Asymmetric blasting: a rock mass dependent blast design method

Blasting has been the most frequently used method for rock breakage since black powder was first used to fragment rocks, more than two hundred years ago. This paper is an attempt to reassess standard design techniques used in blasting by providing an alternative approach to blast design. The new approach has been termed asymmetric blasting. Based on providing real time rock recognition through the capacity of measurement while drilling (MWD) techniques, asymmetric blasting is an approach to deal with rock properties as they occur in nature, i.e., randomly and asymmetrically spatially distributed. It is well accepted that performance of basic mining operations, such as excavation and crushing rely on a broken rock mass which has been pre conditioned by the blast. By pre-conditioned we mean well fragmented, sufficiently loose and with adequate muckpile profile. These muckpile characteristics affect loading and hauling [1]. The influence of blasting does not end there. Under the Mine to Mill paradigm, blasting has a significant leverage on downstream operations such as crushing and milling. There is a body of evidence that blasting affects mineral liberation [2]. Thus, the importance of blasting has increased from simply fragmenting and loosing the rock mass, to a broader role that encompasses many aspects of mining, which affects the cost of the end product. A new approach is proposed in this paper which facilitates this trend 'to treat non-homogeneous media (rock mass) in a non-homogeneous manner (an asymmetrical pattern) in order to achieve an optimal result (in terms of muckpile size distribution).' It is postulated there are no logical reasons (besides the current lack of means to infer rock mass properties in the blind zones of the bench and onsite precedents) for drilling a regular blast pattern over a rock mass that is inherently heterogeneous. Real and theoretical examples of such a method are presented.

The genetics of coronary heart disease: the contribution of twin studies

Despite the decline in coronary heart disease in many European countries, the disease remains an enormous public health problem. Although we know a great deal about environmental risk factors for coronary heart disease, a heritable component was recognized a long time ago. The earliest and best known examples of how our genetic constitution may determine cardiovascular risk relate to lipoprotein(a), familial hypercholesterolaemia and apolipoprotein E. In the past 20 years a fair number of polymorphisms assessed singly have shown strong associations with the disease but most are subject to poor repeatability. Twins constitute a compelling natural experiment to establish the genetic contribution to coronary heart disease and its risk factors. GenomEUtwin, a recently funded Framework 5 Programme of the European Community, affords the opportunity of comparing the heritability of risk factors in different European Twin Registries. As an illustration we present the heritabilities of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, based on data from over 4000 twin pairs from six different European countries and Australia. Heritabilities for systolic blood pressure are between 52 and 66% and for diastolic blood pressure between 44 and 66%. There is no evidence of sex differences in heritability estimates and very little to no evidence for a significant contribution of shared family environment. A non-twin based prospective case/cohort study of coronary heart disease and stroke (MORGAM) will allow hypotheses relating to cardiovascular disease, generated in the twin cohorts, to be tested prospectively in adult populations. Twin studies have also contributed to our understanding of the life course hypothesis, and GenomEUtwin has the potential to add to this.

Laws of nature and laws of ecology

We address the question of whether there are laws in ecology. Although there has been a great deal of recent interest in this topic, much of the relevant debate has been conducted under some common misconceptions about what laws of nature are. Once these misconceptions are cleared up, the case for ecology having laws is much stronger. Indeed, we suggest that the case for laws in ecology is no better or worse than the case for laws in physics.

Linking physiological and architectural models of cotton

Despite the strong influence of plant architecture on crop yield, most crop models either ignore it or deal with it in a very rudimentary way. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of linking a model that simulates the morphogenesis and resultant architecture of individual cotton plants with a crop model that simulates the effects of environmental factors on critical physiological processes and resulting yield in cotton. First the varietal parameters of the models were made concordant. Then routines were developed to allocate the flower buds produced each day by the crop model amongst the potential positions generated by the architectural model. This allocation is done according to a set of heuristic rules. The final weight of individual bolls and the shedding of buds and fruit caused by water, N, and C stresses are processed in a similar manner. Observations of the positions of harvestable fruits, both within and between plants, made under a variety of agronomic conditions that had resulted in a broad range of plant architectures were compared to those predicted by the model with the same environmental inputs. As illustrated by comparisons of plant maps, the linked models performed reasonably well, though performance of the fruiting point allocation and shedding algorithms could probably be improved by further analysis of the spatial relationships of retained fruit. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Is emotional intelligence training for leaders justified?

In this paper, we present the results of a qualitative study of subordinate perceptions of leaders. The study represents a preliminary test of a model based on Affective Events Theory, which posits that leaders who are seen to be effective shape the affective events that determine employees' attitudes and behaviours in the workplace. Within this framework, we argue that effective leaders ameliorate employees' hassles by providing frequent, small emotional uplifts. The resulting positive affective states are then proposed to lead to more positive employee attitudes and behaviours, and more positive regard for the leader. Importantly, leaders who demonstrate these ameliorating behaviours are likely to require high levels of emotional intelligence, defined in terms of the ability to recognise, understand, and manage emotions in self and others. To investigate this model, we conducted interviews and focus groups with 10 leaders and 24 employees. Results confirmed that these processes do indeed exist in the workplace. In particular, leaders who were seen by employees to provide continuous small emotional uplifts were consistently held to be the most effective. Study participants were especially affected by negative events (or hassles). Leaders who failed to deal with hassles or, worse still, were the source of hassles, were consistently seen to be less effective. We conclude with a discussion of implications for practicing managers, and suggest that our exploratory findings provide justification for emotional intelligence training as a means to improve leader perceptions and effectiveness. [Abstract from author]

Managing urinary incontinence across the lifespan

In the 1996 baseline surveys of the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health (ALSWH), 36.1% of mid-age women (45-50) and 35% of older women (70-75) reported leaking urine. This study aimed to investigate (a) the range of self-management strategies used to deal with urinary incontinence (UI); (b) the reasons why many women who report leaking urine do not seek help for UI; and (c) the types of health professionals consulted and treatment provided, and perceptions of satisfaction with these, among a sample of women in each age group who reported leaking urine often' at baseline. Five hundred participants were randomly selected from women in each of the mid-age and older cohorts of the ALSWH who had reported leaking urine often in a previous survey. Details about UI (frequency, severity, and situations), self-management behaviors and help-seeking for UI, types of health professional consulted, recommended treatment for the problem, and satisfaction with the service provided by health care professionals and the outcomes of recommended treatments were sought through a self-report mailed follow-up survey. Most respondents had leaked urine in the last month (94% and 91% of mid-age and older women, respectively), and 72.2% and 73. 1% of mid-aged and older women, respectively, had sought help or advice about their UI. In both age groups, the likelihood of having sought help significantly increased with severity of incontinence. The most common reasons for not seeking help were that the women felt they could manage the problem themselves or they did not consider it to be a problem.. Many women in both cohorts had employed avoidance techniques in an attempt to prevent leaking urine, including reducing their liquid consumption, going to the toilet just in case, and rushing to the toilet the minute they felt the need to. Strategies are needed to inform women who experience UI of more effective management techniques and the possible health risks associated with commonly used avoidance behaviors. There may be a need to better publicize existing incontinence services and improve access to these services for women of all ages.

O estado da reforma: balan??o da literatura em gest??o p??blica (1994/2002)

O objetivo deste paper ?? demonstrar a todos aqueles que trabalham com a disciplina Administra????o P??blica quais s??o os principais autores e obras da literatura nacional/internacional recente, articulando-os sob os aspectos anal??tico, metodol??gico e te??rico-conceitual, no sentido de contribuir para a cumulatividade da gera????o do conhecimento e forma????o de panorama nessa ??rea, no per??odo selecionado (1994/2002). Para tanto, foi adotada metodologia espec??fica para esse objetivo, apresentada por KEINERT (2000) em fun????o das caracter??sticas estruturais da disciplina. A literatura foi agrupada em cinco loci contemplando a vertente p??s-burocr??tica da gest??o p??blica, os impactos da globaliza????o no aparelho do Estado, as condicionantes do ordenamento pol??tico e econ??mico nacional e internacional, as novas tend??ncias no ciclo de pol??ticas p??blicas e a gest??o de pol??ticas sociais.As principais conclus??es da pesquisa apontam para a adequa????o do instrumental anal??tico adotado para compreens??o da literatura em Administra????o P??blica e tamb??m para a baixa verticalidade e cumulatividade da pesquisa nesse campo, com pouca sistematiza????o e densidade anal??tica no que se refere a determinados temas.

Inova????o no governo e no setor p??blico: desafios e implica????es para a lideran??a

Pol??ticas de inova????o no governo e no setor p??blico s??o necess??rias por muitas raz??es. As institui????es de governan??a, incluindo-se a?? as organiza????es de servi??o p??blico, v??m enfrentando atualmente in??meros desafios e devem exercer suas atribui????es a partir desse contexto. S??o desafios que requerem abordagens novas e inovadoras para dar conta de sua complexidade. ?? preciso, portanto, que governos e servi??os p??blicos se envolvam em processos cont??nuos de inova????o: solu????es convencionais e conhecidas parecem simplesmente n??o mais atender e somente se conseguir?? fazer frente aos novos desafios com sucesso por meio de respostas criativas. Surge, ent??o, uma quest??o: quais as abordagens e as estrat??gias de lideran??a mais indicadas em um contexto de necess??ria inova????o? Este artigo trata dos desafios que surgem a partir desse contexto e dos aspectos de inova????o necess??rios para enfrent??-los. Apresenta ainda algumas abordagens de lideran??a e poss??veis estrat??gias para aumentar a capacidade de lideran??a p??blica e a habilidade dos l??deres, para que enfrentem os desafios de inovar e de implementar pol??ticas e processos inovadores.

O administrador p??blico tipo delta para o s??culo 21

O artigo estuda um aspecto da reforma do Estado que, segundo o autor, tem sido sistematicamente negligenciado pelas atuais propostas que focalizam o modelo da administra????o gerencial. Trata-se das fun????es vitais do governo de tomar decis??es cr??ticas e adotar pol??ticas diante das mudan??as provocadas pela revolu????o global. Segundo Dror, as tarefas de alto comando (high-order tasks) de definir trajet??rias e as novas formas de governan??a exigem um ajuste significativo do governo central. Este ajuste refere-se, principalmente, ?? concep????o e ao desenvolvimento de um novo padr??o de funcion??rios do primeiro escal??o p??blico, o qual contribuiria com conhecimento e perspectivas para enfrentar as tarefas de alto comando. O autor estabelece uma tipologia para caraterizar a evolu????o do perfil do servi??o p??blico, marcando suas fases hist??ricas: a) tipo alpha (status atribu??do, fus??o de pap??is pol??ticos e administrativos); b) tipo beta (compra de cargos governamentais) e c) tipo gamma (quase profissionalismo). O novo funcion??rio s??nior, do tipo delta, se concentraria nas quest??es de ordem estrat??gica, deixando as fun????es gerenciais para servidores do tipo gamma e para os servi??os t??cnicos. Ap??s uma breve an??lise, Dror conclui que o funcionalismo p??blico de primeiro escal??o, na maioria dos pa??ses (com exce????o de alguns pa??ses do Sudeste Asi??tico), encontra-se obsoleto, com base profissional inadequada e capacidade insuficiente para lidar com escolhas cr??ticas.

Federalismo fiscal, atribui????es fiscais constitucionais e equaliza????o regional: EUA, Alemanha e Brasil em perspectiva comparada

Este trabalho aborda aspectos institucional-constitucionais do sistema federal brasileiro com vistas a tratar do problema da equaliza????o regional. O foco de an??lise desta investiga????o ser?? a articula????o entre as atribui????es fiscais constitucionais (incluindo a reparti????o das compet??ncias tribut??rias e as principais transfer??ncias correlatas) e a tarefa de equaliza????o regional no Brasil, a partir de uma perspectiva de estudo institucional comparado envolvendo Estados Unidos, Alemanha e Brasil.

Pr??-equidade de g??nero: incorporando pol??ticas de a????o afirmativa no mundo do trabalho

A institui????o do Programa Pr??-equidade de G??nero ?? o reconhecimento p??blico da desigualdade de tratamento e de oportunidades, que ainda permanece entre mulheres e homens. A implementa????o ?? consolidada com a coloca????o em pr??tica dos planos de a????es firmados entre a Secretaria Especial de Pol??ticas para as Mulheres (SPM) e as organiza????es aderentes. A pesquisa explorat??ria teve como objetivo apresentar o programa e discuti-lo com base no modelo "policy cycle como aprendizado", de Silva e Melo (2000). Os resultados subsidiar??o pesquisa futura sobre a avalia????o do programa. Dentro da estrat??gia adotada, a coleta de dados ocorreu em documentos institucionais e dados bibliogr??ficos em mar??o de 2009, com o seguinte resultado: a avalia????o n??o trata de forma clara da efetividade e da sustentabilidade do programa. Este trabalho est?? dividido em seis partes: descri????o do m??todo utilizado; apresenta????o do Programa Pro-equidade de G??nero; avalia????o de suas duas primeiras edi????es; breve contextualiza????o das pol??ticas p??blicas no Brasil e o modelo "policy cicle como aprendizado"; rela????es entre o programa e o modelo; e considera????es finais.

Historicidade, entropia e não-linearidade : algumas aplicações possíveis na Ciência Econômica

The objective of this paper is to definite Historicity in Economic Sciences applying the principles of Entropy and methodological indeterminism. This implies the definition of two kinds of economic universes: one characterized by ergodicity and reversibility of Time and processes and the other by the opposite properties. The first part will deal with the construction of the subject of study and the nature of the proper analysis to these two universes. Taking such dichotomy into account, the second part will examine its implications as regards to the nature of equilibrium, the properties of stability and instability and the closure of the systems.

Irreversibilidade, incerteza e teoria econômica reflexões a respeito do indeterminismo metodológico e de suas aplicações na ciência econômica

Este trabalho consiste em aplicar o princípio do indeterminismo metodológico na Ciência Econômica. Isto implica definir dois tipos de universo econômico: um que se caracteriza pela ergodicidade e pela reversibilidade do tempo e dos processos econômicos, e o outro pelas características contrárias. Uma primeira parte tratará da construção do objeto de estudo e da natureza da análise relativa a cada um desses universos. Em razão desta dicotomia, uma segunda parte estudará suas implicações no que diz respeito à natureza das probabilidades e dos processos que guiam as decisões dos agentes.

Pesquisa com o cotidiano

Este texto trata do tema da pesquisa "com" o cotidiano. O interesse é provocar uma permanente abertura para a reflexão e o debate sobre o cotidiano e a pesquisa com o cotidiano, e não fechar a questão com uma proposta sistemática. Vale-se dos estudos desenvolvidos em escolas públicas do Estado do Espírito Santo no período de 1999 a 2004, cujo principal objetivo foi desencadear, entre os praticantes do cotidiano escolar, práticas de intervenção nos "currículos" e na "formação continuada", assumidos como processos complexos que se interpenetram em meio às redes de saberesfazeres tecidas e partilhadas pelos sujeitos das escolas. Podemos inferir, a partir das pistas encontradas, que o cotidiano exige dos pesquisadores em educação outras possibilidades teórico-metodológicas, diferentes daquelas herdadas da modernidade, para superar o aprisionamento do cotidiano em categorias prévias e assegurar a impossibilidade de usarmos o singular para tratar da diversidade que se manifesta na vida.

Clínica da atividade e cartografia : construindo metodologias de análise do trabalho

As questões formuladas no artigo foram disparadas por experiências vividas ao longo dos últimos anos em pesquisas que partem do princípio de que a temática saúde e trabalho, como objeto de investigação científica, tem uma especificidade que não pode ser tomada com posturas de exterritorialidade no que diz respeito à relação do pesquisador e do objeto a ser investigado. As questões dos mundos do trabalho não podem estar baseadas apenas em quadros analíticos construídos a partir de um distanciamento da complexidade engendrada onde o trabalho acontece. Propõe-se uma direção metodológica de pesquisa que articula investigação e intervenção na direção do diálogo, da interlocução entre os diferentes saberes - disciplinares ou não - com o objetivo de potencializar estratégias utilizadas pelos trabalhadores para lidar com a variabilidade das situações de trabalho. Com esse objetivo, traz a contribuição da Clínica da Atividade como importante ferramenta metodológica.