Priorization of Customer Needs for Paperboard Trays

The objectives of the study were to introduce current issues of chilled and frozen food packaging, priorize certain customer needs and review brand owners’ opinions and ways of actions. Packaging industry and packaged food markets were reviewed. Interviews of food industry brand owners are used as data sources. Analytic hierarchy process was used to prioritize the customer needs. Food packaging, special features of ready meals, chilled and frozen food packaging, packaging industry and packaged food markets in Europe are approached using literature and market reviews and forecasts. In empirical part the customer needs of paperboard trays are prioritized. The most important features for brand owners are related in product safety and environmental issues. Paperboard trays have benefits compared to its competing packaging solutions. Paperboard is recyclable, from renewable source and it has good printability. Emerging issues of packaging technology are biodegradable package, elderly friendly features such as easiness of opening and re-closing possibility, brand protection and tamper evident solutions.

Lineaarisen hammashihnaservokäytön tilasäätö

Tuotantotehokkuus näyttelee yhä suurempaa roolia teollisuudessa, minkä vuoksi myös pakkauslinjas­toille joudutaan asettamaan suuria vaatimuksia. Usein leik­kaus- ja kappaleensiirtosovelluksissa käyte­tään lineaarisia ruuvikäyttöjä, jotka voitaisiin tietyin edellytyksin korvata halvemmilla ja osittain suori­tuskykyisimmillä hammashihnavetoisilla johteilla. Yleensä paikkasäädetty työsolu muodostuu kahden tai kolmen eri koordinaatisto­akselin suuntaan asen­netuista johteista. Tällaisen työsolun paikoitustarkkuuteen vaikuttavat muun muassa käytetty säätöra­kenne, moottorisäätöketjun viiveet, sekä laitteiston eri epälineaarisuudet, kuten kitka. Tässä työssä esitetään lineaarisen hammashihnaservokäytön dynaamista käytöstä kuvaava matemaatti­nen malli ja laaditaan mallin pohjalta laitteen simulointimalli. Mallin toimivuus varmistetaan käytän­nön identifiointitesteillä. Lisäksi työssä tut­kitaan, kuinka hyvään suorituskykyyn lineaarinen hammas­hihnaservokäyttö kyke­nee, jos teollisuudessa paikoitussäätörakenteena tyypillisesti käytetty kaskadira­kenne tai PID-rakenne korvataan kehittyneemmällä mallipohjaisella tilasäädinra­kenteella. Säädön toi­mintaa arvioidaan simulointien ja koelaitteistolla suoritetta­vien mittaus­ten perusteella.

On the longitudinal component of paraxial fields

The analysis of paraxial Gaussian beams features in most undergraduate courses in laser physics, advanced optics and photonics. These beams provide a simple model of the field generated in the resonant cavities of lasers, thus constituting a basic element for understanding laser theory. Usually, uniformly polarized beams are considered in the analytical calculations, with the electric field vibrating at normal planes to the propagation direction. However, such paraxial fields do not verify the Maxwell equations. In this paper we discuss how to overcome this apparent contradiction and evaluate the longitudinal component that any paraxial Gaussian beam should exhibit. Despite the fact that the assumption of a purely transverse paraxial field is useful and accurate, the inclusion of the above issue in the program helps students to clarify the importance of the electromagnetic nature of light, thus providing a more complete understanding of the paraxial approach.

Nestepakkauskartongin kosteuden hallinta

Koska kartonki on hygroskooppista, sen kosteus on riippuvainen ilman lämpötilasta ja suhteellisesta kosteudesta. Liian korkea kosteus kartongissa aiheuttaa jäykkyyden alenemista, kartongin sitkeyttä, sekä pullistuneita pakkauksia kuluttajilla. Kosteusongelmia syntyy varastoinnissa, sekä kylmän rullan käsittelyn aikana lämpimissä tuotantotiloissa. Rullaa tulisi säilyttää tiiviissä paketissa, jotta se olisi suojattu ympäristön vaihtelevilta olosuhteilta. Jos pakkaus ei ole tiivis ja ympäröivä ilma pääsee kontaktiin kartongin kanssa kylmävarastoinnin aikana, nousee kartongin kosteus jo parissa vuorokaudessa yli 7 %:iin ilman lämpötilan ollessa 15 °C ja suhteellisen kosteuden 95 %. Kirjallisuusosan tavoitteena oli kartoittaa tekijät, joilla on vaikutusta kuitujen ominaisuuteen imeä itseensä kosteutta ympäröivästä ilmasta. Kokeellisessa osassa selvitettiin, oliko kartongin kosteuden nousu johtunut tasapainokosteuden nousemisesta. Painopisteenä oli tutkia kosteuden muutokset varastoinnin ja konvertoinnin sekä pakkaustuotteen käytön aikana. Simuloinnin avulla määritettiin kosteuden penetroituminen rullaan. Tutkittiin pakkausmateriaalien vesihöyrytiiveydet ja käärinnän vaikutus rullapakkauksen sisäisiin olosuhteisiin. Nestepakkauskartongin tasapainokosteus ei ollut muuttunut. Käytännön varastointikokeiden avulla havaittiin, että pinon päällimmäinen rulla altistui eniten ympäröivän ilman olosuhteiden muutoksille. Havaittiin myös kosteuseroa tämän rullan reunojen välillä. Mitä lyhyempi on varastointiaika kartongin päällystyksen jälkeen, sitä paremmin ehkäistään kosteuden noususta aiheutuvat haitat kartongissa. Maksimivarastointiaika rullille on 1,5 kuukautta, jolloin kartongin kosteus oli 6,5 % ja pinon päällimmäisessä rullassa noin 6,7 %. Pitkään varastoidusta kartongista valmistetuissa maitotölkeissä oli korkein kosteus, suurin pullistuma ja alhaisin otejäykkyys 10 päivän jälkeen täytöstä. Varastointiajan ollessa pitkä, kartongista tulee sitkeää ja venyvää, ja se sitoo enemmän kosteutta kuin mitä se on sitonut ennen varastoon tuloa. Skaivaus pienentää kosteuspenetraatiota raakakartonkiin, jolloin jäykkyys säilyy ja pullistuma pienenee pakkauksessa.

Current and future trens in the quality control of pharmaceuticals and biopharmaticals : impacts on Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)

[Summary] 2. Roles of quality control in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries. - 2.1. Pharmaceutical industry. - 2.2. Biopharmaceutical industry. - 2.3. Policy and regulatory. - 2.3.1. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). - 2.3.2. The European Medicine Agency (EMEA). - 2.3.3. The Japanese Ministry of Work, Labor and Welfare (MHLW). - 2.3.4. The Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products (Swissmedic). - 2.3.5. The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). - - 3. Types of testing. - 3.1. Microbiological purity tests. - 3.2. Physiochemical tests. - 3.3. Critical to quality steps. - 3.3.1. API starting materials and excipients. - 3.3.2. Intermediates. - 3.3.3. APIs (drug substances) and final drug product. - 3.3.4. Primary and secondary packaging materials fro drug products. - - 4. Manufacturing cost and quality control. - 4.1.1. Pharmaceutical manufacturing cost breakdown. - 4.1.2. Biopharmaceutical manufacturing cost breakdown. - 4.2. Batch failure / rejection / rework / recalls. - - 5. Future trends in the quality control of pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. - 5.1. Rapid and real time testing. - 5.1.1. Physio-chemicals testing. - 5.1.2. Rapid microbiology methods

On the physical realizability of highly focused electromagnetic field distributions

A method to evaluate the physical realizability of an arbitrary three-dimensional vectorial field distribution in the focal area is proposed. A parameter that measures the similarity between the designed (target) field and the physically achievable beam is provided. This analysis is carried out within the framework of the closest electromagnetic field to a given vectorial function, and the procedure is applied to two illustrative cases.

Design of highly focused fields that remain unpolarized on axis

Research on the properties of highly focused fields mainly involved fully polarized light, whereas partially polarized waves received less attention. The aim of this Letter is to provide an appropriate framework, for designing some features of the focused field, when dealing with incoming partially polarized beams. In particular, in this Letter, we describe how to get an unpolarized field on the axis of a high numerical aperture objective lens. Some numerical results that corroborate theoretical predictions are provided.

Chemical profiling: a tool to decipher the structure and organisation of illicit drugs markets: an 8-year study in Western Switzerland

Illicit drug analyses usually focus on the identification and quantitation of questioned material to support the judicial process. In parallel, more and more laboratories develop physical and chemical profiling methods in a forensic intelligence perspective. The analysis of large databases resulting from this approach enables not only to draw tactical and operational intelligence, but may also contribute to the strategic overview of drugs markets. In Western Switzerland, the chemical analysis of illicit drug seizures is centralised in a laboratory hosted by the University of Lausanne. For over 8 years, this laboratory has analysed 5875 cocaine and 2728 heroin specimens, coming from respectively 1138 and 614 seizures operated by police and border guards or customs. Chemical (major and minor alkaloids, purity, cutting agents, chemical class), physical (packaging and appearance) as well as circumstantial (criminal case number, mass of drug seized, date and place of seizure) information are collated in a dedicated database for each specimen. The study capitalises on this extended database and defines several indicators to characterise the structure of drugs markets, to follow-up on their evolution and to compare cocaine and heroin markets. Relational, spatial, temporal and quantitative analyses of data reveal the emergence and importance of distribution networks. They enable to evaluate the cross-jurisdictional character of drug trafficking and the observation time of drug batches, as well as the quantity of drugs entering the market every year. Results highlight the stable nature of drugs markets over the years despite the very dynamic flows of distribution and consumption. This research work illustrates how the systematic analysis of forensic data may elicit knowledge on criminal activities at a strategic level. In combination with information from other sources, such knowledge can help to devise intelligence-based preventive and repressive measures and to discuss the impact of countermeasures.

Optical Encryption using Photon-Counting Polarimetric Imaging

We present a polarimetric-based optical encoder for image encryption and verification. A system for generating random polarized vector keys based on a Mach-Zehnder configuration combined with translucent liquid crystal displays in each path of the interferometer is developed. Polarization information of the encrypted signal is retrieved by taking advantage of the information provided by the Stokes parameters. Moreover, photon-counting model is used in the encryption process which provides data sparseness and nonlinear transformation to enhance security. An authorized user with access to the polarization keys and the optical design variables can retrieve and validate the photon-counting plain-text. Optical experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the encryption method.

Tietovirtojen kehittäminen teollisessa valmistusprosessissa

Työn tavoitteena on analysoida ABB Oy:n Indutiokoneet-tulosyksikön tuotantoprosessin loppuosaa tietovirtojen näkökulmasta ja tutkia miten tiedonkulkua tulisi kehittää valmistusprosessin loppupään tehostamiseksi. Teoreettisena viitekehyksessä vertaillaan prosessinkehittämisen koulukuntia jatkuvaa parantamista ja prosessien suunnittelua ja käsitellään prosessin hallintaan ja kehittämiseen tarvittavia tietovirtoja ja niiden käsitteellistämistä sekä prosessinkehitysprojektin vaiheita. Tarkasteltavaa prosessia lähestytään analysoimalla, miten tutkittava osaprosessi toimii tällä hetkellä ja mitä ongelmia prosessin tiedonkulkuun liittyy. Analyysin pohjalta identifioidaan kahdeksan virhettä prosessissa ja virheiden poistamiseksi kehitystoimenpiteet, jotka liittyvät prosessin tekniseen infrastruktuuriin ja tietotekniseen tukeen sekä prosessin henkilöstön ohjeistukseen. Kehitysehdotusten avulla tarkasteltavassa työyksikössä nykyisin suoritettavia, varsinaisia työvaiheita tukevia vaiheita voidaan poistaa, mikä vapauttaa puolipäiväisen työpanoksen muihin tehtäviin ja pakkausprosessin virheiden väheneminen tuo rahallisia säästöjä kuljetuskustannuksissa.

Drivers and Barriers of Collaboration in the Value Chain of Paperboard-Packed Consumer Goods

Value chain collaboration has been a prevailing topic for research, and there is a constantly growing interest in developing collaborative models for improved efficiency in logistics. One area of collaboration is demand information management, which enables improved visibility and decrease of inventories in the value chain. Outsourcing of non-core competencies has changed the nature of collaboration from intra-enterprise to cross-enterprise activity, and this together with increasing competition in the globalizing markets have created a need for methods and tools for collaborative work. The retailer part in the value chain of consumer packaged goods (CPG) has been studied relatively widely, proven models have been defined, and there exist several best practice collaboration cases. The information and communications technology has developed rapidly, offering efficient solutions and applications to exchange information between value chain partners. However, the majority of CPG industry still works with traditional business models and practices. This concerns especially companies operating in the upstream of the CPG value chain. Demand information for consumer packaged goods originates at retailers' counters, based on consumers' buying decisions. As this information does not get transferred along the value chain towards the upstream parties, each player needs to optimize their part, causing safety margins for inventories and speculation in purchasing decisions. The safety margins increase with each player, resulting in a phenomenon known as the bullwhip effect. The further the company is from the original demand information source, the more distorted the information is. This thesis concentrates on the upstream parts of the value chain of consumer packaged goods, and more precisely the packaging value chain. Packaging is becoming a part of the product with informative and interactive features, and therefore is not just a cost item needed to protect the product. The upstream part of the CPG value chain is distinctive, as the product changes after each involved party, and therefore the original demand information from the retailers cannot be utilized as such – even if it were transferred seamlessly. The objective of this thesis is to examine the main drivers for collaboration, and barriers causing the moderate adaptation level of collaborative models. Another objective is to define a collaborative demand information management model and test it in a pilot business situation in order to see if the barriers can be eliminated. The empirical part of this thesis contains three parts, all related to the research objective, but involving different target groups, viewpoints and research approaches. The study shows evidence that the main barriers for collaboration are very similar to the barriers in the lower part of the same value chain; lack of trust, lack of business case and lack of senior management commitment. Eliminating one of them – the lack of business case – is not enough to eliminate the two other barriers, as the operational model in this thesis shows. The uncertainty of the future, fear of losing an independent position in purchasing decision making and lack of commitment remain strong enough barriers to prevent the implementation of the proposed collaborative business model. The study proposes a new way of defining the value chain processes: it divides the contracting and planning process into two processes, one managing the commercial parts and the other managing the quantity and specification related issues. This model can reduce the resistance to collaboration, as the commercial part of the contracting process would remain the same as in the traditional model. The quantity/specification-related issues would be managed by the parties with the best capabilities and resources, as well as access to the original demand information. The parties in between would be involved in the planning process as well, as their impact for the next party upstream is significant. The study also highlights the future challenges for companies operating in the CPG value chain. The markets are becoming global, with toughening competition. Also, the technology development will most likely continue with a speed exceeding the adaptation capabilities of the industry. Value chains are also becoming increasingly dynamic, which means shorter and more agile business relationships, and at the same time the predictability of consumer demand is getting more difficult due to shorter product life cycles and trends. These changes will certainly have an effect on companies' operational models, but it is very difficult to estimate when and how the proven methods will gain wide enough adaptation to become standards.

Paperboard cup with a window

Packaging has to fulfill a lot of demands and the main purpose is to be able to protect the foodstuff packed inside. Typically requirements set on packaging materials reflect the consumer needs. Based on the consumer studies the importance of product visibility is considered as an important property among consumers. However, making the package more transparent the actual shelf life of the product might be reduced. It might have an effect on sensitive foods which contain ingredients vulnerable to light and start to deteriorate more rapidly. The aim for this Masters of Science Thesis was to develop a paperboard cup with a plastic window where different kind of fatty/dry foodstuffs could be stored. The main target was to be able to create an instruction manual how this kind of cup with a window had to be produced without decreasing air tightness and other barrier properties of cupboard material used as a base board. The focus in this work was on designing a shape of the window and finding critical limits for the size, shape and location of the window in the final paperboard cup. Windows were made by cutting holes with different sizes and shapes to different places in the cup blank by using a model cutter. For the windows one plastic film type was selected due to its low oxygen and water vapour transmission properties. The window film was attached to the cup blank by using hot bar and laser seaming methods. Cup manufacturing was done at Stora Enso InnoCentre, Imatra. As a result critical limits for the place, size and shape of the window could be found. The sealing method had a significant effect on the tightness of the cups. Windows didn’t decrease the grip stiffness of the cup. The cup itself gave better light protection than the plastic film used in the windows. The bigger the window, the less the cup could protect the possible foodstuff. Bursting strength was lower in the windows compared to the cup material itself. From environmental point of view DSD licence fees have to be paid due to the amount of used plastic.When using bigger windows the ratio of plastic to fibres increase. This would raise the DSD fee. However, the amount of material is overall reduced which lowers the fee.

Mahdollisuudet pakkausten hiilijalanjäljen pienentämiseen. Case: Kuituvalos

Ilmastonmuutoksen myötä tuotteiden hiilijalanjälkien laskeminen on yleistynyt. Tässä työssä perehdytään pakkausten aiheuttamiin kasvihuonekaasupäästöihin niiden elinkaaren aikana. Työssä lasketaan hiilijalanjälki myymäläpakkaukselle, joka on valmistettu kuituvaloksesta. Vertailua varten lasketaan hiilijalanjälki paisutetusta polystyreenistä valmistetulle pakkaukselle samassa käyttötarkoituksessa. Tavoitteena on selvittää, miten pakkausten kasvihuonekaasutaseet eroavat toisistaan, ja mitkä elinkaaren aikaiset vaiheet muodostavat merkittävimmät päästöt. Työssä käytetään PAS 2050 -ohjeistusta hiilijalanjäljen laskentaan. Laskennassa on huomioitu suorien ja epäsuorien päästöjen lisäksi myös vältetyt päästöt. Tulosten mukaan materiaalien välisen paremmuuden ratkaisee käytetty jätteenkäsittelytapa. Mikäli kuituvalos kierrätetään, on sen hiilijalanjälki paisutettua polystyreeniä (EPS) pienempi. Tarkastellut jätteenkäsittelytavat EPS:lle olivat kaatopaikkasijoitus ja energiahyötykäyttö. Mikäli kuituvalos kompostoidaan tai käytetään hyödyksi energiana, on sen hiilijalanjälki suurempi kuin EPS:n. Kuituvaloksella selkeästi merkittävimmäksi kasvihuonekaasujen aiheuttajaksi osoittautui pakkauksen valmistusvaihe. EPS:llä merkittäviä vaiheita olivat raaka-aineen tuotanto ja kuljetukset. Tulokset antavat kuvan materiaalien ilmastonmuutospotentiaalista, mutta on huomioitava, ettei hiilijalanjälkitarkastelussa huomioida muita pakkausten ympäristövaikutuksia niiden elinkaaren ajalta.

Palveluinnovaatiot ja tuotteistaminen

Työn tavoitteena on luoda selkeä kuvaus teollisuuden business-to-business – palveluliiketoiminnan palveluista ja palveluiden tuotteistamisesta sekä tuoda esille innovatiivisten palveluiden tuotteistamisen erityispiirteet. Kirjallisuutta hyödyntämällä työssä tarkastellaan palveluinnovaatioiden erityispiirteitä, tuotteistamista sekä palvelun tuotteistusprosessissa huomioitavia osa-alueita. Työssä vertaillaan kirjallisuudessa esitettyjä tuotteistusprosessimalleja toisiinsa ja tuodaan esille mallien keskeisimmät ominaispiirteet ja eroavaisuudet. Työn tuloksena luotiin teollisuuden business-to-business – palveluliiketoiminnan innovatiivisille palveluille soveltuva tuotteistusprosessimalli, jossa huomioidaan innovatiivisten palveluiden vaatimukset ja erityispiirteet. Malli on esimerkki siitä, kuinka uusien innovatiivisten palveluiden erityispiirteet voidaan huomioida palvelun tuotteistusprosessissa. Uusien innovatiivisten palveluiden tuottamisen voidaan nähdä vaikuttavan yrityksen koko toimintaan ja yrityskulttuuriin. Innovatiivisia ominaisuuksia sisältävän uuden palvelun tuotteistusprosessissa oleellista on huomioida asiakkaan tarpeet, asiakkaan ja palveluntarjoajan tiivis vuorovaikutus koko tuotteistusprosessin ajan sekä tarve muuttaa prosesseja ja organisaation rakenteita mahdollisen uuden palveluinnovaation luomiseksi.

The modular forming press for paperboard packages

In this master’s thesis the structural and functional features of a forming tool are developed to meet the needs of modern packaging production for paperboard packaging are studied. The goal of the study is to develop a new type of machine for the manufacture of the paperboard package by pressing. In the structure of the developed forming press the possibility to modify the packaging as well as the requirements of industrial production, food hygiene and other operational matters are accounted for. The press has been sized based on the main dimensions of a single food-grade paperboard tray. In the LUT Packaging Laboratory the forming press is designed suitable for on-line operation. In addition, suggestions for further development of packaging line and equipment have been made based on the information gathered during this thesis study.