1000 resultados para variación estacional de la dieta
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BACKGROUND Earlier analyses within the EPIC study showed that dietary fibre intake was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk, but results from some large cohort studies do not support this finding. We explored whether the association remained after longer follow-up with a near threefold increase in colorectal cancer cases, and if the association varied by gender and tumour location. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS After a mean follow-up of 11.0 years, 4,517 incident cases of colorectal cancer were documented. Total, cereal, fruit, and vegetable fibre intakes were estimated from dietary questionnaires at baseline. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models stratified by age, sex, and centre, and adjusted for total energy intake, body mass index, physical activity, smoking, education, menopausal status, hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptive use, and intakes of alcohol, folate, red and processed meats, and calcium. After multivariable adjustments, total dietary fibre was inversely associated with colorectal cancer (HR per 10 g/day increase in fibre 0.87, 95% CI: 0.79-0.96). Similar linear associations were observed for colon and rectal cancers. The association between total dietary fibre and risk of colorectal cancer risk did not differ by age, sex, or anthropometric, lifestyle, and dietary variables. Fibre from cereals and fibre from fruit and vegetables were similarly associated with colon cancer; but for rectal cancer, the inverse association was only evident for fibre from cereals. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results strengthen the evidence for the role of high dietary fibre intake in colorectal cancer prevention.
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The aim of this study was to examine the responses of uric acid, antioxidant defences and pro-oxidant variables after a high-fat meal. Twenty-five healthy persons without criteria for the metabolic syndrome, underwent a high-fat meal with Supracal (60 g fat). Measurements were made at baseline and 3 h after the meal of TAG, uric acid, HDL-cholesterol, total proteins and oxidative stress. Following the high-fat meal, we detected a significant increase in pro-oxidative variables and a decrease in antioxidative variables. The uric acid concentrations were significantly lower after the high-fat meal and the reduction correlated significantly with the oxidative stress variables. The inverse relation between reduced uric acid and increased carbonylated proteins remained in multiple regression analysis. We conclude that uric acid is a powerful antioxidant and its reduction following a high-fat meal may be related with its acute antioxidative action.
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BACKGROUND The effect of the macronutrient composition of the usual diet on long term weight maintenance remains controversial. METHODS 373,803 subjects aged 25-70 years were recruited in 10 European countries (1992-2000) in the PANACEA project of the EPIC cohort. Diet was assessed at baseline using country-specific validated questionnaires and weight and height were measured at baseline and self-reported at follow-up in most centers. The association between weight change after 5 years of follow-up and the iso-energetic replacement of 5% of energy from one macronutrient by 5% of energy from another macronutrient was assessed using multivariate linear mixed-models. The risk of becoming overweight or obese after 5 years was investigated using multivariate Poisson regressions stratified according to initial Body Mass Index. RESULTS A higher proportion of energy from fat at the expense of carbohydrates was not significantly associated with weight change after 5 years. However, a higher proportion of energy from protein at the expense of fat was positively associated with weight gain. A higher proportion of energy from protein at the expense of carbohydrates was also positively associated with weight gain, especially when carbohydrates were rich in fibre. The association between percentage of energy from protein and weight change was slightly stronger in overweight participants, former smokers, participants ≥60 years old, participants underreporting their energy intake and participants with a prudent dietary pattern. Compared to diets with no more than 14% of energy from protein, diets with more than 22% of energy from protein were associated with a 23-24% higher risk of becoming overweight or obese in normal weight and overweight subjects at baseline. CONCLUSION Our results show that participants consuming an amount of protein above the protein intake recommended by the American Diabetes Association may experience a higher risk of becoming overweight or obese during adult life.
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Aging enhances frequency of chronic diseases like cardiovascular diseases or periodontitis. Here we reproduced an age-dependent model of the periodontium, a fully physiological approach to periodontal conditions, to evaluate the impact of dietary fat type on gingival tissue of young (6 months old) and old (24 months old) rats. METHODS/FINDINGS Animals were fed life-long on diets based on monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) as virgin olive oil, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6PUFA), as sunflower oil, or n-3PUFA, as fish oil. Age-related alveolar bone loss was higher in n-6PUFA fed rats, probably as a consequence of the ablation of the cell capacity to adapt to aging. Gene expression analysis suggests that MUFA or n-3PUFA allowed mitochondria to maintain an adequate turnover through induction of biogenesis, autophagy and the antioxidant systems, and avoiding mitochondrial electron transport system alterations. CONCLUSIONS The main finding is that the enhanced alveolar bone loss associated to age may be targeted by an appropriate dietary treatment. The mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are related with an ablation of the cell capacity to adapt to aging. Thus, MUFA or n-3PUFA might allow mitochondrial maintaining turnover through biogenesis or autophagy. They might also be able to induce the corresponding antioxidant systems to counteract age-related oxidative stress, and do not inhibit mitochondrial electron transport chain. From the nutritional and clinical point of view, it is noteworthy that the potential treatments to attenuate alveolar bone loss (a feature of periodontal disease) associated to age could be similar to some of the proposed for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, a group of pathologies recently associated with age-related periodontitis.
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Malnutrition affects 40-50% of patients with ear, nose and throat (ENT) cancer. The aim of this study was to assess changes induced by a specific nutritional supplement enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber and greater amounts of proteins and electrolytes, as compared with a standard nutritional supplement, on markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and metabolic status of ENT cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT). Fourteen days after starting RT, 26 patients were randomly allocated to one of two groups, 13 supplemented with Prosure, an oncologic formula enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber and greater amounts of proteins and electrolytes (specific supplement), and 13 supplemented with Standard-Isosource (standard supplement). Patients were evaluated before RT, and 14, 28 and 90 days after starting RT. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the groups, but greater changes were observed in the standard supplement group, such as a decline in body mass index (BMI), reductions in hematocrit, erythrocyte, eosinophil and albumin levels, and a rise in creatinine and urea levels. We concluded that metabolic, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters were altered during RT, and began to normalize at the end of the study. Patients supplemented with Prosure showed an earlier normalization of these parameters, with more favorable changes in oxidative stress markers and a more balanced evolution, although the difference was not significant.
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Estudi de l’efecte de la inclusió de l’àcid linoleic conjugat (CLA) en la dieta de porcs d’engreix, concretament, les variables relacionades amb els rendiments d’engreix, la qualitat d’aploms dels animals, la qualitat de la canal, i la qualitat de la carn, incloent la qualitat i quantitat del greix intramuscular i subcutani
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En aquest treball s’analitzen els canvis que es produeixen en la dieta de la població de la comarca catalana del Vallès Occidental entre finals del segle XVIII i 1936, un període marcat per les grans transformacions econòmiques i socials que experimenta aquesta comarca amb el procés d’industrialització, d’urbanització, l’intens creixement demogràfic i la transformació de la seva agricultura. El resultat serà una millora i canvis importants en la composició de la dieta, que es poden emmarcar en el context de l’anomenada transició nutricional, i que acaben repercutint a llarg termini en un augment dels nivells de vida i de benestar de la població.
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Comprarse un piso o pagar un alquiler, montar un negocio, pagar la escuela de loshijos, comprar ropa, ir al cine el domingo…vivir, no le cuesta lo mismo a un residentede Pedralbes que a uno de El Raval.Muchos son los factores que condicionan el nivel de vida de una determinada zona y que provocan diferencias de precios entre los servicios que en ellas se ofrecen: sulocalización y su importancia respecto a los centros económicos y de decisión, latradición cultural que posea, el nivel de educación de sus ciudadanos, la atención porparte de la Administración… pero ¿existirán también tales diferencias en productos deconsumo tan básicos como los de alimentación?Mediante este trabajo se quiere dar respuesta a esta pregunta y conocer hasta quépunto la actual coyuntura económica hace aumentar o disminuir las diferenciasexistentes entre varias zonas de Barcelona en lo referente a la variación de precios.
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Manual para diseñar los reconocimientos de pesca de forma que coincida con determinadas condiciones de distribución o abundancia para que los estimados representen el patrón de variación estacional del recurso o para que los resultados finales no resulten sesgado por las variaciones.
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Se analiza la dieta de Engraulis ringens, Sardinops sagax sagax, Trachurus picturatus murphyi, Scomber japonicus peruanus durante el verano de 1996. La ración diaria se determinó mediante el modelo de SAINSBURY (1986), utilizando el Software MAXIMS y el espectro alimentario siguiendo lo descrito por HYSLOP (1980). En la anchoveta y sardina los items presa estuvieron compuestos por copépodos de los géneros Centropages, Oncaea, Eucalanus y el crustáceo planctónico Euphausia mucronata entre los más importantes y por los grupos diatomeas, dinoflagelados y silicoflagelados. La fracción zooplanctónica observada durante la época, ha sido superior a la observada en los estudios de serie de tiempo. En las especies jurel y caballa predominaron los crustáceos planctónicos e incluyeron en su dieta peces de las familias Myctophidae y Sciaenidae. No se observaron anchoveta ni sardina, a pesar que, tradicionalmente, estas especies has sido sus presas favoritas. La ración diaria de anchoveta ha sido determinada en 0,97 g.día-1, sardina 14,52 g.día-1, jurel 37,75 g.día-1 y caballa 49,17 g.día-1.
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Presenta un monitoreo oceanográfico pesquero del 16 al 24 de Octubre de 1995 abarcando las zonas entre Puerto Salaverry y el norte de Cabo Blanco, a fin de analizar la variación horizontal de la temperatura y salinidad del mar.
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Los más altos valores de producción durante el año 1964 se hallaron en las regiones de divergencia, de mezcla vertical y capa de mezcla poco profunda, o donde el agua superficial era enriquecida a través de los afloramientos favorecidos por la acción de los vientos. La distribución de producción primaria en superficie fue muy similar a la producción total. La producción diaria entre las latitudes 4-6° S tuvo un promedio de 0.27 gr C/m2 (0.04-1.51 gr C/m2), y entre las latitudes 6°-18°30 'S de 0.45 gr C/m2 (0.03-2.42 gr C/m2 ), o sea una producción anual de 97 y 162 gr C/m2 , respectivamente. La máxima producción hallada en la Corriente Costera Peruana correspondió al Verano, y la mínima al Invierno, con una producción promedio anual de 190 gr C/m2. Hubo una variación geográfica de la producción total en la faja costera de 60 millas de ancho. A lo largo del litoral peruano los mayores valores de producción se presentaron entre las latitudes 8-9° S y 16-17° S con valores promedio de 1.00 y 1.30 gr C/m2, respectivamente.
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Se analiza la importancia de la anchoveta en la dieta de la merluza durante el periodo 1996-1999, en términos de biomasa, para discutir los efectos de la interaccion merluza-anchoveta. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las anchovetas >10 cm constituyen una de las presas mas importantes en la dieta de merluzas que miden 31 a 40 cm de longitud. Esta interacción se presenta generalmente en años normales, es decir, sin un evento EI Niño. Cuando no hay predación sobre la anchoveta, se incrementa el canibalismo dentro de las poblaciones de merluza, lo que se grafica en una regresión potencial inversa entre ambos casos. Considerando que las áreas principales de distribución de ambos recursos no coinciden totalmente, se discute si la predación por parte de la merluza pueda estar impactando realmente a la población de anchoveta.
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Entre 1983 y 2000, el IMARPE ha llevado a cabo un total de 31 cruceros de evaluación hidroacústica de recursos pelágicos (EHARP). Los primeros 13 (1983 y 1991) se basaron en la obtención de una constante de ecointegración especifica para cada especie. A partir de 1992 se utilizaron las ecuaciones de TS-Longitud a fin de determinar la biomasa de recursos pelágicos. Se presenta la variación latitudinal de la biomasa de los cuatro recursos pelágicos de mayor importancia en el mar peruano: anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), sardina (Sardinops sagax sagax), jurel(Trachurus murphy 1) y caballa (Scomber japonicus) en cada uno de los cruceros, incluyendo la información estadística de cada uno.
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Catálogo que contiene fotografías y descripciones del otolito sagitta de cincuenta especies de peces teleósteos. Los otolitos descritos pertenecen a especies registradas como presas frecuentes de especies marinas ictiófagas {calamares, peces, aves y mamíferos) .fi•ente a las costas del Perú. Su objetivo principal es que pueda constituir una herramienta de referencia para los análisis de la dieta de los predadores marinos y también para los estudios arqueológicos, comprendidos dentro del área del Pacífico Sudeste.