Ind��cios sincr��nicos de gramaticaliza����o: o uso do verbo chegar em ora����es coordenadas e na per��frase verbal [chegar (e) + v2]: contribui����es para o ensino de gram��tica.

Based on North American Functional Linguistic Theory, our proposal is to describe and analyze the use of verb CHEGAR in verbal periphrasis such as [CHEGAR (E) + V2], where CHEGAR does not demonstrate a significance linked to physical movement. In linguistic literature, such periphrasis has been attributed several functions, related to aspectualization, emphasis of negative segments, and construction of mental spaces, among others. This study considers that the function of verb CHEGAR in the periphrasis in question is to indicate a global aspect, emphasizing a range of semantic-pragmatic nuances such as the sudden, instantaneous, or even abrupt character of the events refered to by the principal verb of the construction (V2), and/or the taking of initiative (sudden) by the agent (in the syntactic role of periphrastic subject), and/or subjective evaluations which go from surprise to frustration. Our objectives are the following: i) to describe and analyze the semanticpragmatic, morphosyntactic and social relationships which characterize the use of CHEGAR in verbal periphrases like [CHEGAR (E) + V2] and in coordinated/juxtaposed speech in which CHEGAR is the principal verb of the first utterance and is an elocution verb and the principal verb of the second; ii) identify, based on this description and analysis, synchrony proof in the grammaticalization of CHEGAR as an auxiliary verb in the periphrasis refered to. There was observed to be a strong similarity between coordinate/juxtaposed and periphrastic constructions. Such similarities strengthen the hypothesis that the use of CHEGAR as a lexical verb in coordinate/juxtaposed structures is the origin of the use of CHEGAR in the periphrastic structure, since the many properties encountered with higher frequency in lexical use are also just as frequently used as auxiliaries. Nevertheless, between the two constructions being studied, sufficient difference can be observed to see that CHEGAR, in the periphrasis [CHEGAR (E) V2], is behaving like an auxiliary verb, and shows typical properties of these types of verbs: i) in 100% of occurrences, it does not have a complement;ii) it has a co-referential subject in 100% of cases; iii) it does not appear with intervening material between it and V2. Besides this, CHEGAR, in periphrases, is predominant in nonneutral evaluation contexts, denoted by V2. Inspired by the results obtained, we propose strategies for the discussion of the [CHEGAR (E) V2] periphrases in both elementary and high schools.

O evangelho por escrever: uma leitura do desassossego nos fragmentos de Bernardo Soares.

Cette recherche a pour but d approfondir des ��tudes qui mettent en lumi��re des particularit��s inh��rentes au processus de l ��criture fragmentaire. Notre int��r��t pour ce th��me provient de la po��tique fragmentaire du Le livre de l intranquillit�� compos�� par Bernardo Soares, assistant de notaire et s��mi-h��t��ronime de l ��crivain Fernado Pessoa. Notre approche de ce genre textuel commencera par une m��thodologie comparative qui nous donnera des notions pour que nous puissions ��tablir quelques rapports de ressemblances et diff��rences entre fragments, maximes, aphorismes et r��flexions dont le corpus litt��raire sera le journal intime de l intranquilit�� soarianne, ainsi que la fragmentation du simulacre d auteur au cours des ann��es pendant lesquelles le Livre a ��t�� ��crit. Le livre de l intranquillit�� lance des �� pulv��risations �� r��flexives, lesquelles demeurent actuelles, ��tant donn�� que le processus de l ��criture fragmentaire semble ��tre toujours dans un mouvement constant et, donc, dans l ambiance du �� venir. �� partir de cela, nous avons pass��s pour quelques entraves pour essayer d ��tablir une d��finition pour ce qui serait l ��criture fragmentaire. Nous chercherons des points d intersection visant �� ��tablir des paradigmes pour obtenir des notions plus pr��cises sur ce genre textuel, concernant les maximes, aphorismes et sentences refl��xives.

A dial��tica do amor em pigmale��o, de G. B. Shaw.

Pygmalion (1913), by George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), has many studies in literary criticism. However, this study brings a new interpretation to Shaw s play based on Harold Bloom s theory and methodology, that is, the anxiety of influence and the dialectic of revisionism. Through the analysis of poetic influence and the dialectic of love, we can see that Pygmalion represents an apophrades in relation to William Shakespeare s The Taming of the Shrew (1593) and Ovid s myth of Pygmalion and Galatea in Metamorphosis (c. 14), which creates a family romance between the three stories. Shaw s play surpasses The Taming of the Shrew when it shows the possibility of the relation between this parent poem and Ovid s myth, which it is also its parent poem, and because it represents a strong misreading of Shakespeare s play as well as of Ovid s myth.

Os espa��os po��ticos de um cronista contador

This study discusses chronicler Rubem Braga and his chronicles published in O Estado de S��o Paulo newspaper (supplement Caderno 2), from 1988 to 1990. The analysis of the 84 chronicles focuses on the study of poetic spaces, mainly based on Gaston Bachelard s book The Poetics of Space. Narrator s characteristics are also shown in the analyzed chronicles, as he resembles a traditional storyteller, even though participates in a genre that belongs to a modern vehicle: the newspaper. The storyteller-chronicler moves in time and space, reporting his experiences to the readers, and also travels inside of himself, discovering places which were kept in his memory

Mercadores de sentidos: a comunica����o de vendedores ambulantes com estrangeiros por meio da intercompreens��o multil��ngue

This paper aims, starting with the studies of languages in contact and communicative competence, to locate and describe the interlanguage, a linguistic phenomenon observed in the interaction between beach sellers and foreign tourists. We seek to discover whether those interacting use some kind of pidgin, or some code as a lingua franca. We also seek to identify the manner in which the features of communicative competence are presented by analyzing the various competences that composes it - linguistic, sociolinguistic, pragmatic and psycholinguistic. The analysis of speech acts, the maxims and conversational implicatures given in the corpus were important to verify whether those interacting were successful in their attempt at multilingual intercomprehension.

O Arbusto dos Anjos

A presente disserta����o de mestrado, intitulada O ARBUSTO DOS ANJOS, apresentada ao Programa de P��s-gradua����o em Estudos da Linguagem, do CCHLA/UFRN, para obten����o do t��tulo de Mestra em Estudos da Linguagem, objetiva realizar uma leitura da obra anjosiana Eu (1912), de modo a identificar, no teor dial��tico de seus versos, uma atitude cr��tica do poeta frente �� realidade institu��da, assumindo, para tanto, dimens��es ut��picas que o fazem vislumbrar outras possibilidades de exist��ncia. Como fundamenta����o te��rica, ap��ia-se em Nietzsche, em cujos textos de A Vontade de Poder (1884-1888) toma de empr��stimo uma concep����o de niilismo d��spar do fatalismo e da resigna����o, porque voltada para uma nega����o das verdades institu��das; tamb��m baseia-se no pensamento de Benjamin, em suas Teses sobre o conceito de hist��ria (1940), de onde �� poss��vel enxergar, no desvio revolucion��rio pelo passado, uma oportunidade de construir um futuro diferente do agora. O estudo analisa alguns poemas de Augusto dos Anjos, tomando-os como realidade criadora que mant��m pontos de contato com a realidade imediata do poeta. Apoiando-se no m��todo de an��lise de Antonio Candido (2004), esta disserta����o privilegia o estudo de cinco sonetos constituintes do Eu, a saber: O L��zaro da P��tria , Ricordanza della mia Giovent�� , A ��rvore da Serra , Debaixo do Tamarindo e Vozes da Morte . Identifica na sua abordagem l��rica rasgadora de normas e aglutinadora de sonhos, o fundamento paradoxal que sustenta o niilismo ut��pico de Augusto dos Anjos, no qual protagoniza a voz dos oprimidos, digna de ser recordada no espa��o sempre emblem��tico do texto liter��rio

Ave! Mossor��! : os mecanismos discursivos sobre o epis��dio da resist��ncia ao bando de Lampi��o

This thesis has as objective the interdiscursive relations in the process of language construction in use in the poetic and in the journalistic spheres, with the purpose of perceiving how the genre news is constituted in different fields of social activity, as well as to analyze the argumentative processes that structure the written discourses about the resistance episode to the group of Lampi��o in Mossor�� in the year of 1927. The corpus of the research is constituted by the news of the period informed in the printed newspapers: Correio do povo and O Nordeste, both from Mossor��/RN, and the narratives presented in the cord��is de acontecido : Mossor�� in the resistance to the group of Lampi��o; Lampi��o in Mossor�� in 1927, and Mossor�� attacking to the group of Lampi��o, all potiguar poets. The analysis of the texts had as theoretical background the studies of: The texts analysis had as theoretical background The Discourse Analysis; The Argumentation Theory and the studies about Discourse Genres. We focused our discussion in the emphasis given to the news in the discursive perspective of the social-historic memory constructed in the cord��is, from ideological values (political, economical, religious etc.) that pass to be a fundamental element in the constitution of the image of the resistance. Methodologically, this is a documental research, since it makes use essentially of the written document. Regarding to the nature of the data, the research is characterized as a qualitative one. In the analysis, we considered the argumentative techniques adopted in the defense of the thesis, the meaning effects suggested, and the genres mentioned, that revealed to us the manner in which the episode was informed by the newspapers and the cord��is. That way, we affirm, based on the positions assumed by the announcers of the genres analyzed who defended clearly positions in favor of the defense of Mossor��, that the relation between both is captured interdiscursively, since they are asked by the same ideology, and converge to the same discursive formation, defending identical positions, and structuring their discussions with resembling argumentative techniques, reason by which take us to believe that the discourse presented in that social activity demonstrates and develops traces of a manipulation of the subject. In this case, the discursive construction of the text points towards determining standard of repetition, since the linguistic context is characterized in the journalistic field, and in the poetic field assuming, in the first instance, a local expression

Propaganda e discurso ideol��gico: um estudo dos slogans das campanhas de incentivo �� leitura

Consid��rant que le Br��sil est un pays consid��r�� comme ��non- lecteurs��, nous avons essay�� de trouver des solutions pour inverser cette situation d'exclusion sociale �� travers des campagnes et des projets. Le slogan ��tait le moyen de la propagande a propos�� �� cet effet. En ��tant un peu ��clairante, il a ��t�� consid��r�� qu'ils ��taient peut-��tre ins��r�� dans un contexte id��ologique, en passant, qui faisait alors partie de l'objet d'��tudes en question et, en cons��quence, l'objectif ��tait d'��tudier comment, dans niveau discursif, les relations sociales de l'id��ologie et du pouvoir dans ces dessins slogans verbaux et des campagnes publicitaires pour encourager la lecture. Nous avons utilis�� comme instrument de collecte de donn��es en 2007 slogans projets (sept) et l'intensification des campagnes de publicit�� dans les ann��es 1995 �� 2006, peu apr��s la cr��ation de la descendance en 1992, o�� son fonctionnement a ��t�� analys�� et discours id��ologique, en cherchant �� identifier les ��tats effets de sens propos��. Nous avons utilis�� pour soutenir la perspective de recherche d'analyse du discours de l'��cole fran��aise, affili��e �� P��cheux. Afin de sens les effets sens des tests a ��t�� fait une semi-ouverte aux enseignants qui traitent directement avec l'enseignement de la lecture de l'Institut de l'Enseignement Sup��rieur du Pr��sident-Kennedy, situ�� �� Natal / RN. On ��t�� appliqu��s 100 questionnaires, parmi lesquels 60 d‟entre eux utilis��s pour l‟analyse. La recherche a d��montr�� par l'analyse, que la fa��on d'encourager les gens �� lire se d��place �� travers le mod��le principal de la compr��hension de la lecture �� laquelle les slogans ont ��t�� utilis��s, en les int��grant dans un discours dominant, qui ne contribue pas de mani��re significative �� l'augmentation le nombre de lecteurs dans le pays. Gr��ce �� l'analyse des slogans et la r��ception des sujets de recherche, nous nous rendons compte de la diversit�� et l'id��ologie sont pr��sents en elles, r��v��lant tout le temps, la compr��hension de la lecture comme une surface pratique, ne mettre en lumi��re certaines de ses fonctions Importantes au sein d‟um contexte ��ducatif plus large

Das margens do espelho: um estudo dos reflexos da morte em primeiras est��rias, de Jo��o Guimar��es Rosa

This paper is divided into three chapters, which are structured as follows: in the first chapter, we examine the figure of death and its characteristics in the context of the work of Guimar��es Rosa, within a specific type, determining how this figure comes through " imposition "," no "," memory "and" ritual. " We intend to cover all the possibilities that this aspect denotes. In the second chapter, we found the incidence of the mirror as an analysis of our study, characterizing it as a stylistic condition can become a reading key, necessary for interpretation of the book "First Stories". The characterization of the mirror as an element of analysis has a theoretical foundation which stretches out along other literary works that are based on the same object. By setting the points where these works approach the theories of speculation, we want to justify their use from our perspective

Varia����o, mudan��a e ensino: o caso dos pronomes possessivos da gente e nosso(a)(s) em uma abordagem sociofuncionalista

In this work, we analyze the variation and change phenomenon involving the possessive pronouns da gente and nosso(a)(s) in the light of the theoretical referentials of the North-american linguistic functionalism and of the variationist sociolinguistics. At first we present the phenomenon itself, highlighting the fact that few studies have considered it as an object, gap which we will try to fill in with our contribution. In the following chapter, we emphasize concepts and principles of the functionalism and the sociolinguistics that are used as our background for the data analysis. In the third chapter, we present what the normative grammars inform about our object of study, besides synthesizing some works on variation and change involving the personal pronouns n��s and a gente. In the following chapter, we analyze the data. We used data from the Discurso & Gram��tica a l��ngua falada e escrita na cidade do Natal (FURTADO DA CUNHA, 1998) corpus. In this chapter we present the results for the groups of social and linguistic factors which we can control. Grounded on these results, we specify the preferential contexts for employing the pronouns da gente and nosso(a)(s) and we observe that the social motivations, the valorization credited to the forms and the identity marks underly the restrictions exercised in their use by social factor groups, besides obtaining signs of ongoing changes in apparent time (from the age factor groups) and possible use specializations of each form, what helped us verify the course of the grammaticalization process of the referred pronouns in the community of Natal. In the sixth chapter, we make some considerations on the teaching of grammar and propose activities which can be carried on in the classroom involving the possessive pronouns da gente and nosso(a)(s) considering the variation and change issue

Cita����o e modernidade em ��lvares de Azevedo: do sublime ao dessublime

El estudio de la citaci��n en Lira de los Veinte A��os, de ��lvares de Azevedo, desde la ��ptica de Antoine Compagnon e Ger��rd Genette, se muestra relevante a los estudios de la Literatura Comparada, en la perspectiva contepor��nea, pu��s el tema provoca la posibilidad de discutir la elaboraci��n de si del(los) otro(s), sucitando im��genes est��ticas y de los pensamientos que se aproximan de una noci��n de tesitura textual muy presente en la modernidad literaria. Este proceso instaura procedimientos de lectura, traducci��n, autoria y escritura, a��n, por ser utilizados, confirman la potencialidad inegable en que se escribi el trabajo po��tico del escritor. En la primer parte de la obra, se sugieren experiencias com lo bello y lo sublime, advindos del europeu, pero vuelto para una pesquisa de posibilidad discursivas. En la seg��n parte, esa instancia sublimada es puesta en crise, por el sujeto po��tico cribado por el deseo de tornarse singular. Se instauran en el campo valorativo de los signos rom��nticos elementos desfavorables de sentido diferentes. Dase, as��, la problematizaci��n puesta por las citaciones que ora, realizan cambios simb��licos, ora, actuan en las m��rgenes de los textos primeros, desorganizando el material de autoria, desublimandolo, en la irrupci��n de nuevos cuerpos discursivos y cuerp��sculos cituacionales. En la tecer parte, ligado a T��natos, como la dimensi��n por venir, marcando el presentimiento del poeta de que morir�� temprano, como tambi��n la despedida de ��l. En esta tesi, se pretende, as��, circunscribir como se figura, elabora esa constituici��n est��tica azevediana y su escritura, situando cuestiones recortadas por el actor en su obra, las quales remeten a Hegel, Kant y la otras lecturas filos��ficas, ali puestas. Tal procedimiento toma la citaci��n como estrategia po��tica de inscrici��n del sujeto y de las alteridades que le atravesan, concebiendo eso proceso autoral en la forma de reconstruci��n de una ciudadela de libros en este aspecto, considerandose el enfoque de F��lix Guatar��, la prop��sito de los nuevos paradigmas y las espacialidades emergentes de estos -, o la biblioteca subjetiva, que se abre en vias y pasagenes. A trav��s de ellas el discurso captura no solamente los objetos po��ticos, pero tambi��n trazos autobiogr��ficos rasurados, traduciendo la lucha por la visibilidad del sujeto en la formaci��n de su pensamiento po��tico y est��tico

A rela����o gramatical objeto direto : implica����es para o ensino de l��ngua materna

This paper attempts to investigate the discourse manifestations of the grammatical relation direct object with respect to the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties that underlie this element. The research adopts theoretical orientation of the functionalism from North American and Brazilian schools inspired in Giv��n (1995, 2001), Hopper and Thompson (1980), Chafe (1979), Furtado da Cunha, Oliveira, Martelotta (2003) inter alia. From functionalism, the research uses principles of iconicity, markedness and informativity and it analize categories of transitivity, grounding and animacy. This research is anchored in prototype model (TAYLOR 1995); construction grammar model (GOLDBERG 1996, 2002). Both theoretical orientations share the view that language is a malleable living organism subject to socio-cultural context. Grammar is then the result of created, maintained, and systematized linguistic patterns developed from and used for language use. According to a functional linguistics and cognitivist linguistics verbs are stored in the speakers lexicon in syntactic-semantic frames which are more frequent. These frames carry information concerning obligatory and optional arguments and the semantic roles these arguments take in the clause. The analysis focuses on the semantic type of the verbs and its relationship with the argument encoded as a direct object observing the aspectual nature of verbs. Direct objects are classified according to their morphology (lexical or pronominal noun phrase), semantic role, informational content and animacy. This study discusses pedagogical implications with relation to how the grammatical concepts touched on this paper are treated in school textbooks. The empirical data come from Corpus Discurso & Gram��tica: a l��ngua falada e escrita na cidade do Natal (FURTADO DA CUNHA, 1998). This corpus is composed of texts that contain spoken and written modalities. These modalities are in turn organized according to different types: personal narratives, retold narrative, description of preferred place, procedural place, procedural description and report on argumentation. The sample data totals 40 texts produced by four language consultants of the last graduation date. The paper shows that the same syntactic structures (formed through Subject-Verb-Object) correspond to different semantic-pragmatic structures in relation to specific communicative purposes even verb is an event, process or state. The argument structure are not aleatory but are related to experience; that is the way humans conceptualize the world and talk about it

O auto da morte e da vida : a escrita barroca de Jo��o Cabral de Melo Neto

This dissertation, entitled O Auto da Morte e da Vida: A escrita barroca de Jo��o Cabral de Melo Neto, has the aim of analising, interpreting, in a baroque perspective, Cabral s writing in the poem/play Morte e vida severina Auto de Natal Pernambucano, taking as basis the theories of Eug��nio D��Ors, Severo Sarduy, Omar Calabrase, Lezama Lima, Afonso ��vila, Affonso Romano de Sant��Anna and others cited in the body of this work. During the analisys we feature confluences, relations, similarities, identification between the Baroque of the counter reformation and the modern Baroque or Neobaroque. We seek to comprehend the baroque which is new in the XX century and Cabral s poetry as an element of the contemporaneity, by updating the concept of the Baroque in the 1600s, when it is detected in its purest characteristic in human relation (the life of the Northwestern brazilian) through an intangible reality (the death). The Baroque as a cultural summary of a period of instability and transformation, with the power of dismantling an already established poetry. The fight between words and things, language and reality

O complemento de lugar dos verbos de movimento: implica����es para o ensino de l��ngua materna

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient��fico e Tecnol��gico

Luna Clara e o Apolo Onze do arquivo ao repert��rio : o limiar de uma transescritura em Adriana Falc��o

La palabra archivo tiene origen en el vocablo griego arkh��, en lo cual puede indicar comienzo y comando. Tal palabra puede ser usada para representar distintas ideas. Al ser considerada como un conjunto, puede reunir las informaciones existentes sobre un determinado asunto en cualquier ��rea del conocimiento humano.(DERRIDA, 2001) Esas informaciones, por su vez, son constantemente modificadas por el repertorio de los usuarios de eses archivos. Cada individuo, al usar ese repertorio, lo hace de una manera diferente, pues las posibilidades son variadas. Entre estas, est�� la performance, que permite la elaboraci��n de una transescritura, un modo de escribir que va m��s adelante del padr��n convencional. Para que sea comprendida como tal, la escritura necesita realizar una transgresi��n, quebrar el can��nico.(RAVETTI,2003) Adriana Falc��o transgride, al consultar el archivo y reinventarlo a partir de su propio repertorio, llegando a realizar una transescritura. En el romance Luna Clara e Apolo Onze (2002). En este, archivo y repertorio est��n en constante mescla, criando nuevas relaciones entre literatura, historia, mitologia, lengua, artes, temas humanos y sociales. El romance es entonces percibido como una narrativa que performatiza nombres, hogares, conceptos, ideas, a trav��s de una marca que por ser tan plural es ��nica, peculiar, representaci��n de la literatura infante-juvenil del siglo 21