We must become gatekeepers : editing indigenous writing

With the proliferation of Indigenous texts currently published by specialist and mainstream publishers, non-Indigenous editors increasingly find themselves negotiating the uncomfortable territories of race, politics and power for which current training (in an Australian context) leaves them poorly prepared. Indigenous writer Anita Heiss advocates the employment of Indigenous editors as an 'ideal' solution, though few are currently working in the Australian industry. Margaret McDonell, an experienced non-Indigenous editor of Indigenous texts, suggests non-Indigenous editors need to 'undertake a journey of learning' during which 'assumptions, biases, tastes and preconceptions' are examined. Yet this presents a difficult task within a postcolonial society, when, as identified by Clare Bradford, even the classification of texts into genres such as fiction and the short story represents an entirely Eurocentric construct, 'not readily correspond[ing] with Aboriginal schemata'. The Australian Society of Authors' discussion paper 'Writing about Indigenous Australia: Some Issues to Consider and Protocols to Follow' provides practical guidelines that may be adapted for editorial use. This article canvasses these and other ideas with a focus on establishing an ethical and appropriately sensitive cross-cultural approach to editing Indigenous writing.

Differential tumor necrosis factor receptor 2-mediated editing of virus-specific CD8+ effector T cells

Much of the CD8+ T cell response in H2b mice with influenza pneumonia is directed at the nucleoprotein366-374 (NP366) and acid polymerase224-233 (PA224) peptides presented by the H2Db MHC class I glycoprotein. These DbNP366- and DbPA224-specific T cell populations are readily analyzed by staining with tetrameric complexes of MHC+ peptide (tetramers) or by cytokine production subsequent to in vitro stimulation with the cognate peptides. The DbPA224-specific CD8+ effector T cells make more tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α than the comparable CD8+DbNP366+ set, a difference reflected in the greater sensitivity of the CD8+DbPA224+ population to TNF receptor (TNFR) 2-mediated apoptosis under conditions of in vitro culture. Freshly isolated CD8+DbNP366+ and CD8+DbPA224+ T cells from influenza-infected TNFR2-/- mice produce higher levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α after in vitro stimulation with peptide, although the avidity of the T cell receptor-epitope interaction does not change. Increased numbers of both CD8+DbPA224+ and CD8+DbNP366+ T cells were recovered from the lungs (but not the spleens) of secondarily challenged TNFR2-/- mice, a pattern that correlates with the profiles of TNFR expression in the TNFR2+/+ controls. Thus, it seems that TNFR2-mediated editing of influenza-specific CD8+ T cells functions to limit the numbers of effectors that have localized to the site of pathology in the lung but does not modify the size of the less activated responder T cell populations in the spleen. Therefore, the massive difference in magnitude for the secondary, although not the primary, response to these DbNP366 and DbPA224 epitopes cannot be considered to reflect differential TNFR2-mediated T cell editing.

OVIE : object-oriented and vector-based image editing

A powerful image editing system called OVIE is described, which provides fast and accurate creation, composition, rendering and other manipulation of image contents. Flexibility and convenience of the system are achieved by including two modules: image decomposition and image vectorization to understand and represent an image respectively. To understand an image comprehensively, we propose to integrate image segmentation, shape completion and image completion techniques to ensure a seamless image editing. An array of pixels is replaced by vector data with geometric edit ability for image representation since the geometrically-based editing has physical meanings and thus it is more natural or intuitive for users to edit. Compared to the existing works, our system is more convenient and can generate effects with higher quality. © 2012 IEEE.

Collaborative authorship in film production: Walter Murch and film editing

Filmmaking is frequently cited as the most collaborative of all arts, yet for the most part, mainstream and scholarly literature have received films as the creative voice of just one artist – the director. The reasons for this are many: general ignorance of how films are made; the hijacking of film theory by literary theory, and the continuing popularity of the myth of the Romantic Artist as solitary genius are some of them. The case for collaborative authorship has gained momentum since the 1980s as studies on the production of individual films, actors, production companies and the history of the film industry as a whole have proliferated and drawn attention to the disparities between how films are perceived and how they are actually made. This article analyses collaboration in film production culture through examination of the role of the film editor. Concentrating specifically on the film/sound editor and mixer Walter Murch, it examines his role as a collaborative author in his early work with director Francis Ford Coppola and his later work with English director Anthony Minghella.

Checkedit system: an interactive microcomputer program for editing and correction of demographic survey data, versión 1.00

Descripción del sistema Checkedit, desarrollado por CELADE para detección de errores en archivos secuenciales, de acuerdo a reglas establecidas por el usuario.

Mechanism of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in philadelphia-positive acute lymphblastic leukaemia (all): from genetic alterations to impaired RNA editing

The Ph chromosome is the most frequent cytogenetic aberration associated with adult ALL and it represents the single most significant adverse prognostic marker. Despite imatinib has led to significant improvements in the treatment of patients with Ph+ ALL, in the majority of cases resistance developed quickly and disease progressed. Some mechanisms of resistance have been widely described but the full knowledge of contributing factors, driving both the disease and resistance, remains to be defined. The observation of rapid development of lymphoblastic leukemia in mice expressing altered Ikaros (Ik) isoforms represented the background of this study. Ikaros is a zinc finger transcription factor required for normal hemopoietic differentiation and proliferation, particularly in the lymphoid lineages. By means of alternative splicing, Ikaros encodes several proteins that differ in their abilities to bind to a consensus DNA-binding site. Shorter, DNA nonbinding isoforms exert a dominant negative effect, inhibiting the ability of longer heterodimer partners to bind DNA. The differential expression pattern of Ik isoforms in Ph+ ALL patients was analyzed in order to determine if molecular abnormalities involving the Ik gene could associate with resistance to imatinib and dasatinib. Bone marrow and peripheral blood samples from 46 adult patients (median age 55 yrs, 18-76) with Ph+ ALL at diagnosis and during treatment with imatinib (16 pts) or dasatinib (30 pts) were collected. We set up a fast, high-throughput method based on capillary electrophoresis technology to detect and quantify splice variants. 41% Ph+ ALL patients expressed high levels of the non DNA-binding dominant negative Ik6 isoform lacking critical N-terminal zinc-fingers which display abnormal subcellular compartmentalization pattern. Nuclear extracts from patients expressed Ik6 failed to bind DNA in mobility shift assay using a DNA probe containing an Ikaros-specific DNA binding sequence. In 59% Ph+ ALL patients there was the coexistence in the same PCR sample and at the same time of many splice variants corresponded to Ik1, Ik2, Ik4, Ik4A, Ik5A, Ik6, Ik6 and Ik8 isoforms. In these patients aberrant full-length Ikaros isoforms in Ph+ ALL characterized by a 60-bp insertion immediately downstream of exon 3 and a recurring 30-bp in-frame deletion at the end of exon 7 involving most frequently the Ik2, Ik4 isoforms were also identified. Both the insertion and deletion were due to the selection of alternative splice donor and acceptor sites. The molecular monitoring of minimal residual disease showed for the first time in vivo that the Ik6 expression strongly correlated with the BCR-ABL transcript levels suggesting that this alteration could depend on the Bcr-Abl activity. Patient-derived leukaemia cells expressed dominant-negative Ik6 at diagnosis and at the time of relapse, but never during remission. In order to mechanistically demonstrated whether in vitro the overexpression of Ik6 impairs the response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and contributes to resistance, an imatinib-sensitive Ik6-negative Ph+ ALL cell line (SUP-B15) was transfected with the complete Ik6 DNA coding sequence. The expression of Ik6 strongly increased proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in TKI sensitive cells establishing a previously unknown link between specific molecular defects that involve the Ikaros gene and the resistance to TKIs in Ph+ ALL patients. Amplification and genomic sequence analysis of the exon splice junction regions showed the presence of 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): rs10251980 [A/G] in the exon2/3 splice junction and of rs10262731 [A/G] in the exon 7/8 splice junction in 50% and 36% of patients, respectively. A variant of the rs11329346 [-/C], in 16% of patients was also found. Other two different single nucleotide substitutions not recognized as SNP were observed. Some mutations were predicted by computational analyses (RESCUE approach) to alter cis-splicing elements. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that the post-transcriptional regulation of alternative splicing of Ikaros gene is defective in the majority of Ph+ ALL patients treated with TKIs. The overexpression of Ik6 blocking B-cell differentiation could contribute to resistance opening a time frame, during which leukaemia cells acquire secondary transforming events that confer definitive resistance to imatinib and dasatinib.

Metadata editing: un'implementazione per Open Office

The purpose of this thesis is to enhance the functionalities of GAFFE, a flexible, interactive and user-friendly application for editing metadata in office documents by supporting different ontologies stored inside and outside of the digital document, by adding new views and forms and by improving its ease of use.

Una libreria OpenGL per la selezione e editing di mesh poligonali

Nel mondo Open Source, la libreria grafica OpenGL è oggi ampiamente utilizzata in svariati settori come l'animazione 2D/3D, la modellazione CAD o nello sviluppo di videogiochi. A causa dei suoi innumerevoli usi e dell'astrazione che OpenGL permette di ottenere su diversi ambienti grafici, lo sviluppatore - che la utilizza - è vincolato a cercare librerie di supporto al fine di sfruttarne al meglio le potenzialità. Questa tesi si configura su questi presupposti, presentando una libreria di selezione e editing di mesh 3D basata su OpenGL. La libreria, chiamata libEditMesh, sfrutta il meccanismo geometrico del RayPicking permettendo all'utilizzatore di identificare col mouse punti, facce e lati di solidi in scena. La tesi si articola sostanzialmente in due parti: nella prima vengono proposte alcune soluzioni ad-hoc sviluppate su applicazioni già esistenti nel panorama openSource, e non; nella seconda vengono esposti gli algoritmi e funzioni implementate in libEditMesh.

Traduzione assistita, manuale e post-editing: Un progetto di analisi comparativa per la traduzione in italiano di ricette di cucina in lingua francese.

Nel mondo della traduzione non sempre si può guardare esclusivamente alla qualità del testo di arrivo: ci sono scenari traduttivi, come quello oggetto del presente elaborato, in cui è necessario tener conto di altri fattori, in primis i costi per il committente e la produttività del traduttore. Con questo elaborato intendo dimostrare che per lo scenario traduttivo preso in esame, ossia la traduzione per un sito web di una grande quantità di ricette da parte di traduttori diversi, l’ausilio di un programma di traduzione assistita è da preferire, per produttività, coerenza traduttiva e contenimento dei costi, alla traduzione manuale e al post-editing della traduzione automatica. Per tale scopo, ho tradotto una ricetta con ciascuna di queste metodologie di lavoro, così da poterle mettere a confronto e potermi pronunciare, a seguito di un'analisi approfondita, circa il metodo migliore per lo scenario descritto.

Perceived difficulty and time effectiveness in translation: a comparison of machine translation post-editing and translation memory use

Con il presente studio si è inteso analizzare l’impatto dell’utilizzo di una memoria di traduzione (TM) e del post-editing (PE) di un output grezzo sul livello di difficoltà percepita e sul tempo necessario per ottenere un testo finale di alta qualità. L’esperimento ha coinvolto sei studenti, di madrelingua italiana, del corso di Laurea Magistrale in Traduzione Specializzata dell’Università di Bologna (Vicepresidenza di Forlì). I partecipanti sono stati divisi in tre coppie, a ognuna delle quali è stato assegnato un estratto di comunicato stampa in inglese. Per ogni coppia, ad un partecipante è stato chiesto di tradurre il testo in italiano usando la TM all’interno di SDL Trados Studio 2011. All’altro partecipante è stato chiesto di fare il PE completo in italiano dell’output grezzo ottenuto da Google Translate. Nei casi in cui la TM o l’output non contenevano traduzioni (corrette), i partecipanti avrebbero potuto consultare Internet. Ricorrendo ai Think-aloud Protocols (TAPs), è stato chiesto loro di riflettere a voce alta durante lo svolgimento dei compiti. È stato quindi possibile individuare i problemi traduttivi incontrati e i casi in cui la TM e l’output grezzo hanno fornito soluzioni corrette; inoltre, è stato possibile osservare le strategie traduttive impiegate, per poi chiedere ai partecipanti di indicarne la difficoltà attraverso interviste a posteriori. È stato anche misurato il tempo impiegato da ogni partecipante. I dati sulla difficoltà percepita e quelli sul tempo impiegato sono stati messi in relazione con il numero di soluzioni corrette rispettivamente fornito da TM e output grezzo. È stato osservato che usare la TM ha comportato un maggior risparmio di tempo e che, al contrario del PE, ha portato a una riduzione della difficoltà percepita. Il presente studio si propone di aiutare i futuri traduttori professionisti a scegliere strumenti tecnologici che gli permettano di risparmiare tempo e risorse.

RNA editing in kinetoplastids

RNA editing in kinetoplastid protozoa is a post-transcriptional process of uridine insertion or deletion in mitochondrial mRNAs. The process involves two RNA species, the pre-edited mRNA and in most cases a trans-acting guide RNA (gRNA). Sequences within gRNAs define the position and extend of mRNA editing. Both mRNAs and gRNAs are encoded by mitochondrial genes in the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), which consists of thousands of small circular DNA molecules, called minicircles, encoding thousands of gRNAs, catenated together and with a few mRNA encoding larger circles, the maxicircles, to form a huge DNA network. Editing has been shown to result in translatable mRNAs of bona fide mitochondrial genes as well as novel alternatively edited transcripts that are involved in the maintenance of the kDNA itself. RNA editing occurs within large protein-RNA complexes, editosomes, containing gRNA, preedited and partially edited mRNAs and also structural and catalytically active proteins. Editosomes are diverse in both RNA and protein composition and undergoe structural remodeling during the maturation. The compositional and structural diversity of editosomes further underscores the complexity of the RNA editing process.