La reforma agraria, la tierra y el territorio : evolución del pensamiento de La Vía Campesina

Se analiza, como participante-observador, la evolución durante las últimas dos décadas del pensamiento del movimiento social rural transnacional, La Vía Campesina, sobre los temas de reforma agraria y la defensa de tierra y territorio. El mundo rural ha cambiado y los cambios externos a los movimientos, junto con sus diálogos internos e intercambios de experiencias, han generado nuevas posiciones, estrategias de lucha, consensos y dilemas. Se destacan diversos temas, como el concepto del territorio, el "quehacer" en la tierra, las relaciones entre actores que comparten territorios, las ocupaciones, la titulación, el Estado y nuevos derechos.

La reforma agraria, la tierra y el territorio : evolución del pensamiento de La Vía Campesina

Se analiza, como participante-observador, la evolución durante las últimas dos décadas del pensamiento del movimiento social rural transnacional, La Vía Campesina, sobre los temas de reforma agraria y la defensa de tierra y territorio. El mundo rural ha cambiado y los cambios externos a los movimientos, junto con sus diálogos internos e intercambios de experiencias, han generado nuevas posiciones, estrategias de lucha, consensos y dilemas. Se destacan diversos temas, como el concepto del territorio, el "quehacer" en la tierra, las relaciones entre actores que comparten territorios, las ocupaciones, la titulación, el Estado y nuevos derechos.

Internet, movimientos sociales y políticas alternativas : Estrategias ante el avance de las empresas transnacionales y el deterioro del medio ambiente

La siguiente ponencia se propone como problemática general abordar la articulación entre sociedad, tecnología y espacio en el mundo actual. Desde esta perspectiva se intenta analizar el rol de las tecnologías de información y comunicación(TIC) como instrumento de comunicación, difusión y coordinación, en relación específicamente al movimiento social de vecinos autoconvocados de Esquel, que a partir de su presencia en internet ve potenciadas sus capacidades organizativas, y tienen la posibilidad de hacer trascender sus movilizaciones y denuncias desde el ámbito regional o local al ámbito nacional primeramente, intentando llegar luego a la comunidad global. Este movimiento social de vecinos autoconvocados de Esquel, quienes principalmente conforman el objeto de estudio de este trabajo, lograron concretar su objetivo principal de evitar que una empresa transnacional, avalada por la legislación nacional, sobre todo pensando en leyes o modificaciones de éstas ocurridas durante la década del '90, pero que siguen vigentes aún en la actualidad, explote una mina de oro a cielo abierto en la región. Estos actores utilizan y han utilizado internet como medio de difusión alternativo para sus propuestas, logrando romper con el aislamiento de sus luchas particulares. Este movimiento de vecinos, puede insertarse perfectamente en el grupo de movimientos sociales ambientalistas, así como también pueden pertenecer a los movimientos de defensa de los derechos humanos, e inclusive, puede tomarse como un movimiento político que posee la intención de valorizar los valores democráticos, y que confía en el cambio a partir de la participación activa por parte de los integrantes de la sociedad civil

Internet, movimientos sociales y políticas alternativas : Estrategias ante el avance de las empresas transnacionales y el deterioro del medio ambiente

La siguiente ponencia se propone como problemática general abordar la articulación entre sociedad, tecnología y espacio en el mundo actual. Desde esta perspectiva se intenta analizar el rol de las tecnologías de información y comunicación(TIC) como instrumento de comunicación, difusión y coordinación, en relación específicamente al movimiento social de vecinos autoconvocados de Esquel, que a partir de su presencia en internet ve potenciadas sus capacidades organizativas, y tienen la posibilidad de hacer trascender sus movilizaciones y denuncias desde el ámbito regional o local al ámbito nacional primeramente, intentando llegar luego a la comunidad global. Este movimiento social de vecinos autoconvocados de Esquel, quienes principalmente conforman el objeto de estudio de este trabajo, lograron concretar su objetivo principal de evitar que una empresa transnacional, avalada por la legislación nacional, sobre todo pensando en leyes o modificaciones de éstas ocurridas durante la década del '90, pero que siguen vigentes aún en la actualidad, explote una mina de oro a cielo abierto en la región. Estos actores utilizan y han utilizado internet como medio de difusión alternativo para sus propuestas, logrando romper con el aislamiento de sus luchas particulares. Este movimiento de vecinos, puede insertarse perfectamente en el grupo de movimientos sociales ambientalistas, así como también pueden pertenecer a los movimientos de defensa de los derechos humanos, e inclusive, puede tomarse como un movimiento político que posee la intención de valorizar los valores democráticos, y que confía en el cambio a partir de la participación activa por parte de los integrantes de la sociedad civil

La reforma agraria, la tierra y el territorio : evolución del pensamiento de La Vía Campesina

Se analiza, como participante-observador, la evolución durante las últimas dos décadas del pensamiento del movimiento social rural transnacional, La Vía Campesina, sobre los temas de reforma agraria y la defensa de tierra y territorio. El mundo rural ha cambiado y los cambios externos a los movimientos, junto con sus diálogos internos e intercambios de experiencias, han generado nuevas posiciones, estrategias de lucha, consensos y dilemas. Se destacan diversos temas, como el concepto del territorio, el "quehacer" en la tierra, las relaciones entre actores que comparten territorios, las ocupaciones, la titulación, el Estado y nuevos derechos.

Return Migration in the Ecuadorian and Bolivian population: motivations, strategies and discourses

This article analyses the motivations for return migration among the Ecuadorians and Bolivians who, after living in Spain, returned to their countries of origin during the economic crisis that started in 2008. From the analysis of 22 interviews in-depth which took place in Ecuador and 38 in Bolivia to women, men and young people from migrant families, this decision-making process is shown to be embedded into a gendered dynamics of relationships. Particular detail is given to affective and economic elements that had an influence on the decision to return, as well as to the strategies deployed to project their readjustment back in origin. Males and females occupy differential positions within the family, work and social circle, their expectations being built in a gendered manner. Despite the fact migration has brought women greater economic power within the family group, their reintegration upon return redefines their role as main managers in the household and the dynamics that allow their social reproduction. Men, for their part, aspire to refresh their role as providers in spite of their frail labour position upon return. Social mobility for females is passed on through generations by a strong investment on education for their daughters and sons, while for males this mobility revolves around setting up family businesses and around their demonstrative abilities.

Ecuadorian migration and family strategies of social mobility: dialectic relation between emotional and financial capital

This text deals with transnational strategies of social mobility in Ecuadorian migrant households in Spain. We apply the capital accumulation model (Moser, 2009) for this purpose. The main target of this article is, beyond thinking in terms of capital stock and accumulation, the analysis in depth of the dynamics of the different types of capital, that is to say, how they interact with each other in the framework of the social mobility strategies of the migrants and their families. We are bringing into light the way some households adopt investing decisions in capitals that don't translate into any addition or earnings in all cases, on the contrary, concentrating all their efforts on the accumulation of a certain asset they may, in some cases, lead to a loss of another. We will concentrate our analysis primarily on the dynamics between the physical and financial capital and the social and emotional capital, showing the tensions produced between these two types of assets. At the same time, we will highlight how migrants negotiate their family strategies of social mobility in the transnational area. Our study is based in empirical material obtained from qualitative fieldwork (in-depth interviews) with families of migrants in the urban district of Turubamba Bajo -(south of Quito) and in Madrid. A series of households were selected where interviews were carried out in the country of origin as well as in the context of immigration, with different family members, analysing the transnational social and economic strategies of families of migrant members. Family members of migrants established in Spain were interviewed in Quito, as well as key informants in the district (school teachers, nursery members of the staff, etc.). The research was framed within the projects "Impact of migration on the development: gender and transnationalism", Ministry of Science and Innovation (SEJ2007/63179) (Laura Oso, dir. 2007-2010),"Gender, transnationalism and intergenerational strategies of social mobility", Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (FEM2011/26210) (Laura Oso, dir. 201-1-2015) and “Gender, Crossed Mobilities and Transnational Dynamics”, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (FEM2015-67164).

Late-career international migration and reproductive work. A comparison between Peruvian and Ukrainian women in the Southern Europe

Research on the relationship between reproductive work and women´s life trajectories including the experience of labour migration has mainly focused on the case of relatively young mothers who leave behind, or later re-join, their children. While it is true that most women migrate at a younger age, there are a significant number of cases of men and women who move abroad for labour purposes at a more advanced stage, undertaking a late-career migration. This is still an under-estimated and under-researched sub-field that uncovers a varied range of issues, including the global organization of reproductive work and the employment of migrant women as domestic workers late in their lives. By pooling the findings of two qualitative studies, this article focuses on Peruvian and Ukrainian women who seek employment in Spain and Italy when they are well into their forties, or older. A commonality the two groups of women share is that, independently of their level of education and professional experience, more often than not they end up as domestic and care workers. The article initially discusses the reasons for late-career female migration, taking into consideration the structural and personal determinants that have affected Peruvian and Ukrainian women’s careers in their countries of origin and settlement. After this, the focus is set on the characteristics of domestic employment at later life, on the impact on their current lives, including the transnational family organization, and on future labour and retirement prospects. Apart from an evaluation of objective working and living conditions, we discuss women’s personal impressions of being domestic workers in the context of their occupational experiences and family commitments. In this regard, women report varying levels of personal and professional satisfaction, as well as different patterns of continuity-discontinuity in their work and family lives, and of optimism towards the future. Divergences could be, to some extent, explained by the effect of migrants´ transnational social practices and policies of states.

Weaving Futures. Family Transnationalism in the migration from Dominican Republic and Brazil to Spain

This article explores forms of migrant families’ reorganization within a (new) global economic crisis and the hardening of migration control in Europe; based on the cases of Dominican and Brazilian migration to Spain.Our goal is not to characterize the wholeness of strategies from these collectives, instead visualize its heterogeneity. Displacement of Dominican and Brazilian population to Spain shares the role of women as the first link of migration chains. In both cases women are the economic support of transnational families and they lead reunification's processes. Nevertheless, differences in the time spent in the destination country, migratory status, origin (rural-urban), level of education, class and labor insertion in destination country, affect differently, the planning and start up of migration projects, the organization of care and family reunification strategies. These findings question the predominant place granted to national origin in the study of international migration.

Understandings of transnational families in debates on Migration and development

International migration sets in motion a range of significant transnational processes that connect countries and people. How migration interacts with development and how policies might promote and enhance such interactions have, since the turn of the millennium, gained attention on the international agenda. The recognition that transnational practices connect migrants and their families across sending and receiving societies forms part of this debate. The ways in which policy debate employs and understands transnational family ties nevertheless remain underexplored. This article sets out to discern the understandings of the family in two (often intermingled) debates concerned with transnational interactions: The largely state and policydriven discourse on the potential benefits of migration on economic development, and the largely academic transnational family literature focusing on issues of care and the micro-politics of gender and generation. Emphasizing the relation between diverse migration-development dynamics and specific family positions, we ask whether an analytical point of departure in respective transnational motherhood, fatherhood or childhood is linked to emphasizing certain outcomes. We conclude by sketching important strands of inclusions and exclusions of family matters in policy discourse and suggest ways to better integrate a transnational family perspective in global migration-development policy.

Perspectives on gender, migration and transnational work: joint work of social reproduction and care in Southern Europe

This paper presents the "state of the art" and some of the main issues discussed in relation to the topic of transnational migration and reproductive work in southern Europe. We start doing a genealogy of the complex theoretical development leading to the consolidation of the research program, linking consideration of gender with transnational migration and transformation of work and ways of survival, thus making the production aspects as reproductive, in a context of globalization. The analysis of the process of multiscale reconfiguration of social reproduction and care, with particular attention to its present global dimension is presented, pointing to the turning point of this line of research that would have taken place with the beginning of this century, with the rise notions such as "global care chains" (Hochschild, 2001), or "care drain" (Ehrenreich and Hochschild, 2013). Also, the role of this new agency, now composed in many cases women who migrate to other countries or continents, precisely to address these reproductive activities, is recognized. Finally, reference is made to some of the new conceptual and theoretical developments in this area.

Looking for Determinants of Ontological Security in the Spain of the Crisis

The concept of ontological security has a remarkable echo in the current sociology to describe emotional status of men of late modernity. However, the concept created by Giddens in the eighties has been little used in empirical research covering various sources of risk or uncertainty. In this paper, a scale for ontological security is proposed. To do this, we start from the results of a research focused on the relationship between risk, uncertainty and vulnerability in the context of the economic crisis in Spain. These results were produced through nine focus groups and a telephone survey with standardized questionnaire applied to a national sample of 2,408 individuals over 18 years. This work is divided into three main sections. In the fi rst, a scale has been built from the results of the application of different items present in the questionnaire used. The second part explores the relationships of the scale obtained with the variables further approximate the emotional dimensions of individuals. The third part observes the variables that contribute to changes in the scale: These variables show the structural feature of the ontological security.

“Work of Kinship” done by Families in Santiago de Chile

This paper reports the progress achieved in an anthropological investigation based on which there is now a more in depth understanding of some dimensions of the “kinship work” carried out by families in Chile. The main objective is to analyze the work of maintaining family links performed primarily by women within families and show how this work reproduces gender inequalities within them. On the basis of a longitudinal methodology based on semi-structured interviews, it is concluded that the work of maintaining family links performed by women is crucial but goes unnoticed because kinship obligations are seen as a naturally being part of women’s role in the family.

Travel, back and forth, to the myth. Cinema´s contribution to the formation of the tourist iconography of Mallorca

Mallorca, the largest of the Balearic Islands, is a well-known summer holidays destination; an ideal place to relax and enjoy the sun and the sea. That tourist gaze reflected on postcards results from advertising campaigns, where cinema played an important role with documentaries and fiction films. The origins of that iconography started in the decades of the 1920’s and 1930’s, reflecting the so-called myth of the “island of calm”. On the other hand, the films of the 1950’s and 1960’s created new stereotypes related to the mass tourism boom. Busy beaches and the white bodies of tourists replaced white sandy beaches, mountains and landscapes shown up in the movies of the early decades of the 20th century. Besides, hotels and nightclubs also replaced monuments, rural landscapes and folk exhibitions. These tourist images mirror the social and spatial transformations of Mallorca, under standardization processes like other seaside mass tourist destinations. The identity was rebuilt on the foundations of "modernity". Although "balearization" has not ceased, nowadays filmmaking about Mallorca is advertising again a stereotype close to that one of the 1920s and 1930s, glorifying the myth of the "island of calm". This singular identity makes the island more profitable for capital that searches socio-spatial differentiation in post-fordist times.

Relaciones de poder y memoria de un linaje. La intervención de la Casa de Moscoso en la Compostela de los siglos XIV-XVI

La ciudad ofrecía en la Baja Edad Media claras oportunidades para aquellos nobles que supieran situarse en el complejo juego de la política urbana y sus diversas instancias de poder. Para ello siempre se hace necesario contar con los apoyos sociales y físicos adecuados. La dinámica de enfrentamientos entre el Arzobispo de Santiago y el concello compostelano presenta un ejemplo inmejorable para valorar en su justa medida la inserción de la nobleza territorial en las relaciones de poder. Para abordar este caso se analizará la participación en la vida pública –también las revueltas urbanas– de la Casa de Moscoso tanto a través de su larga trayectoria de enfrentamientos con la Iglesia como mediante el estudio de su patrimonio urbano, incluyendo aquellos elementos relacionados con la creación de una memoria específica del linaje dentro de la ciudad.