Plan de formación para usuarios de la informática en la enseñanza media aplicado a la resolución de problemas relevantes.

El objetivo principal del trabajo es conseguir que el educador de nivel medio tenga una actitud informática positiva que le permita analizar las posibilidades y limitaciones del uso del ordenador así como sus aplicaciones didácticas en las distintas disciplinas. La propuesta parte de una serie de conclusiones a las que se ha llegado por medio de reuniones internacionales en Iberoamérica sobre el tema 'Informática y Educación', y del punto de vista de Jorge Schmitt. Describe en términos generales, la situación contextual de la enseñanza media en Argentina y presenta el modelo de Fishbein y Ajzen para la formación de actitudes. Analiza los componentes estratégicos para el diseño de la formación del profesorado de enseñanza media de Salta y realiza una reflexión acerca de las posibilidades y dificultades que tendría a la hora de llevarse a la práctica, planteando algunas alternativas. Finalmente expone varios ejemplos de aplicaciones didácticas del ordenador para abordar problemas relevantes de enseñanza-aprendizaje en distintas materias y áreas (matemáticas, física, química y lengua).

Estudio sobre hábitos de actividad física saludable en niños de Educación Primaria de Jaén capital.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

La evaluación de las actitudes ante el aprendizaje de los estudiantes universitarios : el cuestionario CEVAPU.

Monográfico con el título: 'Tutoría virtual y e-moderación en red'. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Modelling risk perception and trust in food safety information within the theory of planned behaviour

This study suggests a statistical strategy for explaining how food purchasing intentions are influenced by different levels of risk perception and trust in food safety information. The modelling process is based on Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behaviour and includes trust and risk perception as additional explanatory factors. Interaction and endogeneity across these determinants is explored through a system of simultaneous equations, while the SPARTA equation is estimated through an ordered probit model. Furthermore, parameters are allowed to vary as a function of socio-demographic variables. The application explores chicken purchasing intentions both in a standard situation and conditional to an hypothetical salmonella scare. Data were collected through a nationally representative UK wide survey of 533 UK respondents in face-to-face, in-home interviews. Empirical findings show that interactions exist among the determinants of planned behaviour and socio-demographic variables improve the model's performance. Attitudes emerge as the key determinant of intention to purchase chicken, while trust in food safety information provided by media reduces the likelihood to purchase. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Eliciting consumer preferences for certified animal-friendly foods: can elements of the theory of planned behavior improve choice experiment analysis?

Models used in neoclassical economics assume human behaviour to be purely rational. On the other hand, models adopted in social and behavioural psychology are founded on the ‘black box’ of human cognition. In view of these observations, this paper aims at bridging this gap by introducing psychological constructs in the well established microeconomic framework of choice behaviour based on random utility theory. In particular, it combines constructs developed employing Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour with Lancaster’s theory of consumer demand for product characteristics to explain stated preferences over certified animal-friendly foods. To reach this objective a web survey was administered in the largest five EU-25 countries: France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK. Findings identify some salient cross-cultural differences between northern and southern Europe and suggest that psychological constructs developed using the Ajzen model are useful in explaining heterogeneity of preferences. Implications for policy makers and marketers involved with certified animal-friendly foods are discussed.

Social ideological influences on reported food consumption and BMI

Background : The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between ideological beliefs, perceptions of the importance of health behaviours, health attitudes, food consumption, and Body Mass Index (BMI). A behavioural model was hypothesized based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975).

Methods : A survey was conducted among shoppers aged between 40 and 70 years at Eastland Shopping Centre, Melbourne, Australia. The hypothesized model was tested with this empirical data (n = 410) for younger (n = 151) and older (n = 259) age groups using structural equation modelling.

Results : The findings generally support the study hypotheses. For both groups, egalitarianism had a direct and positive influence on perceptions of the importance of health behaviours. Materialism and masculinity impacted negatively on health attitudes, which positively influenced importance of health behaviours. Perceptions of importance of health behaviours impacted positively on the consumption of healthy foods such as vegetables and fruits, but negatively on consumption of unhealthy foods including sweets and fats. However, BMI was significantly influenced by the consumption of unhealthy foods (e.g., sugar and fats) only for the younger age group. Hence, the associations between beliefs, attitudes, consumption behaviours, and BMI outcomes differed between younger and older age populations.

Conclusion : Social ideological beliefs appear to influence health attitudes and thereafter, the consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods and BMI via different pathways.

Valores, atitudes e intenção empreendedora: um estudo com universitários brasileiros e cabo-verdianos

A presente pesquisa apresentou como seu objetivo principal verificar as relações entre valores, atitude em relação ao empreendedorismo (AE) e intenção empreendedora (IE) em um estudo comparativo com universitários de graduação em Administração das Cinco Regiões Brasileiras e Cabo Verde. O instrumento de pesquisa foi composto por um questionário sócio demográfico, a escala de Valores Humanos – Questionário de Perfis de Valores de Schwartz(2001) e o Questionário de Intenção Empreendedora de Liñán & Chen (2009). Após o consentimento livre e informado, os alunos responderam o instrumento de pesquisa, perfazendo um total de 1561 respostas válidas. Os dados foram tabulados e analisados nos Softwares: SPSS 21 e AMOS 21 para a produção de Estatísticas Descritivas, Análises de Confiabilidade, Análises de Correlação, Análise de Variância (ANOVA), Gráficos, Análise Fatorial Confirmatória e Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (SEM). Os modelos utilizaram a Teoria de Ação Racional (FISHBEIN & AJZEN,1971) e Teoria do Comportamento Planejado(AJZEN,1991), testando o impacto dos valores nas atitudes e intenções. Os resultados indicaram que os valores de Estimulação, Poder e Hedonismo foram tiveram os maiores efeitos na IE e na AE. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas entre os gêneros, com os homens apresentando maior IE e AE. Diferenças regionais foram encontradas. Limitações, implicações práticas e teóricas, além de sugestões para pesquisas futuras são apresentadas.

Farmacêuticos e suas atividades em farmácias comunitárias: uma análise de perfil

The aim of this study was to establish the profile of the pharmacist technician responsible for community pharmacies in the city of Natal/RN, featuring personal elements, perceived their role and place of pharmaceutical care, levels of job satisfaction, type and quality of services provided in human and structural framework. To that end, we made an exploratory cross-sectional study applying a questionnaire containing open and closed questions, which was applied to pharmaceutical technicians responsible for community pharmacies in Natal/RN, from September 2010 to September 2011. The sample was established by calculating the simple random sample, with a confidence level of 95% and a significance level of 0.05. To evaluate the satisfaction level of the activities performed by pharmacists in community pharmacies was used Simple Satisfaction Scale (Likert, 1935). To assess the attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists in relation to aspects of pharmaceutical care, we used the Model Attitude toward the object (Fishbein, Ajzen, 1975). The answers were converted into data were analyzed statistically using Epi Info 3.5.2 The results showed that the strengths and weaknesses in relation to the profile of the pharmacist and their activities in community pharmacies in Natal/RN are not different in other cities in the country . The most important aspects were: 51% (n = 90) of the establishments visited, the pharmacist was absent; 46% (n = 80) did not have postgraduate and of those who are or have completed 33% (n = 51) are in the area of Clinical Analysis; 56% (n = 98) 08h for day work and 64% (n = 111) claim that this load influence its performance; 83% (n = 146) receive as salary, the floor pharmacist regarding the state of Rio Grande do Norte; 44% (n = 76) are unhappy about the salary, which is the main difficulty cited; 78% (n = 136) say they are always sought by users and the receptivity of these considered good (52%, n = 91). The activities of higher satisfaction are those related to pharmaceutical care and lower the administrative. As regards attitudes and perceptions, the score was more negative to the question 'if the pharmacist feels working as a team with the doctor', in which 59% (n = 103) responded 'never'. 49% (n = 86) reported being "able" to take questions from users and 39% (n = 68) are 'dissatisfied' with respect to the structure of the practice of pharmacy to pharmaceutical care. Action is needed on the obstacles to the exercise of the pharmacist in the solution and minimize the negative and positive stimulus to

Estudo comparativo dos métodos de ultra-sonografia, tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética no estadiamento e invasão das estruturas adjacentes por tumores renais.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasonography (US), Computed Tomography (CT), and Magnetic Resonance imaging (MR) were compared for the staging of renal tumors. The differences between these imaging techniques were also studied for their ability to detect adenopathies, vascular invasion, distant intra-abdominal metastases, and particularly adjacent organ invasion. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with solid or complex renal masses were prospectively studied using US, CT, and MR. Differences between the results obtained were studied using the COCHRAN G test and the McNEMAR test. The sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic technique were compared against a gold standard of the surgical and histopathological findings. RESULTS: The following sensitivities were obtained: For the detection of adenopathy, US 63.6%, CT and MR 90.9%. For vascular invasion, US 42.8%, CT and MR 85.7%. For the adjacent organ invasion, US 28.5%, CT 85.7%, and MR 71.4%. Some of the criteria that suggest invasion of adjacent structures include: the envelopment of the adjacent structures by the tumor, tumor extension into the adjacent structures with an irregular appearance, and alterations in shape, size, and density of adjacent structures. Loss of fat planes between the tumor and adjacent structures is not a sign of tumor invasion. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found in the detection capacity of US in relation to CT and MR, which were similar. All three techniques were highly sensitive and specific only in the detection of distant abdominal metastases. In addition to the accuracy of these diagnostic modalities for the detection and staging of tumors, invasiveness, risks and cost should be considered in relation to relative costs and benefits.

Comparison of imaging methods for diagnosis of renal tumors and their calcifications

Background: To establish the best methodology for diagnosis and management of patients with solid and complex renal masses by comparing the costs and benefits of different imaging methods and to improve differential diagnosis of these benign and malignant lesions, particularly by investigating tumour calcifications. Methods: We performed a prospective study on 31 patients with solid or complex masses by submitting them to Abdominal Ultrasonography (US), Doppler Ultrasonography of the renal mass (US Dop), Computed Tomography (CT), and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Results: We found 28 patients with malignant and three with benign masses. Of the 28 malignant, 17 showed calcifications at CT; 16 central and one was of the pure peripheral curvilinear type (egg shell). Excretory Urography (IVP) had a significantly lower detection rate for central calcifications than both US and CT. Benign and malignant masses appeared as described in literature, with US, CT and MRI showing high sensitivity and specificity in renal tumor diagnosis. The exception was US Dop where we obtained lower sensitivity for the characterization of malignant tumor flow. Conclusions: In this series we were surprised to find that CT revealed central calcifications in 51.6% of patients, all with malignant lesions, while, literature reports a frequency of calcification in renal cell carcinoma between 8 and 22%, in studies using abdominal films and EU (IVP). This finding is of great importance when we consider that these calcifications occur particularly in malignant neoplasms. As a result of comparing these different imaging methods we have developed a better methodology for renal tumor investigation.

Analysis by MRI of Residual Tumor After Radiofrequency Ablation for Early Stage Breast Cancer

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of MRI in the detection of possible residual lesions after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in the treatment of breast cancer. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. We prospectively evaluated 14 patients who had undergone ultrasound-guided core biopsies diagnostic of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC; range of diameters, 1.0-3.0 cm) and then ultrasound-guided percutaneous RFA with sentinel node biopsy as the primary treatment. Breast MRI was performed 1 week before RFA to evaluate tumor extension and again 3 weeks after RFA to verify the presence of possible residual lesions. Conventional surgical resection of the tumors was performed 1 week after RFA. The MRI findings were compared with histopathologic analyses to confirm the presence or absence of residual tumor. RESULTS. There was no residual enhancement in seven lesions on the postablation breast MRI scans. These findings were confirmed by negative histopathologic findings in the surgical specimens. The MRI scans of five patients showed small areas of irregular enhancement that corresponded to residual lesions. In the two remaining patients, we observed enhancement of almost the entire lesion, indicating that RFA had failed. CONCLUSION. Breast MRI is effective in detecting residual lesions after RFA in patients with IDC.

In vitro study on radiographic gray levels of biomaterials using two digital image methods

PURPOSE: To compare the direct and indirect radiographic methods for assessing the gray levels of biomaterials employing the Digora for Windows and the Adobe Photoshop CS2 systems. METHODS: Specimens of biomaterials were made following manusfacturer's instructions and placed on phosphor storage plates (PSP) and on radiographic film for subsequent gray level assessment using the direct and indirect radiographic method, respectively. The radiographic density of each biomaterial was analyzed using Adobe Photoshop CS2 and Digora for Windows software. RESULTS: The distribution of gray levels found using the direct and indirect methods suggests that higher exposure times are correlated to lower reproducibility rates between groups. CONCLUSION: The indirect method is a feasible alternative to the direct method in assessing the radiographic gray levels of biomaterials, insofar as significant reproducibility was observed between groups for the exposure times of 0.2 to 0.5 seconds.

Do Academic and Private Entrepreneurs differ? An empirical analysis of the Micro-Foundation of Entrepreneurial Orientation

This Doctoral Thesis focuses on the study of individual behaviours as a result of organizational affiliation. The objective is to assess the Entrepreneurial Orientation of individuals proving the existence of a set of antecedents to that measure returning a structural model of its micro-foundation. Relying on the developed measurement model, I address the issue whether some Entrepreneurs experience different behaviours as a result of their academic affiliation, comparing a sample of ‘Academic Entrepreneurs’ to a control sample of ‘Private Entrepreneurs’ affiliated to a matched sample of Academic Spin-offs and Private Start-ups. Building on the Theory of the Planned Behaviour, proposed by Ajzen (1991), I present a model of causal antecedents of Entrepreneurial Orientation on constructs extensively used and validated, both from a theoretical and empirical perspective, in sociological and psychological studies. I focus my investigation on five major domains: (a) Situationally Specific Motivation, (b) Personal Traits and Characteristics, (c) Individual Skills, (d) Perception of the Business Environment and (e) Entrepreneurial Orientation Related Dimensions. I rely on a sample of 200 Entrepreneurs, affiliated to a matched sample of 72 Academic Spin-offs and Private Start-ups. Firms are matched by Industry, Year of Establishment and Localization and they are all located in the Emilia Romagna region, in northern Italy. I’ve gathered data by face to face interviews and used a Structural Equation Modeling technique (Lisrel 8.80, Joreskog, K., & Sorbom, D. 2006) to perform the empirical analysis. The results show that Entrepreneurial Orientation is a multi-dimensional micro-founded construct which can be better represented by a Second-Order Model. The t-tests on the latent means reveal that the Academic Entrepreneurs differ in terms of: Risk taking, Passion, Procedural and Organizational Skills, Perception of the Government, Context and University Supports. The Structural models also reveal that the main differences between the two groups lay in the predicting power of Technical Skills, Perceived Context Support and Perceived University Support in explaining the Entrepreneurial Orientation Related Dimensions.

OGM e consumatore: il ruolo della conoscenza e della fiducia nelle fonti d'informazione attraverso la Teoria del Comportamento Pianificato

Il lavoro presentato si propone di fornire un contributo all'implementazione di indagini finalizzate a misurare l'evoluzione delle intenzioni d'acquisto del consumatore italiano nei confronti degli OGM, data anche l'impossibilità  al momento di avere indicazioni e dati sul comportamento (vista la quasi totale assenza dei prodotti OGM nella distribuzione, se si eccettuano i prodotti d'allevamento di animali alimentati con OGM per cui non è previsto nessun obbligo di etichettatura). Le coltivazioni transgeniche (Organismi Geneticamente Modificati) si stanno diffondendo abbastanza rapidamente nel contesto mondiale, dal 1996, primo anno in cui sono uscite dalla fase sperimentale, ad oggi. Nel 2008 la superficie globale delle colture biotech è stata di 125 milioni di ettari, circa il 9% in più rispetto ai 114 milioni del 2007, mentre il numero dei Paesi che hanno adottato varietà  GM è giunto a 25. Di questi sono soprattutto Usa, Canada, Argentina, Brasile, Cina e India a trainare la crescita; le colture più diffuse sono soia, mais, cotone e colza, prodotti destinati principalmente al segmento feed e al segmento no-food e solo in minima parte al segmento food (cioè all'alimentazione diretta umana). Molte più resistenze ha incontrato tale sviluppo nei Paesi dell'Unione europea. A tutt'oggi le coltivazioni GM hanno raggiunto estensioni significative solamente in Spagna, con alcune decine di migliaia di ettari di mais GM. Mais che peraltro è l'unica produzione per cui è stata autorizzata una varietà  GM alla coltivazione. Si intuisce in sostanza come in Europa si sia assunto un atteggiamento molto più prudente verso l'utilizzo su larga scala di tale innovazione scientifica, rispetto a quanto accaduto nei grandi Paesi citati in precedenza. Una prudenza dettata dal serrato dibattito, tuttora in corso, tra possibilisti e contrari, con contrapposizioni anche radicali, al limite dell'ideologia. D'altro canto, le indagini di Eurobarometro hanno messo in luce un miglioramento negli ultimi anni nella percezione dei cittadini europei verso le biotecnologie: dopo aver raggiunto un livello minimo di fiducia nel 1999, si è manifestata una lenta risalita verso i livelli di inizio anni '90, con percentuali di "fiduciosi" intorno al 55-60% sul totale della popolazione. Tuttavia, sebbene sulle biotecnologie in genere (l'Eurobarometro individua quattro filoni: alimenti contenenti OGM, terapie geniche, nanotecnologie e farmaci contenenti OGM), il giudizio sia abbastanza positivo, sugli alimenti permane un certo scetticismo legato soprattutto a considerazioni di inutilità  della tecnologia, di rischio percepito e di accettabilità morale: per citare il caso italiano, che, contrariamente a quello che si potrebbe pensare, è tra i più elevati nel contesto europeo, solamente un cittadino su tre valuta positivamente gli alimenti contenenti OGM. Se si analizza, inoltre, il sentiment del settore agricolo, nel quale il tema riveste anche un'importanza di natura economico-produttiva, in quanto incidente sui comportamenti e sulla strategie aziendali, sembra emergere un'apertura significativamente più elevata, se non una vera e propria frattura rispetto all'opinione pubblica. Infatti, circa due maiscoltori lombardi su tre (Demoskopea, 2008), cioè la tipologia di agricoltori che potrebbe beneficiare di tale innovazione, coltiverebbero mais GM se la normativa lo consentisse. Ebbene, in tale contesto diventa d'estremo interesse, sebbene di non facile praticabilità , lo studio e l'implementazione di modelli volti a monitorare le componenti che concorrono a formare l'intenzione e, in ultima analisi, il comportamento, dei consumatori verso gli OGM. Un esercizio da attuare per lo più tramite una serie di misurazioni indirette che devono fermarsi necessariamente all'intenzione nel caso italiano, mentre in altri Paesi che hanno avuto legislazioni più favorevoli all'introduzione degli OGM stessi nella produzione food può perseguire approcci d'analisi field, focalizzati non solo sull'intenzione, ma anche sul legame tra intenzione ed effettivo comportamento. Esiste una vasta letteratura che studia l'intenzione del consumatore verso l'acquisto di determinati beni. Uno degli approcci teorici che negli ultimi anni ha avuto più seguito è stato quello della Teoria del Comportamento Pianificato (Ajzen, 1991). Tale teoria prevede che l'atteggiamento (cioè l'insieme delle convinzioni, credenze, opinioni del soggetto), la norma soggettiva (cioè l'influenza dell'opinione delle persone importanti per l'individuo) e il controllo comportamentale percepito (ovvero la capacità , auto-percepita dal soggetto, di riuscire a compiere un determinato comportamento, in presenza di un'intenzione di ugual segno) siano variabili sufficienti a spiegare l'intenzione del consumatore. Tuttavia, vari ricercatori hanno e stanno cercando di verificare la correlazione di altre variabili: per esempio la norma morale, l'esperienza, l'attitudine al rischio, le caratteristiche socio-demografiche, la cosiddetta self-identity, la conoscenza razionale, la fiducia nelle fonti d'informazione e via discorrendo. In tale lavoro si è cercato, quindi, di esplorare, in un'indagine "pilota" quali-quantitativa su un campione ragionato e non probabilistico, l'influenza sull'intenzione d'acquisto di prodotti alimentari contenenti OGM delle variabili tipiche della Teoria del Comportamento Pianificato e di alcune altre variabili, che, nel caso degli OGM, appaiono particolarmente rilevanti, cioè conoscenza, fiducia nelle fonti d'informazione ed elementi socio-demografici. Tra i principali risultati da porre come indicazioni di lavoro per successive analisi su campioni rappresentativi sono emersi: - La conoscenza, soprattutto se tecnica, sembra un fattore, relativamente al campione ragionato analizzato, che conduce ad una maggiore accettazione degli OGM; le stesse statistiche descrittive mettono in luce una netta differenza in termini di intenzione d'acquisto dei prodotti contenenti OGM da parte del sub-campione più preparato sull'argomento; - L'esplorazione della fiducia nelle fonti d'informazione è sicuramente da approfondire ulteriormente. Dall'indagine effettuata risulta come l'unica fonte che influenza con le sue informazioni la decisione d'acquisto sugli OGM è la filiera agroalimentare. Dato che tali attori si caratterizzano per lo più con indicazioni contrarie all'introduzione degli OGM nei loro processi produttivi, è chiaro che se il consumatore dichiara di avere fiducia in loro, sarà  anche portato a non acquistare gli OGM; - Per quanto riguarda le variabili della Teoria del Comportamento Pianificato, l'atteggiamento mette in luce una netta preponderanza nella spiegazione dell'intenzione rispetto alla norma soggettiva e al controllo comportamentale percepito. Al contrario, queste ultime appaiono variabili deboli, forse perchè a tutt'oggi la possibilità  concreta di acquistare OGM è praticamente ridotta a zero ; - Tra le variabili socio-demografiche, l'influenza positiva del titolo di studio sulla decisione d'acquisto sembra confermare almeno in parte quanto emerso rispetto alla variabile "conoscenza"; - Infine, il fatto che il livello di reddito non influisca sull'intenzione d'acquisto appare abbastanza scontato, se si pensa, ancora una volta, come a tutt'oggi gli OGM non siano presenti sugli scaffali. Il consumatore non ha al momento nessuna idea sul loro prezzo. Decisamente interessante sarà  indagare l'incidenza di tale variabile quando il "fattore OGM" sarà  prezzato, presumibilmente al ribasso rispetto ai prodotti non OGM.

AS MARCAS E O CONSUMIDOR: Um estudo dos discursos da publicidade na perspectiva da modificação dos estereótipos na representação da família.The

Os papeis de homens e mulheres na sociedade contemporânea têm sido reestruturados, assim como a própria noção das estruturas familiares se renova. Algumas marcas estão atentas a essas mudanças e, no contexto mercadológico, fica evidente que os consumidores são diversos, com novas demandas e expectativas pelo reconhecimento dessa diversidade. Esta dissertação discute a mudança de abordagem na representação da família, demonstrando suas mutações de papeis na publicidade, esta vista como um produto sociocultural. Para tanto foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa qualitativa subsidiada pela análise de discurso de linha francesa. Primeiramente, o estudo qualitativo se desenvolve a partir de uma abordagem bibliográfica e documental e uma parte empírica de análise de discurso de campanhas publicitárias dos últimos anos, selecionadas a partir de seu foco nas representações familiares contemporâneas, de marcas que as tratem com naturalidade e demonstrem aceitar essas transições, buscando-as através da análise de casos múltiplos de amostras intencionais os avanços quando se trata dos modelos familiares, elementos que se desviam de representação conservadora da família. Demonstrou-se que há uma tendência de algumas marcas reforçarem qual é o público que desejam atingir através de suas construções discursivas que apontam para o reconhecimento das famílias reconstituídas, para a adoção e para a homo e monoparentalidade, ou seja, para a confirmação da existência dos variados tipos de família.