A discriminação em função da idade no direito do trabalho

In this thesis, we will treat the discrimination based on age, more specifically of older workers. In recent years, there was an increasing interest on the part of doctrine and jurisprudence on this subject. In fact, in a world in which you live a real economic crisis, older workers tend to have difficulties finding jobs or are targets of the discrimination based on age, at the time of hiring or during the contract. Thus, we will focus on discrimination. We will examine, first, the difference between direct and indirect discrimination, taking into account the importance of the burden of proof, then we will study the figures of positive action measures. Then, treat the legislative framework of the discrimination based on age, that is, in relation to the Labor Code and the Directive 2000/78/EC of November 27, 2000. Eventually, we will determine the cases in which they may accept the discrimination based on age. In fact, these differences in treatment based on age are justified, but must be aimed at a legitimate objective with appropriate and necessary means.

A segurança no terrorismo e na indústria dos eventos

Nowadays, safety and security regarding the tourism and events industries are a fundamental subject to society. Portugal’s tourism has significantly increased its number of visitors, whether due to the increasing number of cruisers docking in Lisbon, or due to visitors arriving by air, travelling the country from North to South and staying in the most varied accommodation units. Issues like human security and internal security of the different countries, even the security in the world, as development factors of a modern society, are discussed on a daily basis. On the contrary, few deal with tourism and major events security as being part of internal security, as well as the existing barriers tourism encounters to integrate the system for fighting terrorism. Although two distinct activities, they are complementary and may influence the country’s economy, provided that they can offer certainty to all actors involved. It is this substance that organised crime groups look for when planning terror acts. Therefore, as tourism can offer deception and shelter opportunities and events the theatre of a possible attack, those events assemble all the necessary conditions for an attack to achieve its goals.

A publicidade na advocacia

The aim of this dissertation is the analysis of the rules on advertising in advocacy. Presently this is a controversial issue that is far from being consensual. As we will demonstrate through the text, the arguments presented are, one the one hand, a safeguard of the deontological values of the profession that govern this professional class and, on the other hand, the interests of the legal service providers, in the current context. Opinions differ substantially among professionals who exercise the profession in individual practice, that defend balanced and fair rules to assert the true brightness of the professional lawyer, and those who work in an organized structure, such as the law firms, who defend more flexible rules in advertising and promoting the offices. Currently the rules of advertising for lawyers are provided by article 89º of the Statue of the Portuguese Bar Association. However, these rules will soon suffer adjustments that will take into consideration the Law no. 2/2013 of january 10, which will extend the scope of advertising for public associations, in order to increase the competition among these, at national or European level. Following this logic, arguments such as unequal access to available means of advertising for financial reasons or that the better publicized service is not always the most advantageous to the costumer will be analyzed and criticized.

Arbitragem de consumo no direito brasileiro

This dissertation analyzes how the current Constitution and the Brazilian law establish consumer protection, arbitration and access to justice. Following we try to demonstrate why arbitration is a method rarely used in the resolution of consumer disputes in Brazil. It also examines the doctrinal and jurisprudential aspects of the conflict between the Brazilian Arbitration Law (Law nº. 9.307/96), which allows the arbitration clause in contracts of adhesion, and the Consumer Protection Code (Law nº 8.078/90) that in article 51, VII, considers as abusive the arbitration clause. Furthermore, analyzes new proposed bills under scrutiny by the National Congress on the issue and identifies the causes, in the Brazilian legal system, hampering the use of arbitration in consumer relations. Concludes that there are no principle obstacles preventing consumer litigations to be settled by arbitration. High costs, mistrust, oppression, misinformation of consumers and non-participation of the State, being a totally private institute, are factors that generate distrust, suspicion, and have prevented the development of arbitration in consumer relations in Brazil.

Segurança e recursos hídricos

This paper seeks to examine the basis of collected and predict how the evolution of climatic parameters, data may influence the consistent and enduring the activities in mainland Portugal way into the context of the Iberian Peninsula and the EU, as well as the role that companies from both countries can play or not, to address the challenges that will be presented to them It seeks to further determine the possible mechanisms for the resolution of water resource management, but also of potential conflicts between member states in particular between Portugal and Spain, indicating the likely points of conflict perceived their motivation and of implications that may arise therefrom

O direito de exoneração do acionista minoritário

This study specifically addresses the situation of minority shareholders after the transfer of control in an listed company. The various underlying interests and reasons that shareholders have for investing in a company can demonstrate shareholders’ reasoning for taking radically different positions on issues relating to the transfer of control of the referred company. This study analyses the current legal system in Portugal and in the European Union in order to assess whether, in the event of a takeover bid of a listed company where there is a transfer of control, minority shareholders have the same appraisal rights as other shareholders to sell their shares and leave the company. The study then examines the European Court of Justice decision on whether a general principle of equal treatment of minority shareholders exists upon a transfer of control (Audiolux) and the Portuguese Securities Market Commission decision regarding the delisting of Brisa - Autoestradas de Portugal, S.A. based on the principle of investor protection. The study concludes that although the principle of equality amongst shareholders has made progress in the European legal system e.g. it is laid down in Directive 2004/25/EC of 21 April 2004 on takeover bids and the Portuguese Securities Market Code, there is also a need for further improvement, which can be accomplished by allowing minority shareholders to exercise an appraisal right in similar unregulated situations.

Relatório de estágio curricular realizado na Comissão Nacional de Protecção de Dados

The personal data protection is presented as an indisputably complex and transversal subject and gives an account of this report, a result of curricular internship at the Portuguese Commission for Data Protection. The Commission is the competent authority for the control and supervision of personal data processing. The subject around which this report was prepared is the protection of personal data, analyzed in several aspects. The protection of personal data is, for some time, a topic that raises many concerns, because it is closely linked to fundamental rights constitutionally protected. Fundamental rights inherent in each of us are a result of Article 1 of the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic, in the sense that the dignity of the human person is affirmed as the first value around which the Portuguese legal system will have to be based. In other words, is the dignity of the human person the highest value in the Portuguese legal system. Was the development of societies to the point that we know today that has led to the importance to the personal data of citizens. In modern societies, it is possible to know everything about everyone and the curiosity of others seems not to worry about the injuries that affect the rights of citizens. Where new technologies make excuses for the excessive processing of personal data and where subjects do not seem to bother about their personal data crossing the world, it is important that jurisdictions give value the protection of personal data and the implications of its misuse, in that as these are the mirror of identity each of us and can be used against their owners, causing irreparable damage to the their fundamental rights. Being understood as protection of personal data the possibility of each citizen to decide the use of their data and how they can be used, we can say that its protection depends essentially on each of us, as holders of personal data. Therefore, the protection of our data begins in ourselves.

Segurança e criminalidade organizada

Globalization brought some deep changes to the world (dis)order. Nowadays, more than in other moment in history, we are closer to the ones physically far, living in “global village” called by Marshall McLuhan (1962). The concepts and premises built in this new order, have totally broken with the ones that “came out from Westphalia”, which had last to the end of the cold war, like, for example, the concept of security. Since then, security has been facing one of its biggest transformations ever, completely disrupting the state border based idea and starting to be extended to other domains, as human, economic, environmental and IT security, among others. In this global and interdependent environment, “new” threats and risks have raised, which are demanding a comprehensive approach from the States, international organizations and other actors, to allow the analysis and understanding its impacts on the various society sectors and orders. Inside the enormous challenges to the global security, it is important to regard the organized crime, which covers, by itself, a set of threats and risks, enhanced by its connection to other types of criminality, such as terrorism. The goals pursued and the tactics used by criminal organizations during the perpetration of illegal activities, specially the drug smuggling, have impact in an wide spectrum of the social, economic financial and politic dimensions, which should not be underestimated, otherwise our own security may be compromised. Therefore, the current investigation intends to be an important catalyst to the idea debate inside security scope, through the analysis of the organized crime and the drug smuggling, adding to a discussion of this issue, which should be deeper and holistic, aiming a better understanding of the challenges provided by our society.

As Comissões Parlamentares de Inquérito no Portugal democrático, 1976-2015

As transformações operadas no mundo contemporâneo, em especial no que respeita às estruturas do poder, à sua maior autonomização e diferenciação, tiveram particulares reflexos ao nível dos Parlamentos e das funções que prosseguem. Desde a sua origem, no passado século XIII, à atualidade, grandes acontecimentos, clivagens e factos históricos estão presentes na sua linha evolutiva. A democratização do regime parlamentar e a legitimidade outorgada através de eleições democráticas e concorrenciais são um marco ímpar na sua história. A complexidade das sociedades hodiernas catapultou o Poder Executivo em detrimento do Parlamento, enquanto órgão legislativo por excelência. Tal circunstancialismo levou, não ao proclamado declínio dos Parlamentos, mas a reformas estruturantes. Outras e mais importantes funções seriam prosseguidas. Se as iniciativas legislativas e a definição das políticas públicas passaram a ser quase um exclusivo do Governo, havia que desenvolver e ampliar, por parte dos Parlamentos, os instrumentos de controlo, fiscalização e escrutínio da ação governativa. Entre os clássicos instrumentos de controlo avulta o Inquérito Parlamentar, materializado em Comissões Parlamentares de Inquérito, dotadas de poderes especiais para recolha de informação e para investigação. No seu percurso parlamentar, também as Comissões de Inquérito foram sendo alvo de constantes aperfeiçoamentos, de ordem constitucional, legal e regimental. A excessiva partidarização da atividade parlamentar de outrora e sobretudo a confusão entre o governo e o partido que o sustentava a nível parlamentar, o confronto desequilibrado de meios entre as maiorias e as minorias, levaram a um reposicionamento do inquérito parlamentar enquanto garante do direito das minorias. Não sendo expectável que as grandes iniciativas de controlo sejam tomadas pelo partido maioritário, cabe à oposição esse papel. Em Portugal, diminuta era a tradição do instituto do inquérito parlamentar, razão porque foi efémera e sem resultado a sua utilização no tempo da monarquia constitucional. O regime democrático, abraçado com o 25 de abril de 1974, relançou o órgão de soberania Parlamento e estabeleceu prioridades. Até ao amadurecimento da democracia viveram-se tempos mais conturbados mas de grande aprendizagem. O inquérito Parlamentar, a partir da revisão constitucional de 1982, passou conceptualmente a integrar um dos meios mais relevantes da fiscalização política. É, pois, o levantamento exaustivo e a análise das Comissões Parlamentares de Inquérito no Portugal democrático, período de 1976-2015, o objetivo a que nos propomos neste estudo.

Aumento de capital social por "conversão" de créditos sobre a sociedade, nomeadamente de créditos resultantes de prestações suplementares

Na presente dissertação abordaremos o mecanismo do aumento de capital realizado com recurso a créditos sobre a sociedade, nomeadamente, resultantes de prestações suplementares. Este tema afigura-se-nos de particular interesse e considerável relevância não só teoricamente, como face ao momento histórico que vivemos. De facto, o modelo comummente adoptado pelas sociedades comerciais passava pelo recurso a elevados níveis de endividamento, sendo utilizados capitais externos como modo preferencial de financiamento. Dadas as recentes e generalizadas dificuldades de tesouraria e acesso a crédito, as estruturas financeiras das sociedades tiveram de ser repensadas, sendo os mecanismos de autofinanciamento cada vez mais bem vistos. A questão ora em análise afigura-se ainda como merecedora do nosso interesse e análise pelo facto de cruzar vários institutos jurídicos, uns regulados pelo direito civil (extinção e transmissão de obrigações) e outros pelo direito societário (aumento de capital e prestações suplementares), e versar também sobre outras áreas do saber como a contabilidade empresarial. Cumprindo a função de autofinanciamento da sociedade temos os aumentos de capital e as prestações suplementares. Mediante o aumento de capital social realizado com créditos sobre a própria sociedade, sejam estes créditos de terceiros, sejam créditos de sócios decorrentes da realização de prestações suplementares, realiza-se um financiamento com recurso a capitais próprios da sociedade que, desonerando-a de uma dívida, contribui para a sanidade financeira da mesma. Este é, pois, um mecanismo jurídico de grande relevância prática com evidentes vantagens tanto para os sócios – na medida em que fortalece a possibilidade de realização do objecto social - como para os credores – pois confere maior certeza de satisfação dos seus direitos de crédito. Assim, ao longo deste estudo, procuraremos demonstrar as vantagens e benefícios deste mecanismo que justificam amplamente, em nosso entender, que lhe seja dado o devido tratamento legislativo. Iniciaremos o nosso percurso com uma breve análise do conceito estruturante de todo o nosso direito societário, o capital social. Sendo este nuclear ao pensamento jus-societário português e ao tema que ora nos propomos tratar, afigura-se-nos como imperativa a sua devida definição e caracterização para posterior discussão das questões parcelares e particulares que encerra. Feita a sua análise, estaremos em condições de gizar os principais traços de dois dos modos de financiamento das sociedades, abordando primeiramente o elemento central da nossa exposição, o aumento de capital. Não gozando as prestações suplementares do mesmo regime que o capital social e não o integrando ou modificando, pelas suas características intrínsecas, cumprem funções similares a este e são, consequentemente, afins do aumento de capital social. Daí a sua inserção sistemática na presente no âmbito das “vicissitudes da vida das sociedades – modos de financiamento”. A abordagem e tratamento pormenorizado das prestações suplementares tem aqui lugar por força não só da sua função de autofinanciamento das sociedades, paralela à dos aumentos de capital, mas também e essencialmente por força do facto de da sua realização resultarem créditos sobre a sua sociedade que poderão ser objecto de entradas em futuros aumentos de capital. . Sendo a particularidade do mecanismo em causa o tipo de entrada com que é realizado – os créditos – múltiplas questões se levantam e merecem análise e reflexão. Seguir-se-á, então, o estudo da obrigação central e fundacional da posição jurídica de sócio e, consequentemente, da vida das sociedades comerciais, a obrigação de entrada. Aqui, demonstraremos a admissibilidade da realização de aumentos de capital com entradas constituídas por créditos, o que despoleta a questão central da nossa problemática – como se extingue a obrigação de entrada nos aumentos de capital realizados com créditos quando a lei societária proíbe determinante e expressamente a sua extinção por compensação? Aqui chegados, far-se-á uma incursão pelos principais ordenamentos jurídicos europeus, num breve estudo de direito comparado que nos permita iluminar a questão, que entre nós tem sido negligenciada pela doutrina, jurisprudência e, principalmente, pelo legislador. De facto, são poucas as vozes que entre nós versam sobre a incongruência entre a praxis recorrente de realização de aumentos de capital mediante conversão de crédito em capital e a proibição do 27.º n.º 5 do Código das Sociedades Comerciais. Não sendo admitida a compensação, cumpre analisar as várias causas de extinção das obrigações previstas no Código Civil que, à partida, poderão operar a extinção da obrigação de entrada.

A prestação de contas e o regime especial da invalidade das deliberações

The obligation of accountability, or the need to make known the economic and financial state of the companies, ceased to be a purely internal activity, becoming a necessity of a general nature. The knowledge of the financial state of the companies, wich is provided by accountability documents, reveals more and more elementary for all interested in the results obtained, whether in terms of profitability, either with a view to assessing the economic and financial health of the companies. This essay aims to a deeper analysis to matters of accountability, in particular, to the special invalidity scheme of corporate resolutions, wich is enshrined in art. 69º of Portuguese Companies Code. We chose to reference the accrual basis accounts approval, through the analysis of financial statements, laying down a set of principles and criteria applicable to different entities. After consideration of the special scheme versed in art. 69º, we conclude there is a certain ambiguity in the adoption of the criteria do delimit each of the hypotheses of the precept, since the legislator uses indeterminate concepts. Nevertheless, if there is a rule, this will be the annulment, and only exceptionally will apply the nullity scheme, where there is injury to the public interest and the interests of the creditors.