871 resultados para Poder judiciário, poderes e atribuições, Brasil


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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Direito - FCHS

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar como o sistema judiciário brasileiro age no julgamento dos empregadores que ainda hoje exploram o trabalho escravo em suas propriedades rurais, partindo-se da hipótese de que, no Brasil, as profundas desigualdades sociais existentes em nossa sociedade também estão presentes no momento em que a Justiça é chamada a dirimir os conflitos sociais. Para alcançar os objetivos delimitados para a pesquisa, realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico a fim de examinar conceitos e categorias relacionadas com o trabalho escravo contemporâneo, principalmente no tocante ao trâmite dos processos no Judiciário. Para reforçar as constatações verificadas no campo teórico, procedeu-se a um levantamento documental na Justiça Federal do município de Marabá, no Estado do Pará.

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A falta, de concretização de alguns direitos fundamentais, como os sociais de saúde e educação, que demandam certos custos para o Estado, ainda representa um desafio ao constitucionalismo brasileiro. Em decorrência, os tribunais vêm se deparando com demandas relacionadas a materialização dos referidos direitos, tais como pedidos de fornecimento de medicamentos não fornecidos pela rede pública de saúde ou a garantia de matrícula de estudante no sistema público de educação. Tratam-se assim de pedidos de ordens judiciais para que a administração pública cumpra seu dever constitucional, através de prestações positivas. Tal fenômeno, incluído por boa parte da doutrina dentro do que se convencionou chamar de "judicialização da política" não está isento à criticas. Em seu desfavor, argumenta-se que (1) o Judiciário está agredindo o princípio da separação de poderes, haja vista que a função administrativa, com sua discricionariedade, deve ser preservada com o Executivo não devendo na mesma se imiscuírem os magistrados, sendo-lhes defeso interferir em políticas publicas; (II) não há legitimidade democrática dos juízes, pois os mesmos não foram eleitos pelo povo; (III) o Judiciário não está preparado e tecnicamente capacitado para tal tipo de demanda; (IV) por envolver prestações positivas e assim necessidade de recursos públicos para a sua concretização, uma, determinação judicial nesse sentido contrariaria o princípio da legalidade e anterioridade orçamentária e encontraria sérios óbices em sua concretização pela reserva do possível. O presente estudo se propõe não só a analisar os referidos argumentos, como também examinar as fronteiras do sistema jurídico e do político, para concluir pela legitimidade ou não de tal conduta judicial, bem como a análise da natureza, do alegado caráter programático e da difícil delimitação dos direitos sociais e sua proteção judicial, ou seja, se procura, em síntese, examinar o papel do judiciário brasileiro no problema da efetivação dos direitos sociais, como garantidor do mínimo existencial.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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O presente estudo é resultado da observação de que, em que pese o incremento do ajuizamento de ações coletivas na Justiça do Trabalho, por meio de ações civis públicas, ainda há outras ações coletivas, destinadas à defesa de direitos metaindividuais, que não vêm recebendo o mesmo tratamento. Em especial, as ações cuja pretensão é a tutela dos atos da Administração Pública, que, no contexto do Estado Democrático de Direito, deve conduzir-se em prol do bem comum e, ainda, da garantia dos direitos sociais reconhecidos constitucionalmente. Analisa-se o cabimento dessa tutela pela via do Judiciário Trabalhista, nas situações em que os fatos constantes nas causas de pedir das respectivas ações sejam atinentes a direitos relacionados ao trabalho. Isso porque, na ocorrência de pontos de interseção entre o ato administrativo e as relações de trabalho, o ramo do Judiciário constitucionalmente vocacionado a analisá-los é o Trabalhista, já que o interesse em questão não configura mero ato administrativo, mas, além disso, revela o modo como o agente estatal compreende e orienta a sua conduta, gerando a valorização ou a desvalorização de direitos trabalhistas consagrados pela Constituição Federal. Com base nesse panorama acerca do papel do Estado brasileiro contemporâneo no que diz respeito à garantia de direitos sociais e do papel do Poder Judiciário no que tange à efetivação desses direitos, bem como procedendo ao exame da natureza desses direitos, que requerem novas posturas dos operadores do direito, este trabalho se propõe a afastar concepções antigas relacionadas a argumentos de suposta violação à separação de poderes e de indevida interferência em políticas públicas. Com isso, considerando que o Poder Judiciário tem no processo seu locus de manifestação, abordam-se as principais características do processo coletivo, visando à sua diferenciação em relação ao processo individual, em face da natureza dos direitos que compõem o seu objeto. Com o foco no fortalecimento do Judiciário Trabalhista e aperfeiçoamento do Estado Democrático de Direito, ingressa-se na seara das ações populares e de improbidade administrativa, refinando-se a aplicabilidade delas a atos praticados pela Administração Pública que repercutem na esfera trabalhista. Adota-se como premissa a nova conformação dos limites da competência da Justiça do Trabalho que não mais se restringe a lides de natureza individual ou coletiva entre trabalhadores e seus tomadores de serviço, conformação essa introduzida pela Emenda Constitucional no 45/2004 para defender-se que a consecução do bem comum, levada a efeito com a observância aos princípios regentes da Administração, desafia uma nova visão, especializada no valor social do trabalho, inclusive no que se refere à qualidade dos serviços públicos. As questões apontadas possibilitam concluir sobre a necessidade de se instituir concretamente os conteúdos axiológicos e não meramente patrimoniais que compõem o patrimônio público social, em especial o valor social do trabalho, preservando-o ou restituindo-o à coletividade, por meio de ações populares e de improbidade administrativa ajuizadas perante a Justiça do Trabalho. A pesquisa mostra que se alarga a garantia ao cidadão no que tange ao uso dos valores e recursos públicos para a promoção do bem comum e a evolução da coletividade.

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This dissertation analyses the Brazilian Supreme Court’s judgement in the Non-compliance Action of the Fundamental Precept 132/RJ and in the Direct Action of Unconstitutionality 4277/DF, which created in the country the same-sex civil union. In This decision, the STF interpreted according to the constitution Article 1.723 of the Civil Code, invoking several fundamentals reaffirmed in the Constitution. From all these laws invoked by the Supreme Court to support the pretorian creation, the content of consitutional Law regarding equality is the only that corresponds, and it is sufficient to evidence the necessity of the creation, by legislator, of the institute for civil rights, since the Constitution forbids distinctions that is not expressly provided for in the Constitution (Art. 3º, IV, of Federal Constitution). In this way, Article 226, § 3º is not an exception capable of satisfying the condition of the consitutional foresight because although it protect, according its content only the civil union “between the man and the woman”, it is not able to forbid the creation, by legislator, of another kinds of families, including the same-sex civil union. As such, the reasoning, now legitimate according to the legislator, is not support the creation of institute by Constitutional Court, because the Court may enforce the Law, interpreting in the purviews allowed by the legal text and its constitutionality. In regard to the civil union of individuos of the same sex, the Court could not deduce that such union was implied by Law, like the interpretation according to the Constitution given by judges, on grounds of semantic purviews of the words man and woman, existents in both articles. The Court could not created it either, exceeding the legal system role. So, upon the institute creation, the STF, exceeded two limits: the interpretation and Law enforcement.

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This master thesis aims to research the tension established between the judicial review and democratic theory which was always present in the constitutional doctrine of separation of powers. In this regard, the expansion of the Brazilian constitutional jurisdiction checked after the occurrence of the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the inertia of the Legislature in disciplinary relevant legal aspects of Brazilian society contributed to a hyperactivity of the Supreme Court. However, in a complex society of context, as is the Brazilian society, there are contained demands and political controversies that hardly would be well represented or resolved through the action of the Court of ministers at the expense of other government bodies. Among the supremacy of Parliament and the legitimacy deficit of these magistrates, is the constitutional text and the social fabric that makes this legal status of the political. Participatory democracy established by the guidelines of the Federal Constitution requires this perspective when the Supreme Court acting in place of concentrated constitutionality control. In a plural society, there is no reason to get rid of state decision moments popular participation. Lack the Supreme Court, this time, the democratizing perception that the institute brings to the interior of the Court, as state determination of space in which to come together and meet the aspirations of society and state claims. The dissertation investigates thus the possibility of amicus curiae Institute serve as a mediator of the democratic debate, to assist the Supreme Court in the preparation of the decision is, historically, that which is of greater legitimacy, from the perspective of a theory participatory democracy. Analyzes, likewise, the unfolding of abstract judicial review in the context of Brazilian law. Proposes, incidentally, a rereading of the separation of powers, with the call for the Judiciary be careful not to become the protagonist of national political decisions. It maintains, finally, that procedural opening the interpreters of the constitution, through the amicus curiae Institute, shows up as able to decrease the legitimacy deficit in the performance of the Brazilian Supreme Court.

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This thesis aims to analyze the cross exhibition in sessions halls and audiences of the judiciary, considered the religious freedom and the limitations arising from the idea of State neutrality. It is known that the 1988 Constitution protects freedom of expression of thought, conscience and religion, in its various aspects, proclaiming, on the other hand, the neutrality of the state, to reinforce these same freedoms. Thus, the aim is to avoid confusion between state and religion, admitted, however, collaboration of public interest, in respect of attitude to the beliefs and individual choices of citizens. In modern societies, the dualism between the civil power and religion has to do with laicity and a broader phenomenon that took the name of secularism, meaning the loss of space of religion in societies or even decreased idea religious belonging. It is based on this finding that the work develops with reference to concepts such as civil society and rule of law relevant to an accurate understanding of the problem. The methodology consists of bibliographic and documentary research through books and thesis, in addition to the legislation and some precedents related to the topic in question, looking to investigate whether, even though the predominantly Catholic Brazilian people and recognized the strong influence that Christian values exercise on the public authorities, it is possible to sustain the symbolic differentiation state, a republic that is said secular and democratic and which has as one of the fundamental objectives to promote the good of all, without any form of discrimination. Starting from the idea that the presence in buildings and public institutions, symbols and Catholic imagery, like the crucifix, has some difficulty in reconciling the guarantee of religious freedom and the principle of laicity, the idea is to exactly propose a solution who can respect pluralism and diversity in a context where Catholicism remains a strong presence.

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Many changes have taken place in contemporary society causing impacts in its different sectors, making it much more complex and insecure than in past times. The alteration on the decision-making system of the Brazilian society is among the main changes today. The post-modern context contributed to the occurrence of the transfer of state power of the Legislative and Executive Powers to the Judiciary Power, specifically to the Federal Court of Justice, leading to an expansion on the actuation range of this institution mainly through the exercise of the constitutional jurisdiction. This has caused a crisis of legitimacy in society once the Court will now decide the political and social fundamental issues. In this scenario, the Direct Action of Unconstitutionality n° 3937/SP and n° 3357/RS are highlighted and both are being tried by the Supreme Court. Such emphasis is given, since it is a matter of high complexity and social repercussion that will be decided by a legal institution and not a political one. Thus, this work aims to analyze the role of the Supreme Court in the context of contemporary society on the trial of complex and controversial cases, particularly on the trial of Direct Action of Unconstitutionality n° 3937/SP and n° 3357/RS. This study has noticed that due to the post-modern context the majority of the Supreme Court Ministers tend to base their votes in constitutional principles and no longer limit themselves to a formal review of the constitutionality of laws, which indicates a substantialist approach. Moreover, it can be noticed the deliberative potential of the Court as well as the influence of the post-modern features, such as risk, uncertainty and insecurity on the elaboration of the Minister‟s votes. Therefore, sometimes, such as the case in study, the Supreme Court has acted as a technocratic agent in Brazilian society once fundamental political and social decisions for society especially when it comes to complex and controversial cases are being taken by the Supreme Court, which is composed by “Law technicians” and such decisions are mainly based in technical data and scientific studies. For the accomplishment of this work, it has been adopted the inductive approach and monographic procedure method and the bibliographical and documentary research technique.

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This study aims to analyze the process of implementation of Maria da Penha Law in Paraná from the perception of persons directly involved in combating violence against women in that state. To achieve this goal, the implementation in Curitiba was taken as the main reference, due to its status as capital, being the headquarter of the political powers and the place where are some feminist social movements. We have chosen qualitative approach of interpretative nature as research methodology, because it is a method that allows the analysis of the responses and as a data collection technique. We also have chosen the individual semi-structured interview as interview mode, because it gives greater freedom to the interviewee to discuss the matter, but it is delimited to the study objectives. The research included nine persons, including members of the Judiciary and Public Ministry, public servants and activists. The importance of the study stems from the relevance of the numbers of violence against women in Brazil, and more specifically by the significant occurrence of this kind of acts in the state of Paraná, which currently occupies the 3rd place in the ranking for the most violent states. The paper also discusses gender relations by understanding that violence against women is the result of an asymmetrical power relationship between men and women; human rights because violence is a blatant disregard of women's human rights; on public policies and technologies to confront this form of violence. Among the policies, the Maria da Penha Law is highlighted as one of the most striking examples of public policy for combating violence against women. The research found out which was the participation of Paraná in the discussion and implementation of Maria da Penha Law, identifying relevant facts and people and also what was the repercussion obtained by this law. As for the implementation in Paraná, it was possible to determine progresses, difficulties and challenges of the process. The greatest advances obtained so far are the facilities of: Court of Domestic and Family Violence against Women in Curitiba, Maria da Penha Patrol and Women's Special City Office of Curitiba. As for the difficulties, they are related, among others things, to the physical structure, training of agents, political will, and even cultural issues, which are directly linked to gender issues. Thus it was found that the law is implemented in the state, but there are still several challenges to be achieved, which consist, mainly, of the structure increment for combating violence; awareness and change of mentality of public officials; training of service agents and a greater social participation in combating violence. We concluded that the need for change in gender relations, which is an educational and social evolutionary process and therefore time consuming, is also a challenge.

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Análise de princípios, aspectos históricos e constitucionais referentes à composição dos Tribunais Superiores no Brasil.