962 resultados para Métodos alternativos


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The main objective of the present work is the study of a profitable process not only in the extraction and selective separation of lycopene and β-carotene, two compounds present in tomato, but also in its potential application to food industry wastes. This is one of the industries that produce larger amounts of wastes, which are rich in high value biomolecules with great economic interest. However, the conventional methods used to extract this kind of compounds are expensive which limits their application at large scale. Lycopene and βcarotene are carotenoids with high commercial value, known for their antioxidant activity and benefits to human health. Their biggest source is tomato, one of the world’s most consumed fruits, reason for which large quantities of waste is produced. This work focuses on the study of diverse solvents with a high potential to extract carotenoids from tomato, as well as the search for more environmentally benign solvents than those currently used to extract lycopene and β-carotene from biomass. Additionally, special attention was paid to the creation of a continuous process that would allow the fractionation of the compounds for further purification. Thus, the present work started with the extraction of both carotenoids using a wide range of solvents, namely, organic solvents, conventional salts, ionic liquids, polymers and surfactants. In this stage, each solvent was evaluated in what regards their capacity of extraction as well as their penetration ability in biomass. The results collected showed that an adequate selection of the solvents may lead to the complete extraction of both carotenoids in one single step, particularly acetone and tetrahydrofuran were the most effective ones. However, the general low penetration capacity of salts, ionic liquids, polymers and surfactants makes these solvents ineffective in the solid-liquid extraction process. As the organic solvents showed the highest capacity to extract lycopene and βcarotene, in particular tetrahydrofuran and acetone, the latter solvent used in the development process of fractionation, using to this by strategic use of solvents. This step was only successfully developed through the manipulation of the solubility of each compound in ethanol and n-hexane. The results confirmed the possibility of fractionating the target compounds using the correct addition order of the solvents. Approximately, 39 % of the β-carotene was dissolved in ethanol and about 64 % of lycopene was dissolved in n-hexane, thus indicating their separation for two different solvents which shows the selective character of the developed process without any prior stage optimization. This study revealed that the use of organic solvents leads to selective extraction of lycopene and β-carotene, allowing diminishing the numerous stages involved in conventional methods. At the end, it was possible to idealize a sustainable and of high industrial relevance integrated process, nevertheless existing the need for additional optimization studies in the future.

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Os métodos utilizados na resolução de problemas, nos vários ramos da Engenharia ou ciências aplicadas, baseiam-se, actualmente, em uma de duas categorias: métodos analíticos e métodos numéricos. É preferível a utilização dos métodos analíticos, na resolução de equações ou outros modelos matemáticos, sempre que possível, uma vez que formamões gerais em vez de particularizadas, para além de uma maior informação.

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Dissertação de mest., Biologia Marinha, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

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Tese dout., Biologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2005

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Dissertação mest., Biologia Marinha, Universidade do Algarve, 2008

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Dissertação mest., Qualidade em Análises, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

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Tese de Doutoramento, Gestão, na especialidade de Marketing, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

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Dissertação de mest., Gestão e Conservação da Natureza, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Univ. do Algarve, 2006

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La seguridad y eficacia de las terapias térmicas están ligadas con la determinación exacta de la temperatura, es por ello que la retroalimentacón de la temperatura en los métodos computacionales es de vital importancia.

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Tese de doutoramento, Geologia (Geologia Económica e do Ambiente), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2014

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Tese de doutoramento, Belas-Artes (Geometria), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Belas-Artes, 2014

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Tese de doutoramento, Estatística e Investigação Operacional (Probabilidades e Estatística), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2014

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Tese de doutoramento, Química (Química Tecnológica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2014

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Florestais, 2016.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e Finanças Orientadora: Mestre Helena Maria Santos de Oliveira