The Politics of Pulp Investment and the Brazilian Landless Movement (MST)

The Politics of Pulp Investment and the Brazilian Landless Movement (MST) The paper industry has been moving more heavily to the global South at the beginning of the 21st century. In a number of cases the rural populations of the global South have engaged in increasingly important resistance in their scuffle with the large-scale tree plantation-relying pulp investment model. The resistance had generally not yet managed to slow down Southern industrial tree plantation expansion until 2004. After all, even the MST, perhaps the strongest of the Southern movements, has limited power in comparison to the corporations pushing for plantation expansion. This thesis shows how, even against these odds, depending on the mechanisms of contention and case-specific conflict dynamics, in some cases the movements have managed to slow and even reverse plantation expansion. The thesis is based on extensive field research in the Brazilian countryside. It outlines a new theory of contentious agency promotion, emphasizing its importance in the shaping of corporate resource exploitation. The thesis includes a Qualitative Comparative Analysis of resistance influence on the economic outcomes of all (14) Brazilian large-scale pulp projects between 2004-2008. The central hypothesis of the thesis is that corporate resource exploitation can be slowed down more effectively and likely when the resistance is based on contentious agency. Contentious agency is created by the concatenation of five mutually supporting mechanisms of contention: organizing and politicizing a social movement; heterodox framing of pulp projects; protesting; networking; and embedding whilst maintaining autonomy. The findings suggest that contentious agency can slow or even reverse the expansion of industrial plantations, whereas when contentious agency promotion was inactive, fast or even unchecked plantation expansion was always the outcome. The rule applied to all the assessed 14 pulp conflict cases. The hypothesis gained strong support even in situations where corporate agency promotion was simultaneously active. In previous studies on social movements, there has been a lack of contributions that help us understand the causal mechanisms of contention influencing economic outcomes. The thesis answers to the call by merging a Polanyian analysis of the political economy with the Dynamics of Contention research program and making a case for the impact of contentious agency on capital accumulation. The research concludes that an efficient social movement can utilize mechanisms of contention to promote the potential of activism among its members and influence investment outcomes. Protesting, for example via pioneering land occupations, seemed to be particularly important. Until now, there has been no comprehensive theory on when and how contentious agency can slow down or reverse the expansion of corporate resource exploitation. The original contribution of this research is to provide such a theory, and utilize it to offer an extensive explanation on the conflicts over pulp investment in Brazil, the globalization of the paper industry, and slowing of industrial plantation expansion in the global South.

Striving for the Impossible : The Hegelian background of Judith Butler

This study analyses the Hegelian roots of the subject-theory and the political theory of Judith Butler. Butler can be seen as the author of "gender performativity". Butler claims that subject's identities are linquistic "terms". Linquistic identities are performative and normative: they produce, according to cultural rules, the identities which they just claim to describe. Butler's theory of the performativity of identities is based on her theory of identities as "ek-static" constructions. This means that there is a relation between the self and the Other in the heart of identities. It is claimed in this study that Butler's theory of the relation between the self and the Other, or, between the subject and the constitutive outside, is based on G.W.F. Hegel's theory of the dialectics of recognition in The Phenomenology of Spirit. Especially the sections dealing with the relation between "Lord" and "Bondsman" set the theoretical base for Butler's theory. Further, it is claimed that Hegel's own solution for the enslaving and instrumentalizing relation between the self and the Other, reciprocal recognition, remains an important alternative to the postmodernist conception supported by political theorists like Butler. Chapter 2, on Hegel, goes through the dialectics of recognition between the self and the Other in The Phenomenology of Spirit up until the ideal of reciprocal recognition and absolute knowledge. Chapter 3 introduces two French interpretations of Hegel, by Alexandre Kojéve and Louis Althusser. Both of these interpretations, especially the Kojevian one, have deeply influenced the contemporary understanding of Hegel as well as the contemporary thought - presented e.g. in the postmodern political thought - on the relations between the self and the Other. The Kojévian Marxist utopia with its notion of "the End of History" as well as the Althusserian theory of the Interpellative formation of subjects have influenced how Hegel's theory of the self and the Other have travelled into Butler's thought. In chapter 5 these influences are analyzed in detail. According to the analysis, Butler, like numerous other poststructuralist theorists, accepts Kojéve's interpretation as basically correct, but rejects his vision of "the End of History" as static and totalitarian. Kojéve's utopian philosophy of history is replaced by the paradoxical idea of an endless striving towards emancipation which, however, could not and should not be reached. In chapter 6 Butler's theory is linked to another postmodern political theory, that of Chantal Mouffe. It is argued that Mouffe's theory is based on a similar view of the relation of the self and the other as Butler's theory. The former, however, deals explicitly with politics. Therefore, it makes the central paradox of striving for the impossible more visible; such a theory is unable to guide political action. Hegel actually anticipated this kind of theorizing in his critique of "Unhappy Consciousness" in the Phenomenology of Spirit. Keywords: Judith Butler, G.W.F. Hegel, Chantal Mouffe, Alexandre Kojéve, Postmodernism, Politics, Identities, Performativity, Self-consciousness, Other

Reinventing Nordic Openness : Transparency and State Information in Finland

The study explores new ideational changes in the information strategy of the Finnish state between 1998 and 2007, after a juncture in Finnish governing in the early 1990s. The study scrutinizes the economic reframing of institutional openness in Finland that comes with significant and often unintended institutional consequences of transparency. Most notably, the constitutional principle of publicity (julkisuusperiaate), a Nordic institutional peculiarity allowing public access to state information, is now becoming an instrument of economic performance and accountability through results. Finland has a long institutional history in the publicity of government information, acknowledged by law since 1951. Nevertheless, access to government information became a policy concern in the mid-1990s, involving a historical narrative of openness as a Nordic tradition of Finnish governing Nordic openness (pohjoismainen avoimuus). International interest in transparency of governance has also marked an opening for institutional re-descriptions in Nordic context. The essential added value, or contradictory term, that transparency has on the Finnish conceptualisation of governing is the innovation that public acts of governing can be economically efficient. This is most apparent in the new attempts at providing standardised information on government and expressing it in numbers. In Finland, the publicity of government information has been a concept of democratic connotations, but new internationally diffusing ideas of performance and national economic competitiveness are discussed under the notion of transparency and its peer concepts openness and public (sector) information, which are also newcomers to Finnish vocabulary of governing. The above concepts often conflict with one another, paving the way to unintended consequences for the reforms conducted in their name. Moreover, the study argues that the policy concerns over openness and public sector information are linked to the new drive for transparency. Drawing on theories of new institutionalism, political economy, and conceptual history, the study argues for a reinvention of Nordic openness in two senses. First, in referring to institutional history, the policy discourse of Nordic openness discovers an administrative tradition in response to new dilemmas of public governance. Moreover, this normatively appealing discourse also legitimizes the new ideational changes. Second, a former mechanism of democratic accountability is being reframed with market and performance ideas, mostly originating from the sphere of transnational governance and governance indices. Mobilizing different research techniques and data (public documents of the Finnish government and international organizations, some 30 interviews of Finnish civil servants, and statistical time series), the study asks how the above ideational changes have been possible, pointing to the importance of nationalistically appealing historical narratives and normative concepts of governing. Concerning institutional developments, the study analyses the ideational changes in central steering mechanisms (political, normative and financial steering) and the introduction of budget transparency and performance management in two cases: census data (Population Register Centre) and foreign political information (Ministry for Foreign Affairs). The new policy domain of governance indices is also explored as a type of transparency. The study further asks what institutional transformations are to be observed in the above cases and in the accountability system. The study concludes that while the information rights of citizens have been reinforced and recalibrated during the period under scrutiny, there has also been a conversion of institutional practices towards economic performance. As the discourse of Nordic openness has been rather unquestioned, the new internationally circulating ideas of transparency and the knowledge economy have entered this discourse without public notice. Since the mid 1990s, state registry data has been perceived as an exploitable economic resource in Finland and in the EU public sector information. This is a parallel development to the new drive for budget transparency in organisations as vital to the state as the Population Register Centre, which has led to marketization of census data in Finland, an international exceptionality. In the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, the post-Cold War rhetorical shift from secrecy to performance-driven openness marked a conversion in institutional practices that now see information services with high regards. But this has not necessarily led to the increased publicity of foreign political information. In this context, openness is also defined as sharing information with select actors, as a trust based non-public activity, deemed necessary amid the global economic competition. Regarding accountability system, deliberation and performance now overlap, making it increasingly difficult to identify to whom and for what the public administration is accountable. These evolving institutional practices are characterised by unintended consequences and paradoxes. History is a paradoxical component in the above institutional change, as long-term institutional developments now justify short-term reforms.

Generations and turnout : The generational effect in electoral participation in Finland

The relationship between age and turnout has been curve-linear as electoral participation first increases with age, remains relatively stable throughout middle-age and then gradually declines as certain physical infirmities set in (see e.g. Milbrath 1965). Alongside this life-cycle effect in voting, recent pooled cross-sectional analyses (see e.g. Blais et al. 2004; Lyons and Alexander 2000) have shown that there is also a generational effect, referring to lasting differences in turnout between various age groups. This study firstly examines the extent to which the generational effect applies in the Finnish context. Secondly, it investigates the factors accounting for that effect. The first article, based on individual-level register data from the parliamentary elections of 1999, shows that turnout differences between the different age groups would be even larger if there were no differences in social class and education. The second article examines simultaneously the effects of age, generation and period in the Finnish parliamentary elections of 1975-2003 based on pooled data from Finnish voter barometers (N = 8,634). The results show that there is a clear life cycle, generational and period effect. The third article examines the role of political socialisation in accounting for generational differences in electoral participation. Political socialisation is defined as the learning process in which an individual adopts various values, political attitudes, and patterns of actions from his or her environment. The multivariate analysis, based on the Finnish national election study 2003 (N=1,270), indicated that if there were no differences in socialisation between the youngest and the older generations, the difference in turnout would be much larger than if only sex and socioeconomic factors are controlled for. The fourth article examines other possible factors related to generational effect in voting. The results mainly apply to the Finnish parliamentary elections of 2003 in which we have data available. The results show that the sense of duty by far accounts for the generational effect in voting. Political interest, political knowledge and non-parliamentary participation also narrowed the differences in electoral participation between the youngest and the second youngest generations. The implication of the findings is that the lower turnout among the current youth is not a passing phenomenon that will diminish with age. Considering voting a civic duty and understanding the meaning of collective action are both associated with the process of political socialisation which therefore has an important role concerning the generational effect in turnout.

How terrorist campaigns end : The Rode Jeugd in the Netherlands and the Symbionese Liberation Army in the United States

This study explores the decline of terrorism by conducting source-based case studies on two left-wing terrorist campaigns in the 1970s, those of the Rode Jeugd in the Netherlands and the Symbionese Liberation Army in the United States. The purpose of the case studies is to bring more light into the interplay of different external and internal factors in the development of terrorist campaigns. This is done by presenting the history of the two chosen campaigns as narratives from the participants’ points of view, based on interviews with participants and extensive archival material. Organizational resources and dynamics clearly influenced the course of the two campaigns, but in different ways. This divergence derives at least partly from dissimilarities in organizational design and the incentive structure. Comparison of even these two cases shows that organizations using terrorism as a strategy can differ significantly, even when they share ideological orientation, are of the same size and operate in the same time period. Theories on the dynamics of terrorist campaigns would benefit from being more sensitive to this. The study also highlights that the demise of a terrorist organization does not necessarily lead to the decline of the terrorist campaign. Therefore, research should look at the development of terrorist activity beyond the lifespan of a single organization. The collective ideological beliefs and goals functioned primarily as a sustaining force, a lens through which the participants interpreted all developments. On the other hand, it appears that the role of ideology should not be overstated. Namely, not all participants in the campaigns under study fully internalized the radical ideology. Rather, their participation was mainly based on their friendship with other participants. Instead of ideology per se, it is more instructive to look at how those involved described their organization, themselves and their role in the revolutionary struggle. In both cases under study, the choice of the terrorist strategy was not merely a result of a cost-benefit calculation, but an important part of the participants’ self-image. Indeed, the way the groups portrayed themselves corresponded closely with the forms of action that they got involved in. Countermeasures and the lack of support were major reasons for the decline of the campaigns. However, what is noteworthy is that the countermeasures would not have had the same kind of impact had it not been for certain weaknesses of the groups themselves. Moreover, besides the direct impact the countermeasures had on the campaign, equally important was how they affected the attitudes of the larger left-wing community and the public in general. In this context, both the attitudes towards the terrorist campaign and the authorities were relevant to the outcome of the campaigns.

Ministers as strategic political leaders? : Strategic political steering after NPM reforms in Finland

This study explores strategic political steering after the New Public Management (NPM) reforms, with emphasis on the new role assigned to Government ministers in Finland. In the NPM model, politicians concentrate on broad, principal issues, while agencies have discretion within the limits set by politicians. In Finland, strategic steering was introduced with Management by Results (MBR), but the actual tools for strategic political steering have been the Government Programme, the Government Strategy Portfolio (GSP) and Frame Budgeting. This study addresses these tools as means of strategic steering conducted by the Cabinet and individual ministers within their respective ministries. The time frame of the study includes the two Lipponen Cabinets between 1995 and 2003. Interviews with fourteen ministers as well as with fourteen top officials were conducted. In addition, administrative reform documents and documents related to strategic steering tools were analysed. The empirical conclusions of the study can be summarised as follows: There were few signs of strategic political steering in the Lipponen Cabinets. Although the Government Programmes of both Cabinets introduced strategic thinking, the strategic guidelines set forth at the beginning of the Programme were not linked to the GSP or to Frame Budgeting. The GSP could be characterised as the collected strategic agendas of each ministry, while there was neither the will nor the courage among Cabinet members to prioritise the projects and to make selections. The Cabinet used Frame Budgeting mainly in the sense of spending limits, not in making strategic allocation decisions. As for the GSP at the departmental level, projects were suggested by top officials, and ministers only approved the suggested list. Frame Budgeting at the departmental level proved to be the most interesting strategic steering tool from ministers viewpoint: they actively participated in defining which issues would need extra financing. Because the chances for extra financing were minimal, ministers had an effect only on a marginal share of the budget. At the departmental level, the study shows that strategic plans were considered the domain of officials. As for strategies concerning specific substances, there was variation in the interest shown by the ministers. A few ministers emphasised the importance of strategic work and led strategy processes. In most cases, however, officials led the process while ministers offered comments on the drafts of strategy documents. The results of this study together with experiences reported in other countries and local politics show that political decision-makers have difficulty operating at the strategic level. The conclusion is that politicians do not have sufficient incentive to perform the strategic role implied by the NPM type of reforms. Overall, the empirical results of the study indicate the power of politics over management reforms.

Globalization and the Political : in the Borderlands with the Zapatista Movement

This study explores the meaning, content and significance of the political as manifest in the Mexican Zapatista movement as historically and geopolitically situated struggle. The case study undertakes a critical analysis of the development, organization, practice and discourse of the movement by drawing on fieldwork experiences, interviews, discussions, documents, films and other material produced by the movement, and the critical engagement with the research of others, especially in Latin America and Mexico. The dissertation poses the need to reconsider what constitutes and what we understand by the political , related particularly to the challenges provided by the critical globalization literature, decolonization and the study of social movements. The analysis encompasses several inter-related levels: the theoretical knowledge regarding the conceptualization of the political; the methodological level, regarding how such research can and should be conducted and knowledge claims formulated given the inescapable context and effects of global power relations; and the substantive level of adding specific information and analytical insights to existing knowledge of the Zapatista movement. As a result of conceptualization of a range of practices and processes, distinct understandings of the political can be underlined. Firstly, the conception of the indigenous and the struggles as indigenous movements as specifically political, not just a cultural or ethnic identity or a static quality but rather, an active consciousness integrally linked both to a longer history of oppression and as political articulation in the concrete context and lived experience of contemporary struggle. Secondly, the practice of autonomy as central to an understanding of the political in the context of the Zapatista struggle as a practical response to the situation of oppression, counter-insurgency, siege and conflict in Chiapas, as well as a positively informed mode of political self-understanding, expression and practice in its own right. Thirdly, the notion of geopolitical positioning as important to understanding of the political that encompasses the historicity of specific context and the power relations which shape that context, developed in two different ways: in regard to the positioning of the researcher and knowledge production with and about the Zapatistas, and in regard to the practice and knowledge of the Zapatistas as a decolonizing force in their encounters, interaction and relations with others, especially the global civil society. Finally, the role of silence, absence, invisibility, revelation and hiding in political practice as a deliberate strategy in response to oppressive power. -

Nationalism Circumscribed : Transnational Governance of Minority Rights in Post-Cold War Europe

For the past two centuries, nationalism has been among the most influential legitimizing principles of political organization. According to its simple definition, nationalism is a principle or a way of thinking and acting which holds that the world is divided into nations, and that national and political units should be congruent. Nationalism can thus be divided into two aspects: internal and external. Internally, the political units, i.e., states, should be made up of only one nation. Externally each nation-state should be sovereign. Transnational national governance of rights of national minorities violates both these principles. This study explores the formation, operation, and effectiveness of the European post-Cold War minorities system. The study identifies two basic approaches to minority rights: security and justice. These approaches have been used to legitimize international minority politics and they also inform the practice of transnational governance. The security approach is based on the recognition that the norm of national self-determination cannot be fulfilled in all relevant cases, and so minority rights are offered as a compensation to the dissatisfied national groups, reducing their aspiration to challenge the status quo. From the justice perspective, minority rights are justified as a compensatory strategy against discrimination caused by majority nation-building. The research concludes that the post-Cold War minorities system was justified on the basis of a particular version of the security approach, according to which only Eastern European minority situations are threatening because of the ethnic variant of nationalism that exists in that region. This security frame was essential in internationalising minority issues and justifying the swift development of norms and institutions to deal with these issues. However, from the justice perspective this approach is problematic, since it justified double standards in European minority politics. Even though majority nation-building is often detrimental to minorities also in Western Europe, Western countries can treat their minorities more or less however they choose. One of the main contributions of this thesis is the detailed investigation of the operation of the post-Cold War minorities system. For the first decade since its creation in the early 1990s, the system operated mainly through its security track, which is based on the field activities of the OSCE that are supported by the EU. The study shows how the effectiveness of this track was based on inter-organizational cooperation in which various transnational actors compensate for each other s weaknesses. After the enlargement of the EU and dissolution of the membership conditionality this track, which was limited to Eastern Europe from the start, has become increasingly ineffective. Since the EU enlargement, the focus minorities system has shifted more and more towards its legal track, which is based on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (Council of Europe). The study presents in detail how a network of like-minded representatives of governments, international organizations, and independent experts was able strengthen the framework convention s (originally weak) monitoring system considerably. The development of the legal track allows for a more universal and consistent, justice-based approach to minority rights in contemporary Europe, but the nationalist principle of organization still severely hinders the materialization of this possibility.

Aspectos económicos de la retirada de tierra en Aragón

Desde 1988, como parte de las medidas adoptadas por la Política Agraria Común (PAC) de la UE, se ha aplicado la retirada de tierras de la producción, diseñada inicialmente como una medida con carácter estabilizador estructural. El tema de retirada de tierras es de vigente actualidad, pues la UE ha optado por el sistema, como una medida coyuntural y voluntaria, a partir de 1992, para limitar los excedentes de producción agrícola. En los cuatro años de aplicación del régimen plurianual de 1988, de retiradas de tierras de la producción, en España, la Comunidad de Aragall es la que ha presentado mayor número de solicitudes para retirar superficies de la producción (41,7% del total seguida por Castilla­ Leal (21,1 %) y Castilla-Mancha (18,5 %). El principal destino solicitado para las 41 592 ha de tierras retiradas de la producción, por los productores en Aragón, fue el barbecho, es decir el sistema tradicional de producción (cereal-barbecho), dada la carencia de acciones que vincularán el programa de retirada de tierras con otras alternativas. tales como los programas de reforestación o siembra de cultivos no alimenticios. La superficie retirada de la producción representó el 4,93 % de la superficie de cereales en Aragón, y está muy por debajo de la media de los países con mayor superficie retirada, como son Holanda, Italia y Alemania con un 16,79 %, 12,75% y 7,85% respectivamente, con respecto a la superficie de cereales, sin embargo es semejante a la media comunitaria (4,39 %) y superior a la media española (0,86 %). Las provincias de Huesca (21 966 ha) y Zaragoza (11 491 ha), presentaron mayor número de solicitudes de hectáreas acogidas, 53 % y 42 % respectivamente. Hay que tener en cuenta que, en ambas provincias, se siembra el 81 %de los cereales de Aragón y que en la provincia de Truel solo se aplicó la medida en dos de sus seis comarcas . La superficie retirada correspondió a la vez al 23 % del total de la superficie de las 795 explotaciones acogidas a la medida. A pesar de ser la Comunidad Autónoma con el mayor porcentaje de solicitudes para retirar tierras, no se acogieron las tierras en regadío más productivas (solo el 18% del área total retirada, 3.389 ha), mientras que las tierras menos productivas o de secano, y por lo tanto con mayor riesgo de pérdidas económicas durante la cosecha, representaron el 92% de la superficie retirada (38 203 ha), de las cuales el 38 % (14 362 ha) correspondió a zonas desfavorecidas y el 62 % (23 841 ha) a zonas de secano no desfavorecidas. Una de las causas de esta situación fue la baja cuantía de las ayudas destinadas a la retirada de tierras, de tal manera que solo resultó atractivo para los productores con explotaciones situadas en zonas marginales. En 1992 a través de las declaraciones efectuadas por los agricultores aragoneses, para la petición de pagos compensatorios, en la aplicación de las nuevas medidas establecidas por la PAC, se ha visto reflejada la información referente al total del superficie retirada en el programa quinquenal de 1988, hasta la campaña agrícola 1992/93. Para el caso de Aragón los agricultores declararon un total de 30 579 ha de barbecho (28 016 ha en cultivos de secano y 2 562 ha en cultivo de regadío) pertenecientes al programa de retirada de tierras de 1988, muy por debajo de las superficies correspondientes a las solicitudes aprobadas (41 592 ha). Con la reforma de la PAC de 1992, se prevé una disminución progresiva y •severa de los precios de intervención de los cultivos herbáceos, con el fin de aproximarlos a los precios mundiales, para compensar las pérdidas de renta por parte de los agricultores se ha establecido un conjunto de ayudas. Estas ayudas tienen diferentes modalidades dependiendo de la consideración de pequeño o mediano y gran agricultor (con un límite entre ambos grupos de 92 t de producción). Los agricultores cuyas explotaciones ‘superan las 92 t de producción están sujetos a la condición de retirar como mínimo un 15% o un 20% de la superficie de cultivos, según escojan el sistema rotacional o no, respectivamente, y hasta un máximo voluntario del 50% de la superficie de cultivos herbáceos a partir de 1994. La superficie basa regional para los cultivos herbáceos de secano, exceptuando el maíz, aprobada por la UE para Aragón, ha sido de 724 000 hectáreas. Esta superficie ha sido superada en un 0,8% en Aragón, para la campaña 1992/93. A la vez el Estado español ha legislado sobre los barbechos tradicionales que se practican en los cultivos de secano, estableciendo índices comarcales, para así evitar que los productores abandonen esta práctica para incrementar las superficies subvenciónales. Hay que destacar el alto porcentaje (57 % sobre la superficie de cereales) que representan los tres tipos de barbechos existentes (barbecho tradicional y barbechos por retirada de tierras, de 1988 y 1992) en los secanos aragoneses, determinando primordialmente por el barbecho tradicional. El 15% de la superficie de tierras retiradas en el sistema rotacional en Aragon, establecida por la Reforma de la PAC en 1992, ha sido de 73 732 ha, por lo que el 78% de la superficie de cereales de secano corresponde a explotaciones con una producción superior a 92 t por lo que con ambos sistemas de retiradas de tierras, se obtendrá prácticamente resultados iguales en Jo referente a la disminución de la producción. Se realiza también un análisis económico de la variación de los ingresos del agricultor, según se acoja o no a la condición de pequeño agricultor, tal como define el programa de retirada de tierras, en el contexto de la PAC de 1992, mediante el cálculo de la superficie umbral. Es decir, la superficie bajo la cual se obtiene el mismo margen bruto por unidad de superficie para los dos sistemas (simplificado y general) de declaración de ayudas y pagos y pagos compensatorios. A efectos de cálculo se utiliza el margen bruto resultante de la diferencia, entre los ingresos obtenidos por el valor de la producción y las ayudas y pagos compensatorios, menos los costos directos pagados en los cultivos de secano en Aragón, considerando que este margen bruto es el que determina la posición competitiva del productor frente al mercado. Para las explotaciones cuyas superficies sean inferiores a la superficie umbral, se obtienen un mayor margen bruto por unidad de superficie realizando la declaración de ayudas en el sistema simplificado que en el sistema general. Una explotación con las características definidas como la una explotación tipo de la comunidad de Aragón (rendimiento medio 1 953 kg/ha), rendimiento regional de referencia 1,8 t/ha y costos medios directos pagados por hectárea de cultivo, con un 75% de cebada y un 25 % de teigo, de 33 275 pts/ha), que siembre cereales de secano, no es rentable retirar tierras de la producción -acogerse al sistema general- para recibir a cambio los pagos y ayudas compensatorios a la producción, cuando la superficie de cultivo no excede las 52,95 ha,49,84 ha y 50,33 ha en las campañas de siembra 1992/93 a 1994/95, respectivamente. Una explotación en la que supera las 92 t de producción, cuando se incrementa el margen bruto por unidad de superficie y disminuyen los rendimientos de referencia regionales, es menos rentable retirar tierras de la producción para recibir las ayudas establecidas por la PAC, a medida que se incrementa la superficie de cultivo de la explotación.

Tiempo kairológico y tradición oculta: la recepción de Walter Benjamin por parte de Hannah Arendt

Introducción: "La investigación titulada Tiempo kairológico y tradición oculta. La recepción del pensamiento de Walter Benjamin por parte de Hannah Arendt propone el esclarecimiento de las cuestiones y de las actitudes teóricas que Hannah Arendt tomó, selectivamente, de Walter Benjamin. Ambos comparten la conciencia del colapso moral y político de la Europa de entreguerras, no menos que la desconfianza ante las categorías de juicio transmitidas por una tradición, a la que no juzgaban vinculante. Discuten los mecanismos compulsivos de la lógica y los juzgan estériles e impropios para comprender y valorar. Impugnan un concepto de historia al que consideran obsoleto e indebido para discernir el significado de las acciones e inadecuado para dar cuenta de la novedad y el acontecimiento. En consecuencia, ambos recalan en “el fragmento y la ruina”, y enaltecen eventos olvidados y des-asidos del contexto referencial habitual. Así, presentan una historiografía fragmentada, compatible con una concepción del tiempo como origen y acontecimiento o, también, como disrupción de la linealidad cronológica. A esta noción llamamos tiempo kairológico..."

El gráfico y las Malvinas. Periodismo deportivo en tiempos de guerra

Introducción: /.../ Uno de los acontecimientos durante el siglo pasado en los que se entremezcló la política con el deporte fue la Guerra de las Malvinas. Entre el 2 de abril y el 14 de junio de 1982, al mismo tiempo que se desarrollaban los hechos en el Atlántico Sur, el deporte argentino siguió su accionar con diferentes resultados. En medio de una feroz campaña mediática, que analizaremos más adelante, los diversos hechos deportivos que tuvieron como protagonistas a los deportistas de nuestro país se vieron reflejados en las páginas de El Gráfico. Dentro de nuestro estudio, consideramos que esa publicación no estuvo al margen de lo que sucedió en Malvinas. Nuestra hipótesis estará centrada en demostrar el apoyo editorial, como un apéndice de lo que Atlántida hizo al mismo tiempo con revistas como Gente y Somos. En resumen, la intención de la editorial en transformar al deporte y sus triunfos como una gesta épica. Y, también, la elección de héroes como vehículos de comunicación de nacionalismo.

Las mujeres cautivas hispano criollas en la frontera pampeano patagónica y río Cuarto en el período 1736-1879

Desde los tiempos de la conquista en el Río de la Plata, la mujer blanca ha sido prenda de interés para las culturas indígenas. La primera crónica “La Argentina manuscrita”, de Ruy Díaz de Guzmán en el siglo XVII, estaba protagonizada por la cautiva española Lucía Miranda, tomada por la fuerza como esposa por el cacique thimbu Siripo. El despecho del cacique frente al rechazo de Lucía, desencadenó la destrucción del fuerte de Sancti Spiritu.1 En 1798, José de Lavardén pondrá el drama en escena teatral en “Siripo”, nuestra primera obra de teatro nacional.2 El drama de Lucía Miranda, de endeble fundamento histórico, persistió como mito, constituyéndose la cautiva, en un símbolo nacional.

Informe de Economía e Instituciones

Resumen: El Informe de Economía e Instituciones cuenta con tres columnas que abordan cuestiones teóricas y de política económica relacionadas con la temática de la economía y las instituciones. En la primera columna, Analizando la crisis del Banco Central, el autor realiza un análisis en dos dimensiones: económico e institucional, de esta cuestión. En primer lugar destaca la importancia del objetivo de estabilidad monetaria entendido de forma integral, lo que implica evitar tanto la inflación como la delación por sus negativas consecuencias económicas y sociales (pobreza y desempleo). Resalta, luego, la independencia institucional del Banco Central como característica fundamental para lograr el objetivo antedicho. En la segunda columna, ¿La política económica argentina: un problema de “reglas versus discrecionalidad”?, el autor hace referencia a la importancia del debate sobre la profesionalización de la política para una democracia sana. Destaca la relevancia de la alternancia como clave de una política económica orientada al Bien Común. Por otro lado destaca la representatividad en un contexto de igualdad de oportunidades como la solución a una alternancia cíclica del sistema político. En la tercera columna, Lecciones del modelo chileno de pensiones, el autor presenta los diferentes incentivos de un sistema privado de jubilaciones y pensiones usando como ejemplo el caso de Chile. Con respecto a la Argentina, parte de la indisciplina fiscal como problema subyacente de nuestro sistema previsional. En este sentido, argumenta su escepticismo con respecto al actual sistema público e indica que el desequilibrio fiscal fue la causa principal del colapso de la reforma de 1994.

La participación política de los intelectuales durante la transición democrática : el Grupo Esmeralda y el prresidente Alfonsín

Resumen: El presente artículo tiene por objeto analizar las relaciones que se establecieron entre un grupo de intelectuales de izquierda y el presidente radical Raúl Alfonsín durante la transición democrática en la Argentina. Se describirán en primer lugar los desplazamientos teóricos de la izquierda intelectual marcados por el exilio mexicano; en segundo lugar, las características del campo cultural en la transición democrática en los ochenta, centrándose en la producción de los intelectuales vinculados con la revista Punto de Vista y el Club de Cultura Socialista y, por último, los vínculos que se establecieron entre el presidente Alfonsín y los intelectuales de la izquierda renovada, analizando los dilemas ético-políticos que debieron enfrentar. La construcción de sentido en torno a un personaje político, en el que los intelectuales veían la posibilidad de que se convirtiera en un moderno líder socialdemócrata, es la hipótesis a partir de la cual intenta explicarse la vinculación, siguiendo las teorías de Pierre Bourdieu.

Alfonso I y Alfonso VII : del condado al reino de Portugal. Jurisdicción, pacto y fronteras en el contexto del imperio leonés

Resumen: Las relaciones entre el condado de Portugal y el reino de León en la segunda mitad del siglo XII únicamente pueden ser entendidas en el contexto de fronteras entre ambos territorios, el tipo de dominio indirecto leonés, pero siempre marcando jurisdicción efectiva, las relaciones de parentesco entre las hijas y los nietos de Alfonso VI de León, y el papado romano en el ejercicio de su auctoritas. Esta ponencia da un nuevo punto de vista a la consolidación del reino de Portugal, dentro del ámbito del Imperium legionense, y de la definitiva separación e independencia del territorio lusitano de la Corona de León.