilities.

Junan matkustajainformaatiojärjestelmän ohjaaminen

Matkustajat pitävät junissa annettavaa informaatiota entistä tärkeämpänä. Tähän haasteeseen pyritään vastaamaan rutiinikuulutusten, kuten asemille tulokuulutusten, automatisoinnilla. Kuulutukset soitetaan ääneen ja esitetään tekstinä näytöillä. Tällöin annettava informaatio on selkeää ja tasalaatuista myös vieraalla kielellä. Junan tiedot, kuten määränpää ja vaunun myyntinumero, esitetään junan ulkoseinällä ovien vierellä junaan nousevia matkustajia varten. Tässä diplomityössä luodaan yleiskatsaus junaväylään liittyviin standardeihin, TCN-standardiin ja UIC-556-määrelehteen. Yleiskatsauksen lisäksi käsitellään tarkemmin matkustajainformaatiojärjestelmään liittyvät osat. Tutustumme myös UIC-176-määrelehteen, joka käsittelee matkustajainformaatiojärjestelmän näyttöjä. Luomme yleiskatsauksen EKE-Elektroniikka Oy:n kehittämään modulaariseen junanhallintajärjestelmään. Työssä suunnitellaan asiakkaan ja standardien vaatimusten pohjalta matkustajainformaatiojärjestelmä, joka on integroitu junanhallintajärjestelmään. Tekstitiedon välittämiseen vaunusta toiseen käytetään WTB-junaväylää. Siinä kommunikoidaan UIC-556-määrelehden mukaisesti, joka mahdollistaa eurooppalaisen yhteensopivuuden. Työn tuloksena on määritelty järjestelmän fyysinen rakenne, ohjelmistorakenne, vaadittavat tietokannat, tiedon syöttäminen järjestelmälle ja junaväylässä käytettävät telegrammit. Erityishaasteena on ratkaistu tilanne, jossa juna jakautuu matkan varrella useampaan suuntaan.

Xarxa digital multimèdia de pantalles i kioscs interactius

Internet s’ha alçat en poc temps com el mitjà més utilitzat pels turistes per a planificar, organitzar i comprar un viatge, és per això que es proposa donar les mateixes facilitats en el destí. La Publicitat Dinàmica o “Digital Signage” és un nou servei de comunicació que consisteix en un conjunt de tecnologies i aplicacions informàtiques que permeten emetre missatges multimèdia i comunicar-se així d’una manera innovadora amb el públic objectiu de cada empresa, si s’afegeix un sistema independent, multimèdia i interactiu que pot utilitzar-se per a proporcionar informació i/o permetre la realització de transaccions es potencia al màxim el servei. D’aquesta manera es proposa crear una Xarxa Digital Multimèdia de Kioscs Interactius recolzats amb una pantalla de plasma per a la tecnologia Digital Signage. La ubicació escollida estratègicament és en un dels punts de major afluència turística, tal com l’entrada dels hotels. Així es tracta de crear circuits tancats en àrees geogràfiques on es troben els principals nuclis turístics de Mallorca. La possibilitat d’accedir a segments de població altament interessants per al producte o servei es multiplica al ser una manera fàcil, eficaç i altament suggestiva de promocionar el què es pretén. Un avantatge és la simplicitat de la infraestructura tecnològica que es necessita, el dispositiu mitjançant el qual es visualitzaran els missatges serà una pantalla de plasma convencional, i un terminal de punt de venda instal.lat en un lloc de pas. Cada mòdul està connectat a la xarxa ADSL mitjançant un servidor local a Internet. La connexió a la xarxa és imprescindible per a que el manteniment i actualització dels continguts es puguin efectuar remotament. L’objectiu principal d’aquest treball és estudiar la viabilitat de la implantació de la xarxa, mitjançant la realització d’un estudi de mercat on s’analitzen els grups claus per a la implantació: els hotelers, la indústria turística i el Govern Balear. S’identifiquen els beneficis que aportarà al nou servei i les repercussions que tendrà la seva instal.lació. Entre els resultats més destacats d’aquest estudi cal remarcar l’acceptació que ha tengut la idea entre els hotelers entrevistats i la resposta positiva de la indústria turística. Es reconeix: una millora de la imatge del sector, l’ús com a eina de promoció turística pel Govern, i la contribució a la sostenibilitat econòmica pel fet que augmenta la competitivitat de les empreses i això millora la qualitat del servei.

De resíduo a insumo: a construção do caminho para uma química mais limpa através de um projeto de ensino

The discussion among teachers, students, and technicians about the destination of residues from chemistry laboratories led to a research project whose results were incorporated into a course in its daily practices. The treatment of the residues from argentimetric practices allowed us to establish cognitive relations of technological basis and of those related to the rising of the level of awareness about environmental aspects and social responsibility of chemistry professionals. The techniques and the results, from the economic point of view, namely that of value aggregation (metallic silver) and the conversion of the residue into input (potassium chromate solution) are shown.

Matkustajainformaatiojärjestelmän toteuttaminen junaan

Matkustajainformaatio junassa koostuu vaunujen ulkopuolisilla kylkinäytöillä esitettävistä junan lähtö-, väli- ja määräasematiedoista yhdessä junan ja vaunujen myyntinumeroiden kanssa sekä vaunujen sisäpuolella automaattisista kuulutuksista ja matkustamon näytöillä esitettävästä staattisesta ja vaihtuvasta informaatiosta. Työssä toteutetaan matkustajainformaatiojärjestelmä käytettäväksi matkustajunissa. Järjestelmään syötetään ennen matkan alkua junan tiedot, jonka jälkeen se toimii automaattisesti ilman tarvetta junahenkilökunnan toimenpiteille. Poikkeustilanteissa junahenkilökunta voi estää järjestelmän toiminnan tai valita esiohjelmointuja erikoiskuulutuksia. Toteuttamismenetelmäksi valittiin C-ohjelmointikieli Linux-käyttöjärjestelmällä varustetulla sulautetulla rautatiekäyttöön suunnitellulla laitealustalla.

Conversioni al cattolicesimo a Roma tra Sei e Settecento. La presenza degli scandinavi nell’Ospizio dei Convertendi.

In my PhD dissertation, I have examined a group of people of Scandinavian origin received by Ospizio dei Convertendi. This group has been hitherto largely unknown to historical research. The Ospizio was an institute founded by the Oratorian Congregation in Rome in 1673 to provide religious instruction and material aid to both recent and aspirant converts to Roman Catholicism. My research traces the profile of converts and a typology of motives, examining different factors which influenced the conversion process. I show that the key factors were often of a social rather than a religious nature. Moreover, I have analyzed the hospice in the context of Counter-Reformation charity as well. In terms of numbers, the Scandinavians formed a somewhat marginal yet not insignificant group within the Roman hospice. Out of a total of 2203 guests received between 1673 and 1706, 4.6 % were Scandinavians: 74 Swedes (including Finland and Livonia) and 27 Danes (including Norway). They came from a rigorously Protestant region which reacted to Catholicism with severe legislative measures. Converts to Catholicism risked confiscation of their goods, expulsion or even capital punishment. Since both Sweden and Denmark were practically impenetrable to Catholicism at the time and clandestine missionary attempts often failed before they had even properly started, the Roman Catholic Church shifted its interest towards Northerners arriving in Rome, a preferred destination for young noblemen, artists and migrant craftsmen. The material related to Ospizio dei Convertendi, conserved in the Vatican archives, is a scarcely known yet unusually rich source, not only for the religious history of our continent, but also for social history and the study of migration in early modern Europe. It contains a wealth of information about members of the subordinate classes, of their travels and lives in Europe. The profile delineated in these documents is of individuals who had a wide range of different professions and different aspirations. These documents encompass a vast social spectrum that was highly mobile on a continent which by that time had become pluriconfessional. Therefore, these migrants faced the complex religious reality in their everyday life. The principal corpus of my research consists of two types of manuscript sources created for administrative and in a way also for apologetic purposes of the Roman Catholic Church. My starting point is the Primo registro generale of Ospizio dei Convertendi. This is a volume in which the following information about each guest was registered: name, nationality, city of origin, age, sex, profession, confession professed before converting, date of arrival, departure, abjuration and baptism. Typically, the convert was male, originating from Stockholm or Copenhagen, from 21 to 30 years of age. The biggest occupational groups in descending order were soldiers, noblemen, craftsmen and sailors. Thus the data reflects a multiform reality of interurban and long distance migration, ideals regarding the education of young noblemen and gentry as well as the need of European armies to hire foreign mercenaries in their various campaigns. Against this background the almost total absence of women is hardly surprising: there is only one woman in the material I have studied. The second main source, Nota degl’ospiti ricevuti e spese fatte per essi, sheds more light on the choices of the converts, their motivations and their lives outside Scandinavia before reaching Rome. This narrative material permits an analysis which completes but also goes far beyond the columns of the Institute’s general register. This material consists of reports written by Catholic priests based on an interview conducted upon each guest’s arrival. The material frequently includes information on what the converts would do following their departure from the Institute as well. These sources have a specific narrative form and contain short biographies, list reasons for converting and information about the journey from the North to the Mediterranean - a journey which in many cases took several years. Moreover, they show that certain unorthodox practices such as calling on the saints and pleading for help from them were not uncommon in the Protestant popular religion. The recording of information on conversions from Protestantism to Catholicism reflects both religious and social interest on the part of the receiving institute. The information obtained was used for the purposes of religious teaching, for finding adequate ways of inserting the convert into Italian society so that he could earn a living, and to find effective methods to convert others with a similar cultural and geographical background. The stories recorded were based on interviews with the newly-arrived, information obtained from a travel companion or fellow countrymen, or from written documents the aspirant converts carried with them. These sources illustrate, although sometimes in rather simplified ways, the circumstances and motivations which were relevant to the choice of changing one’s confession. In addition, I have examined petitions addressed to the hospice and other Roman authorities in order to get financial aid. These petitions were written by Italian scrittori, and they contain certain conventions and topoi of presenting the conversion with the purpose of improving the chances of obtaining financial aid. It is through these filters, which may seem initially almost invisible, that the remote voice of the converts reaches us. The results of the analysis are particularly interesting because they disagree with some of the principal conclusions of previous work on the subject. First, earlier research has focused almost exclusively on the conversions of noblemen, and has argued, second, that the Queen Christina of Sweden was the driving force behind their change of confession. The sources examined for this dissertation present a profile of long-distance migrants, many of them members of the subordinate classes, who were looking for ways to make their living in Europe. These people had in many cases left their country of origin several years earlier and not for religious reasons, so, crucially, we are not dealing with confessional migration in these cases. Rather, conversion was a complex process, intricately tied up with strategies of survival, integration and upward social mobility. At the same time, while these components are significant on their own right, they do not necessarily point to the absence of motivations of a more clearly religious nature.

Corantes marcadores de combustíveis: legislação e métodos analíticos para detecção

The use of dyes in the commercialization of fuel is usually associated with protection of the source and destination. It is used as "markers" to identify and guarantee the identity of the specific product of a particular manufacturer to discourage theft, tampering and disclosure of the quality of solvent or fuel. This work presents a critical analysis on the state of the art about the available analytical methods for identification and quantification of dyes used as markers of solvents and fuels, as well as evaluation of the physical-chemical staining and laws surrounding their use and commercialization.

Processamento de cartuchos de impressoras de jato de tinta: um exemplo de gestão de produto pós-consumo

This work presents a route for processing spent ink-jet cartridges in an experimental course. The disassembly of the cartridges requires several steps and the recognition of their different components is essential to define the best final destination (recycling, co-processing). The plastic strips were chemically processed so as to recover gold and copper. The students recognized the difficulty of processing multicomponent wastes and the importance of the chemical work under the best safety conditions; they also experienced many laboratory techniques and recognized the value of the selective collection and the reverse logistics to reach a viable commercial scale recycling.

Unitizing in Supply Chain – Case SECU Container

The aim of this thesis is to analyze how increasing the level of unitizing affects to the costs in the transport system of a Finnish paper and board company. The parts of the supply chain where costs are analyzed are limited to domestic inland transport and port operations. Supply Chain management is important aspect of modern day companies’ strategies. Intermodal transport and different transport systems are the key items which are studied in the theory part of this thesis. In the case study the payload simulations for SECU container (Stora Enso Cargo Unit) stuffed in mills sites are base of the cost analyze of this thesis. Thesis also makes a glance for the restrictions and development trends in Finnish railroads. In analyze SECU containers are moved up to the mill site for stuffing. This increases the level of unitizing in supply chain. Analyze is made for three variation of current traffic lines. Analyze shows that when idea of intermodalism is well used there is considerable cost savings to gather in pre-transportation and port operations. But also effects to mill sites and destination ports needs to be take under considering. In analyze the effects of increased axle weight for SECU container transportation in Finnish railroads is studied. When transport unit is stuffed in earliest possible point supply chain and unloaded the last possible point the savings made in chain can be considerable. In case study of this thesis almost 40% savings in total costs could be reached in pre transportation and port operations when unitizing level is increased in supply chain.

Arvonlisäveropetokset ja niiden ehkäiseminen

Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena on tutkia suomalaisen liiketoimintaa harjoittavan yrityksen mahdolliset väärinkäyttötilanteet liittyen arvonlisäverovelvollisuuteen sekä mahdolliset ratkaisut, joilla arvonlisäveroväärinkäytöksiä voidaan hallita. Mahdollisia vaarinkatostapoja ovat muun muassa: vääränsisältöiset ilmoitukset, perusteettomat ostotositteet, perusteettoman arvonlisäveropalautuksen hakeminen, toimiminen verovalvonnan ulkopuolella, veron maksamatta jättäminen, verokantojen väärentäminen, ketjupetos, karusellipetos, marginaaliverokeinottelu ja toisen yhtiön alv-tunnisteen käyttö. Torjunta- tai hallintakeinoja ovat muun muassa: käännetty verovelvollisuus, verotili, kansainvälinen tietojenvaihto, yhteisvastuu, verovalvonnan tehostaminen ja ajantasaistaminen, rekisteröitymisien tarkistaminen ja lopullinen verojärjestelmä.

Aineettomat markkinointiresurssit – brändi, imago ja maine

Tämän kandidaatintyön tarkoituksena on tarkastella aineettomien markkinointiresurssien – brändin, imagon ja maineen – määritelmiä sekä niiden etuja yrityksen liiketoiminnassa. Tarkastelu toteutetaan B2B-liiketoimintaympäristössä. Työ rakentuu viidestä osiosta, joista ensimmäisessä käsitellään aineettomia markkinointiresursseja ja niihin kuuluvaa suhdepääomaa. Toisessa, kolmannessa ja neljännessä osiossa käsitellään suhdepääomaan kuuluvien brändin, imagon ja maineen määritelmiä, etuja ja vaikutuksia yrityksen liiketoiminnassa. Viidennessä osiossa esitellään edellä mainittujen tekijöiden vaikutuksia asiakkaan ostopäätösprosessiin. Työssä käytetyn aineiston pohjalta tehtiin johtopäätös, että B2B-liiketoiminnassa toimiva yritys on yleensä itse brändi, jolla on sekä imago että maine. Brändi-imago ja brändin maine ovat merkittävässä roolissa asiakkaan ostopäätösprosessissa. Työn lopussa esitetään erilaisia asiakkaan ostopäätösprosessia kuvaavia malleja. Käytetyn aineiston ja mallien pohjalta on muodostettu malli brändi-imagon ja brändin maineen vaikutuksista asiakkaan ostopäätösprosessin eri tekijöihin.

Asiakkuuksien johtaminen kuljetusalan pk-yrityksessä

The profitability on transportation field has been low for a long time. The re-cession that started in the fall of 2008 has caused even more trouble to transportation companies as the number of transportations has gone down and the competition has gotten tougher since the time before the recession. Because the low profitability level does not allow competing with prices, transportation companies must come up with other means to differ from their competitors. The main goal of the research was to find out how a small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) on transportation field should manage its customer relationships. Due to limited resources, companies should direct their resources to serving their most valuable customers. Companies should first make a determination of their customer base. This works as a base for establishing customer portfolios, in other words making customer groups based on e.g. profitability, buying volumes and loyalty. Companies can gain competitive advantage also by improving their service quality. Important information regarding the selection criteria of a transporta-tion company, transaction methods, service time and accessibility of person-nel, customers’ expectations on transportation company’s personnel, utiliza-tion of IT-solutions as a part of transportation service, the image of a transportation company and necessity of quality control meetings was gathered for this research by interviewing customers. By utilizing this information, transportation company can adapt its service offering to equal the customer needs and expectations better. A service process example was created to improve the service quality of the transportation company. It shows the whole process from the customer sending the transportation order to the point when the customer receives an invoice from the transportation company. The example process shows the most fragile stages of the service process: the interaction points. An example of this is when the driver and the customer meet at the unloading place. The results show that even a SME can have the opportunity to succeed in competitive markets by managing CRM. Expensive software are usually out of reach of a SME, but having a CRM software does not automatically guar-antee success in customer relationship management. Small and medium-sized firms can commit their current customers and recruit new customers by utilizing customer knowledge, offering top quality service, being innovative and offering functional services.

Histopathological features of infections caused by Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani in purple passionfruit plants (Passiflora edulis Sims)

The purple passionfruit plant, Passifloraedulis Sims, ranks second in fruit exportation in Colombia, and its main destination is the European market. However, its production is affected by several diseases, including fusariosis. This paper presents the histopathological features of different tissues affected by the pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani. Both microorganisms produce similar responses on the plant: colonization of xylem vessels by hyphae and microconidia, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the cambium, xylem and phloem; destruction of xylem fibers and amyloplasts in parenchymatous cells; and production of gels by the plant. However, there are differences in the colonization mechanism, F. solani penetrates and is concentrated especially at the collar zone, while F. oxysporum penetrates the roots and moves through the vascular system to colonize the plant.

Swine manure post-treatment technologies for pathogenic organism inactivation

Swine manure agricultural use is a common practice in Brazil. Their physic-chemical characteristics favor its use as biofertilizer, but the presence of pathogens may become a risk to human health. This research presents a qualitative study of the main alternatives of pig manure disinfection, analyzing efficiency, advantages and limitations of each procedure. The disinfection studies reported in literature are based on the following treatments: alkaline, thermal, biological, chemical, and physical. The greater efficiencies are in thermal treatment (> 4 log: 60 °C), chemical treatment (3 to 4 log: 30mg Cl- L-1; 3 to 4 log: 40 mg O3 L-1) and physical treatment (3 a 4 log: 220 mJ UV radiation cm-2). The biological treatment (anaerobiosis) also promotes the pathogen reduction of swine manure, however with lower efficiency (1 to 2 log). The selection of the treatment should consider: implementation and operation cost, necessity of preliminary treatment, efficiency obtained and destination of the treated manure (agricultural use, water reuse). Brazilian regulation does not have specific guidelines for the microbiological quality of animal production effluents that is very important to be considered due to confined animal feeding operation transformation in the last years in the country.