Detailed understanding of the excitation-intensity dependent photoluminescence of ZnO materials: Role of defects

The photoluminescence (PL) of ZnO is shown to be dependent on the excitation intensity (EI) of the laser, and the substantial shift observed in the band to band transition is attributed to the heating effect. In order to understand this phenomenon in detail, we investigate the EI dependent PL of various ZnO samples systematically from liquid nitrogen (LN) to room temperature by varying the laser power. Some of the samples exhibit substantial red shift in the band to band transition with increasing EI even in LN environment, negligible effect is observed for others. Hence, our results strongly suggest that the EI dependent PL is not a characteristic of all ZnO samples. This indicates that laser-induced heating effect is not the dominant factor that governs the shifts in the PL spectra. Rather, the defect level excitation accounts for such observation. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.

Modeling of Bubble-Size Distribution in Water and Freon Co-Blown Free Rise Polyurethane Foams

A model has been developed to simulate the foam characteristics obtained, when chemical (water) and physical (Freon) blowing agents are used together for the formation of polyurethane foams. The model considers the rate of reaction, the consequent rise in temperature of the reaction mixture, nucleation of bubbles, and mass transfer of CO2 and Freon to them till the time of gelation. The model is able to explain the experimental results available in literature. It further predicts that the nucleation period gets reduced with increase in water (at constant Freon content), whereas with increase in Freon (at constant water) concentration nucleation period decreases marginally leading to narrower bubble-size distribution. By the use of uniform sized nuclei added initially, the model predicts that the bubble-size distribution can be made independent of the rate of homogeneous nucleation and can, thus, offer an extra parameter for its control. (C) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Specroelectrochemical, Switching Kinetics, and Chronoamperometric Studies of Dibenzyl Derivative of Poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) Thin-Film-Based Electrochromic Device

The dibenzyl derivative of poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT-Bz(2)) thin film is deposited onto ITO-coated glass substrate by electropolymerization technique. The electropolymerization of ProDOT-Bz(2) is carried out by a three-electrode electrochemical cell. The cyclic voltammogram shows the redox properties of electrochemically prepared films deposited at different scan rates. The thin films prepared were characterized for its morphological properties to study the homogeniety. Classic six-layer structure of PProDOT-Bz(2) electrochromic device using this material was fabricated and reported for the first and its characterizations such as spectroelectrochemical, switching kinetics, and chronoamperometric studies are performed. The color contrast of the thin film and the device achieved are 64 and 40%, respectively, at lambda(max) (628 nm). The switching time is recorded and the observed values are 5 s from the coloring state to the bleaching state and vice versa. The chronoamperometry shows that the device performed up to 400 cycles, and it is capable of working up to 35 cycles without any degradation. (C) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Variation of Electrical Resistivity with High Pressure in Ge-Te-Sn Glasses: A Composition Dependent Study

The variation of normalized electrical resistivity in the system of glasses Ge15Te85-xSnx with (1 <= x <= 5) has been studied as a function of high pressure for pressures up to 9.5 GPa. It is found that with the increase in pressure, the resistivity decreases initially and shows an abrupt fall at a particular pressure, indicating the phase transition from semiconductor to near metallic at these pressures, which lie in the range 1.5-2.5 GPa, and then continues being metallic up to 9.5 GPa. This transition pressure is seen to decrease with the increase in the percentage content of tin due to increasing metallicity of tin. The semiconductor to near metallic transition is exactly reversible and may have its origin in a reduction of the band gap due to high pressure.

Atmospheric pressure plasma chemical vapor deposition reactor for 100 mm wafers, optimized for minimum contamination at low gas flow rates

Gas discharge plasmas used for thinfilm deposition by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) must be devoid of contaminants, like dust or active species which disturb the intended chemical reaction. In atmospheric pressure plasma systems employing an inert gas, the main source of such contamination is the residual air inside the system. To enable the construction of an atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) system with minimal contamination, we have carried out fluid dynamic simulation of the APP chamber into which an inert gas is injected at different mass flow rates. On the basis of the simulation results, we have designed and built a simple, scaled APP system, which is capable of holding a 100 mm substrate wafer, so that the presence of air (contamination) in the APP chamber is minimized with as low a flow rate of argon as possible. This is examined systematically by examining optical emission from the plasma as a function of inert gas flow rate. It is found that optical emission from the plasma shows the presence of atmospheric air, if the inlet argon flow rate is lowered below 300 sccm. That there is minimal contamination of the APP reactor built here, was verified by conducting an atmospheric pressure PECVD process under acetylene flow, combined with argon flow at 100 sccm and 500 sccm. The deposition of a polymer coating is confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the polymer coating contains only 5% of oxygen, which is comparable to the oxygen content in polymer deposits obtained in low-pressure PECVD systems. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

Primary and rechargeable zinc-air batteries using ceramic and highly stable TiCN as an oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst

Primary and secondary zinc-air batteries based on ceramic, stable, one dimensional titanium carbonitride (TiCN) nanostructures are reported. The optimized titanium carbonitride composition by density functional theory reveals their good activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Electrochemical measurements show their superior performance for the ORR in alkaline media coupled with favourable kinetics. The nanostructured TiCN lends itself amenable to be used as an air cathode material in primary and rechargeable zinc-air batteries. The battery performance and cyclability are found to be good. Further, we have demonstrated a gel-based electrolyte for rechargeable zinc-air batteries based on a TiCN cathode under ambient, atmospheric conditions without any oxygen supply from a cylinder. The present cell can work at current densities of 10-20 mA cm(2) (app. 10 000 mA g(-1) of TiCN) for several hours (63 h in the case of 10 mA cm(-2)) with a charge retention of 98%. The low cost, noble metal-free, mechanically stable and corrosion resistant TiCN is a very good alternative to Pt for metal-air battery chemistry.

Producción de biomasa de Moringa oleifera sometida a diferentes densidades de siembra y frecuencias de corte, en el trópico seco de Managua, Nicaragua

Este experimento se llevó a cabo en la hacienda Santa Rosa localizada geográficamente a 12,08,15 de latitud Norte y 86,09,36 longitud Este en la comunidad de sabana grande municipio de Managua, entre el periodo de octubre 2002 a octubre 2003.Tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de diferentes densidades de siembra y frecuencias de corte en la producción de biomasa de Moringa oleifera Lam bajo condiciones de trópico seco. Se utilizó el diseño de bloques completo al azar (BCA) con cuatro repeticiones en un arreglo de parcelas divididas donde las densidades de siembra (250, 500 y 750 mil plantas /ha) eran para las parcelas principales y las frecuencias de corte (45, 60 y 75 días) para las subparcelas. Las variables evaluadas fueron: Rendimiento de materia fresca total (RMFT), Rendimiento de materia fresca fracción fina (RMFFF), Rendimiento de materia fresca fracción gruesa (RMFFG), Rendimiento de materia seca total (RMST), Tasa de crecimiento (TC), Altura promedio de la planta (APP), Porcentaje de materia seca (% MS), Porcentaje de cenizas (% C). Se realizó análisis de varianza y comparación de medias por la prueba simultanea de Tukey utilizando el paquete estadístico MINITAB versión 13. para PC 2000. Los resultados en el análisis de varianza mostraron que las densidades de siembra no presentaron efectos significativos importantes (p<0.05) en las variables evaluadas en Moringa oleifera, la frecuencia de corte que presento efectos significativos a un (p<0.05) para la mayoría de las variables fué la frecuencia de corte a los 75 días que mostró los mejores resultados para las variables: RMFT (41.18 ton/ha/año), RMFFG (20.11ton/ha/año), RMST (7.34ton/ha/año), APP(109.02cms), TC (19.61Kgs MS/ha/dia), %C (9.84%), excepto para el RMSFF (4.51ton/ha/año), cuyos mejores resultados fueron encontrados en la frecuencia de corte a los 60 días.

As áreas de preservação permanente e a questão urbana

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XI - Meio Ambiente e Direito Ambiental, Organização Territorial, Desenvolvimento Urbano e Regional.

Projeto de lei de conversão à MP 1956, que altera o Código florestal

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XI - Meio Ambiente e Direito Ambiental, Organização Territorial e Desenvolvimento Urbano e Regional.

Proposta do Conama sobre a MP 1956, que altera o Código florestal

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XI - Meio Ambiente e Direito Ambiental, Organização Territorial, Desenvolvimento Urbano e Regional.

Área de preservação permanente em áreas urbanas

Consultora Legislativa - Área XI - Meio Ambiente e Direito Ambiental, Organização Territorial, Desenvolvimento Urbano e Regional

As Áreas de preservação permanente e a Constituição Federal, art. 225, § 4º

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XI - Meio Ambiente e Direito Ambiental, Organização Territorial, Desenvolvimento Urbano e Regional. Nome da autora na página de rosto do documento: Suely M. V. G. de Araújo.

Código Florestal : tabela comparativa dos textos da Câmara, do Senado e redação final

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XI - Meio Ambiente e Direito Ambiental, Desenvolvimento Urbano e Regional.

Observar el movimiento : construcción del formato de campo “el salto en psicomotricidad durante el tercer año de vida”

[Es]Este artículo repasa los hitos más significativos de la elaboración del instrumento de observación del formato de campo “el salto en psicomotricidad durante el tercer año de vida”. La aplicación de la Metodología Observacional a la Práctica Psicomotriz Aucouturier (PPA)es posible ya que existe una doble complementariedad entre ambas: la metodología observacional es la única que puede evaluar y explicar, y no sólo describir, el complejo flujo de actividad psicomotriz infantil o expresividad psicomotriz y la práctica psicomotriz aucouturier, a su vez, cumple el perfil óptimo de la metodología observacional. El proceso metodológico observacional impone entre sus condiciones la sistematización del instrumento de observación; lo que comienza siendo un sistema de categorías en base a la propuesta observacional de la propia PPA, termina siendo un formato de campo al servicio del objetivo inicial de la investigación, que es la evaluación del comportamiento psicomotor infantil.

A revisão do Código Florestal : como se deu o debate político durante a discussão sobre a alteração da Lei 4771, de 1965 - Código Florestal Brasileiro, na Câmara dos Deputados, como Casa iniciadora - 1º ciclo de discussão e votação

Este trabalho tem por finalidade analisar como se deu o processo de discussão e votação, no âmbito da Câmara dos Deputados - CD, como casa iniciadora, do PL nº 1.876, de 1999, e seus apensos, que alterou a Lei nº 4771 de 1965. Com esse objetivo, foi desenvolvida análise quantitativa das notas taquigráficas produzidas a partir de Audiências Públicas, realizadas pela Comissão Especial do Código Florestal, e das notas taquigráficas da Sessão da CD do dia 25 de maio de 2011, que aprovou o referido Projeto de Lei. No primeiro capítulo, serão abordados os pressupostos metodológicos desse trabalho. O segundo capítulo será reservado ao estudo sobre a conservação da biodiversidade e, no terceiro capítulo, será feito uma breve análise sobre a evolução dos institutos da Reserva Legal e da Área de Preservação Permanente na legislação florestal brasileira. As conclusões que se pretende extrair desse estudo são que não foi assegurada, nas Audiências Públicas realizadas pela Comissão Especial do Código Florestal, a equidade na participação da sociedade; que, a partir dos dados coletados, os participantes eram a favor de se modificar as regras relativas às APP(s) e à Reserva Legal; e que argumentos importantes, apresentados durante as discussões, não foram contemplados na Redação Final aprovada pela CD.