Venäjän automarkkinat

Venäjän automarkkinoiden uskotaan kasvavan muutaman vuoden sisällä Euroopan suurimmiksi. Keskeisin syy automarkkinoiden nopeaan kasvuun on ollut venäläisten elintason ja tätä kautta ostovoiman kasvaminen. Autoluototuksen kehittyminen on myös kiihdyttänyt automarkkinoiden kehitystä. Venäjän automarkkinat jakautuvat neljään osaan: Uusiin venäläisiin merkkeihin, uusiin ulkomaisten merkkien Venäjällä valmistettuihin autoihin, uusiin tuontiautoihin sekä käytettyihin tuontiautoihin. Työssä keskitytään uusien autojen markkinoihin sekä autonvalmistajiin näiden markkinoiden toimijoina. Venäjän Neuvostoliitolta peritty autoteollisuus ei ole pystynyt täyttämään asiakkaiden kovenevia laatuvaatimuksia ja ulkomaiset automerkit ovatkin saaneet Venäjällä erittäin vahvan jalansijan. Venäjä on kaivannut ulkomaisia investointeja ja on suorastaan houkutellut ulkomaisia autonvalmistajia maahan. Ulkomaiset valmistajat ovat kuitenkin menestyksen lisäksi joutuneet kohtaamaan Venäjällä toimiessaan monenlaisia haasteita. Laatukriteerit täyttävien alihankkijoiden löytäminen on ollut vaikeaa ja joissain autoteollisuuden keskittymissä alkaa olla jo työvoimapulaa. Jatkuva inflaatio asettaa teollisuudelle palkankorotuspaineita. Venäjän automarkkinat ovat kuitenkin suuret ja houkuttelevat ja tulevat kasvamaan haasteista huolimatta vielä tulevina vuosinakin.

Pharmacy Industry in Russia and in the Baltic States

The aim of this study is to describe the structure of the pharmacy industry in four post-Soviet states on the Baltic Sea: Russia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. In addition to this, the opportunities that these markets have to offer for international pharmaceutical companies are explored. After the Soviet Union collapsed at the beginning of 1990s, the pharmacy sector has gone through tremendous changes. The pharmacy market shifted from a centrally controlled, one supplier system to an industry in which multiple distributors are competing in importing, wholesaling, and retailing of medicinal products. In the Baltic States, the number of pharmacies has not increased during the last years and companies have been growing mainly by acquisitions. Especially in Estonia the market is saturated and price competition is fierce. Similarly, in Latvia and Lithuania, markets are consolidating and wholesalers are growingly taking part in retailing by acquiring smaller chains. In Russia, the market is still fragmented and only one national pharmacy chain can be named, pharmacy chain “36.6”. Pharmacy chains are growing mostly through organic growth and competition between the biggest players is relatively low. The Russian market clearly offers many opportunities for international pharmaceutical operators. The ageing population, growing level of income, and changing living habits are creating new and growing needs for modern healthcare services and products.

Time-Varying Benefits of International Diversification for Finnish Investor: Country-Specific Strategy Concentrating on Emerging Markets

The main objective of this study is to investigate whether the Finnish investors’ country-specific strategy concentrating on emerging markets provides diversification benefits. We also analyze whether the benefits of international diversification has been diminished after periods of high volatility caused by different market crisis. The objective is investigated with three methods: Correlation coefficients, rolling correlations added with OLS trend-lines and Box’s M statistic. All the empirical tests are analyzed and calculated with logarithmic returns of weekly time series data from Friday closing values between January 1995 and December 2007. The number of weekly observations is 678. The data type is total return indices of different countries. Data is collected from DataStream and provided by Datastream Financial. Countries investigated are Finland, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, India, Mexico, Poland, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Thailand and Turkey. The current data is quoted both in U.S. Dollars and local currencies. The empirical results of this thesis show that the correlation coefficients are time-varying across Finland and 12 emerging market countries. Although the correlations have risen from 1995 to 2007, there can be found sub-periods where the correlation has declined from earlier period. The results also indicate that a Finnish investor constructing a portfolio of emerging market countries cannot rely on the correlation coefficients estimated from historical data because of the instability of correlation matrices.

Clustering and international competitiveness of information technology industry in the Saint Petersburg area

The main objective of this study is to assess the potential of the information technology industry in the Saint Petersburg area to become one of the new key industries in the Russian economy. To achieve this objective, the study analyzes especially the international competitiveness of the industry and the conditions for clustering. Russia is currently heavily dependent on its natural resources, which are the main source of its recent economic growth. In order to achieve good long-term economic performance, Russia needs diversification in its well-performing industries in addition to the ones operating in the field of natural resources. The Russian government has acknowledged this and started special initiatives to promote such other industries as information technology and nanotechnology. An interesting industry that is basically less than 20 years old and fast growing in Russia, is information technology. Information technology activities and markets are mainly concentrated in Russia’s two biggest cities, Moscow and Saint Petersburg, and areas around them. The information technology industry in the Saint Petersburg area, although smaller than Moscow, is especially dynamic and is gaining increasing foreign company presence. However, the industry is not yet internationally competitive as it lacks substantial and sustainable competitive advantages. The industry is also merely a potential global information technology cluster, as it lacks the competitive edge and a wide supplier and manufacturing base and other related parts of the whole information technology value system. Alone, the industry will not become a key industry in Russia, but it will, on the other hand, have an important supporting role for the development of other industries. The information technology market in the Saint Petersburg area is already large and if more tightly integrated to Moscow, they will together form a huge and still growing market sufficient for most companies operating in Russia currently and in the future. Therefore, the potential of information technology inside Russia is immense.

Toisen maailmansodan aikaisia propagandalehtisiä ja julisteita (kokoelma)

Lentolehtisten avulla on levitetty sotapropagandaa Suomen talvi- ja jatkosodan aikana vuosina 1939-1944 rintaman molemmin puolin. Tämä ainutlaatuinen, aikaansa sidottu aineisto kertoo, millaisin sanoin ja kuvin poikkeuksellisissa oloissa pyritään vaikuttamaan ihmisten asenteisiin ja toimintaan. Lentolehtisiä levisi miljoonittain, mutta niitä ei juurikaan saatu kirjastoon vapaakappalelain perusteella. Pääosa lehtisistä on yksityishenkilöiden rintamilta ja muilta tahoilta keräämiä. Lehtisten kunto on jo alun perin ollut huono, ja myös niiden materiaali on heikosti säilyvää paperia. Kokoelmassa on sekä suomalaisten, saksalaisten ja neuvostoliittolaisten levittämiä lehtisiä että heille sekä myös ruotsalaisille ja muille vapaaehtoisille osoitettuja lehtisiä. Varsinaisten lentolehtisten lisäksi on pikkukirjasia, sanomalehtiä, päiväkäskyjä ja virallisia julistuksia. Edustettuna on lukuisia kieliä: venäjä, saksa, ruotsi, suomi, viro, aunuksen ja karjalan kielet sekä muita Neuvostoliitossa käytettyjä vähemmistökieliä. Aineistossa on määrällisesti eniten Neuvostoliitossa painettuja, suomalaisille osoitettuja lentolehtisiä.

Organizing automation maintenance business in Russia

The target of this thesis is to find out potential of automation maintenance services in Russian industry, especially in the region of St. Petersburg. At the beginning of this study the industrial maintainability and process efficiency are discussed from the point of view of process automation. A survey of the present technology and maintenance methods has been made during five visits to local plants. The results of the interviews are analyzed numerically to clarify the common needs and the potential of automation maintenance services. The most interesting services are evaluated by their required resources to find economically justified solutions for the needs of the industry. As results of this study, some service products that would interest interviewed companies have been introduced. These could be offered to the industry to enhance cost-efficiency and productivity of processes.

Venäjään liittyvän markkinatutkimustiedon markkinapotentiaali Suomessa

Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena on tehdä markkinatutkimus suomalaisista yrityksistä, jotka toimivat tai aikovat lähiaikoina aloittaa toiminnan Venäjän markkinoilla. Tutkimus tehdään kaksiosaisena kyselytutkimuksena ja sen avulla selvitetään, minkälaisia Venäjään liittyviä tietotarpeita eri toimialojen yrityksillä on. Tuloksien avulla työn teettäjä Tutkimus- ja Analysointikeskus TAK Oy pystyy kartoittamaan potentiaalisia uusia asiakasyrityksiä. Diplomityön alussa tutustutaan markkinatutkimukseen ja luodaan katsaus Venäjän markkinoiden erikoispiirteisiin sekä esitellään TAK Oy. Tämän jälkeen läpikäydään vaiheittain markkinatutkimus, jonka toteutus perustuu diplomityön alussa esiteltyihin taustatietoihin. Työn lopussa kerrotaan tutkimuksen tulokset sekä niiden pohjalta tehdyt johtopäätökset ja suositukset TAK Oy:lle. Viimeisenä osana tässä työssä on yhteenveto tutkimuksen keskeisimmistä asioista. Diplomityön tuloksena saatiin aikaiseksi tutkimus suomalaisten yritysten Venäjän kauppaan kohdistuvasta kiinnostuksesta ja Venäjän markkinoihin liittyvistä tietotarpeista. Lisäksi tutkimuksien perusteella saatiin laadittua lista yrityksistä, jotka voisivat olla kiinnostuneita TAK Oy:n tuottamista tutkimuspalveluista.

Outsourcing Challenges in Russia

The study focuses on the key factors in outsourcing from the viewpoint of manufacturing companies operating in Russia. The goal has been to give an overview of the different kinds of challenges companies might face in the case of outsourcing. Of particular interest are the possible risks which might originate from the subcontract relationship, as well as managing these risks. The empirical material for this qualitative interview study was collected from three large-scale manufacturing companies operating in food industry in Russia. Two of the interviewed companies were local Russian actors, and one was an international firm. According to the respondents, a big challenge is to find a suitable supplier in the Russian markets. If there are suppliers available, they may often not be capable of operating as outsourcing partners. The most common problems faced with suppliers are unstable quality and arbitrary pricing. Whether the suppliers are capable to offer activities which satisfy the company’s own and the end customers’ requirements, seems to be the biggest concern in the interviewed companies. This quality risk is managed by the strategy of multiple sourcing. Single sourcing is seen as an impossible option. The interviewed companies have no organised risk management with their external suppliers.

Performance persistence of equity funds in the Russian stock market

This thesis investigates performance persistence among the equity funds investing in Russia during 2003-2007. Fund performance is measured using several methods including the Jensen alpha, the Fama-French 3- factor alpha, the Sharpe ratio and two of its variations. Moreover, we apply the Bayesian shrinkage estimation in performance measurement and evaluate its usefulness compared with the OLS 3-factor alphas. The pattern of performance persistence is analyzed using the Spearman rank correlation test, cross-sectional regression analysis and stacked return time series. Empirical results indicate that the Bayesian shrinkage estimates may provide better and more accurate estimates of fund performance compared with the OLS 3-factor alphas. Secondly, based on the results it seems that the degree of performance persistence is strongly related to length of the observation period. For the full sample period the results show strong signs of performance reversal whereas for the subperiod analysis the results indicate performance persistence during the most recent years.