O ensino do empreendedorismo: o papel do docente, os métodos pedagógicos e a sua relação com a intenção empreendedora

Can entrepreneurship be taught, or be learned? This is a question that brings a broad debate to the table. Indubitably, education has an essential role in attitude development and competences promotion. This assumption has fostered entrepreneurship initiatives and course proliferation, seeking to teach entrepreneurship to individuals. The increasing importance of the entrepreneurial spirit leads to the creation and promotion of entrepreneurship initiatives and encouragement of youngsters to have entrepreneurial profiles. Today, entrepreneurship education has a crucial role promoting entrepreneurial mindset s in younger people. It stimulates competence and skill development, which extends beyond the business world. The effects of such education depend on strategy and teaching pedagogies, but mostly on its effective implementation. This gives teachers and higher education institutions the challenge of finding nontraditional methodologies and alternative ways to teach the subject. Therefore, this study aims to explore, through the theory of planned behavior, the effects of entrepreneurship education and its relationship with entrepreneurial intention. Additionally, the essential and challenging role of the teacher is explored, contributing to a better understanding of its significance in entrepreneurship education that is remarkably poorly explored in the literature. Findings reinforce the strength of the theory of planned behavior as an intention measure; in addition, students were found to increase their entrepreneurial intentions, entrepreneurial knowledge and institutional context perceptions after taking a higher education course. Concerning teachers, a consensus was found between their education aims and similarities among their pedagogic methods, topics and forms of evaluation, along with time and resource management struggles.

O impacto da educação em empreendedorismo sobre intenção e comportamento empreendedor

Apesar do amplo crescimento de iniciativas de educação em empreendedorismo nas últimas décadas, não existe ainda consenso quanto à eficácia destas ações, quer em termos de resultados económicos, quer no desenvolvimento de caraterísticas pessoais. A heterogeneidade de objetivos, e público-alvo e a não existência de métodos bem definidos e padronizados de avaliação, dificultam a obtenção de um entendimento geral sobre este fenómeno. Para além disso, muitos dos estudos apresentam uma série de limitações metodológicas e tendem a concentrar-se no contexto americano. Para colmatar estas lacunas, a presente investigação assume como propósito geral analisar a eficácia da educação em empreendedorismo no desenvolvimento da intenção e comportamento empreendedor, através de três unidades de análise: alunos e ex-alunos de uma unidade curricular de empreendedorismo e empreendedores de negócios nascentes. É utilizado uma metodologia mista: quantitativa, para as unidades de análise um e dois, e qualitativa, para a terceira unidade de análise. Os resultados demonstram que a educação em empreendedorismo não aumenta a intenção empreendedora dos alunos, nem o comportamento empreendedor dos ex-alunos. No entanto, verifica-se que a perceção de controlo do comportamento, o conhecimento relativo para o empreendedorismo e o contexto institucional (ou seja, a forma como os alunos internalizam os instrumentos e iniciativas de apoio ao empreendedorismo) aumentam com a participação na unidade curricular. Também, a educação em empreendedorismo é essencial na fase de arranque da própria empresa dotando os empreendedores de conhecimentos e competências que lhes permitem ter um maior controlo e confiança sobre a realização de todo o processo inerente à criação e desenvolvimento de uma ideia de negócio. Este estudo, ao utilizar uma abordagem integrada para a educação em empreendedorismo, permite compreender as diferenças que se devem considerar quando se planeia um programa deste tipo. Por conseguinte, os objetivos de um programa de empreendedorismo devem ser ajustados aos diferentes públicos-alvo, sendo importante perceber se os destinatários participam de forma voluntária ou obrigatória.

Paisagem, um patrimônio esquecido: subsídios para a construção de uma metodologia de valoração e proteção do cenário natural litorâneo

The so-called "residential tourism" came to intensify the previous occupation of the coastal zones, characterized by traditional beach houses, and brought significant consequences for their spatial configuration, and especially for its scenic value of the landscape. Although there is the intention to regulate the activities of enterprising groups by some legal instruments to control the use and occupation of land, and to contain some negative effects, the actions of government are still inefficient in trying to follow the implications on the landscape from the accelerated growth of the real estate and touristic sectors. Supported in the speech of economic development and income generation, public managers prioritize areas to attract tourists to the detriment of preserving important physical attributes of the natural environment that contribute significantly to the quality of life. The result can be noticed in the use of natural elements as one of the major components in the land valorization, and in the immediate attraction of investors and enterprising. Therefore, the objective of this work is to contribute to the debate on the landscape preservation a little detailed thematic in view of their relevance in the current context - by indicating subsidies to the creation of a methodology for the evaluation and protection of coastal zones that may assist the government in creating new instruments, and better prepare it in control of the occupation of these areas. For such, was followed two ways to analysis: the indirect method and the direct method. The first is grounded in the evaluation of landscape attributes, which is based on the work of Raquel Tardin (2008) and Eduardo Cuesta, Encarnación Algarra and Isabel Pastor (2001). The second, based on the research of Leticia and Carlos Hardt (2010) and on the concepts of phenomenology - expressed by Antonio Christofoletti (1985) and Yi-Fu Tuan (1983) - considers the population perspective on the quality of the natural scenery. Developed through cartographic materials, photographic collections and quantitative tables, this dissertation utilized as a case study the beaches of Barra de Tabatinga and Camurupim, located in the city of Nísia Floresta/RN. Despite already being sighted spaces of advanced stage of landscape degradation in these locations, areas of remarkable scenic value can still be found, what reinforce the urgency in adopting preservationists actions. The absence of laws focused on the management and protection of the landscape singularities associated with the inefficiency of the government to invigilate the land occupation in coastal zones, encourage the excessive action of the real estate-tourism, and consequently make the government the main responsible for the environmental and landscape impacts in these areas - by its omission or by their connivance. Therefore, the legislation permeates this entire process and constitutes itself as the most effective way to guarantee the right to the landscape to present and future generations. Are also pointed some important considerations to build a methodology, especially concerning possibilities of improvements and adaptations of its applicability in each case

Empreendedorismo - Estudo do perfil desempregado empreendedor

Mestrado em Gestão e Empreendedorismo

Lisboa: Startup City - Caraterização do ecossistema empreendedor de Lisboa

Mestrado em Gestão e Empreendedorismo

Análise de programas de educação ambiental no licenciamento ambiental de usinas hidrelétricas no Rio Grande do Sul : um estudo de caso

O trabalho intitulado - Análise de programas de Educação Ambiental no licenciamento ambiental de usinas hidrelétricas no Rio Grande do Sul: um estudo de caso - busca fazer uma análise compreensiva, reflexiva e problematizadora das ações de Educação Ambiental realizadas durante o processo de licenciamento ambiental, como medidas mitigadoras e/ou compensatórias de impactos ambientais causados pela instalação/operação de empreendimentos hidrelétricos. O objeto de análise foi o Programa de Educação Ambiental da UHE São José, instalada no rio Ijuí, interior do estado. Utilizou-se o movimento recursivo e reflexivo para elaboração da pesquisa, onde a primeira fase foi composta pelo levantamento bibliográfico que serviu de base para as discussões propostas, e a segunda fase foi composta pela investigação do referido programa, tendo como corpus da pesquisa documentos e entrevistas, e utilizando-se da Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD) como metodologia de análise. Os resultados obtidos fazem refletir sobre a ocupação dos espaços do licenciamento ambiental por uma Educação Ambiental que vá além do simples cumprimento das leis e normas, mas que seja de fato integradora e participativa, e envolva o compromisso dos empreendedores, das comunidades atingidas e dos órgãos fiscalizadores, contribuindo com a gestão ambiental e a sustentabilidade dos locais em transformação.

Empreendedorismo tecnológico: modelo de negócios de package point

Mestrado em Gestão e Empreendedorismo

Empreendedorismo feminino no Ensino Superior

O presente trabalho pretende analisar a temática do empreendedorismo, enquanto atividade de modificação, intervenção e criação de emprego à luz dos modelos teóricos de base. Reflete-se sobre a evolução deste conceito: desde a sua conceção como decisão para fazer qualquer coisa até à conceção de atividade do indivíduo que está na origem de uma empresa ou organização. Especificamente, o trabalho incide sobre as características específicas do empreendedorismo no feminino, procurando avaliar as diferenças entre homens e mulheres nas suas motivações, razões para optar pelo empreendedorismo e/ou motivos que sustentam essa sua decisão. A metodologia usada consiste num questionário e posterior análise quantitativa das respostas obtidas. Pretendeu aferir se as mulheres inquiridas admitem a hipótese de entrar no mundo do empreendedorismo, analisando as suas principais motivações e razões que as conduzem à entrada nessa via de negócio. De acordo com os dados recolhidos, as principais conclusões revelam que não existe uma noção concreta de características associadas ao empreendedor. Por outro lado, não são reconhecidas pelas respondentes a existência de características pessoais do empreendedor, encarando este apenas como tendo competências profissionais e de gestão. Os dados permitem concluir ainda acerca de algum desconhecimento relativamente aos apoios disponibilizados para empreendedores na criação do próprio negócio.

Networking among female ethnic minority entrepreneurs

The labor market in the multicultural society is a major arena where the interrelation of gender and ethnicity is expressed in processes of discrimination, sexism and racism. For women from ethnic minorities, one way to avoid these problems is to work in migrant enterprises. As this may ease tensions related to ethnicity, it does not solve gender-related problems like the subordination of women and the perception of female migrants as ‘just’ daughters, mothers and wives by male co-migrants. Female ethnic minority entrepreneurship may be the way to escape such processes. In the Netherlands, 25% of all ethnic minority entrepreneurs are female. However, little is known about their socio-economic background and the way they perceive their businesses. Moreover, there is a theoretical haphazardness concerning the phenomenon female ethnic minority entrepreneurship. Although recently researchers have opted for an integral theory called the ‘mixed-embeddedness’ approach as to explain ethnic minority entrepreneurship through a combination of personal, sociocultural and structural factors, the role of gender still seems to be underexposed in this theory. Likewise, the literature concerning entrepreneurial networking has hardly interfered with both gender and ethnicity. Therefore, this paper provides a state of affairs concerning the research and literature on ethnic minority entrepreneurship, gender and networks. It argues that a better understanding of female ethnic minority entrepreneurship requires further scientific attention and that a contribution needs to be made to theory development regarding the interrelation of ethnicity and gender in entrepreneurship and in entrepreneurial networks particularly.

Factors that influence entrepreneurship activity by gender in the European Union

This research work aims to discuss the gender issue concerning entrepreneurship in European Union countries in a period of nine years, from 2007 to 2015, identifying the factors which drive individuals to be entrepreneurs. The study mainly concentrates on identifying and quantifying the personal, social, political and economic features which are motivating individuals, especially women, to be entrepreneurs, as well as the main difficulties they feel during the process of business creation. In order to explore the entrepreneurial activity across a set of developed countries the econometric methodology of panel data (in particular the fixed effects and random effects models) is applied to a data set of entrepreneurial statistical indicators calculated and made available by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. The results show that the knowledge of other start-up entrepreneurs, a desired career choice, the governmental support and the existence of public policies that promote entrepreneurship (specially within the framework of small and medium sized firms) and the transfer of R&D are factors influencing negatively on the rate of female entrepreneurship. None of the observed variables are barriers for male entrepreneurs. The perceived capabilities and opportunities, the entrepreneurial intention, the policies to lower taxes and bureaucracy and the social and cultural norms are identified drives for women for engaging in a process of running their own ventures. These findings offer a set of valid knowledge to understand which measures could be implemented or should be changed and improved at a political and managerial level for stimulating entrepreneurship, especially for women.

Factors that drive Female Entrepreneurship in Armenia

Entrepreneurs play a key role in any economy. Entrepreneurship includes creativity, innovation, risk taking, planning and management and is described as transferring ideas into action. Female entrepreneurship, in particular, is considered an important tool in enabling female empowerment and emancipation. In the light of recent world events, this has become a crucial area to study and understand, especially with respect to motivations, obstacles, constraints and consequences of female entrepreneurship. Having the previous framework in attention, this thesis focuses on female entrepreneurship in a developing country - Armenia – and proposes a conceptual framework of the phenomenon. A joint cooperation between the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development allowed to conduct an enterprise survey in the country and from that survey a microeconomic dataset was released and applied in this research study. A logistic regression econometric method is applied to the dataset to identify and measure the relationship between female entrepreneurship and several factors such as the location, size, legal status, market and obstacles faced by Armenian firms. The study concludes that women entrepreneurs in Armenia share many common features and obstacles with their male counterparts. Moreover, gender of the top managers, the firm’s location, size, main market type, the number of competitors and full-time employees, the adoption of new marketing methods, the access to land, the tax administration system and an inadequately educated workforce are found to be statistical significant factors in the explanation of female entrepreneurship in Armenia.

Locus de controle e a efetividade empresarial em microempresários do estado do Rio Grande do Norte

Entrepreneurs are individuals who can transform economic and social realities by promoting development, so it became important tools in generating externalities in regions where they operate. In Brazil, 59.9% of new ventures do not reach the fourth year of life, the mortality rate of new ventures is high. The causes of mortality are numerous, and within the behavioral aspects, one is the locus of control. This study determines the degree of association between internal locus of control and achieving business success of entrepreneurs in Rio Grande do Norte who participated in the workshop EMPRETEC. The approach that studies the behavior entrepreneurs agreed that there are psychological characteristics associated with a set of values, attitudes and needs that determine the behavior and induce the entrepreneur to achieve success. Among these features is the locus of control, a skill that individuals must identify in their actions, or lack of them, the causes of their successes and failures. The locus is external when the individual attributes to factors outside themselves as causes of their results, and is built in when you can identify the actions that led to success. We surveyed 223 entrepreneurs statewide who answered the questionnaire for assessing the scale of locus of control, selfassessment questionnaire of entrepreneurial characteristics of EMPRETEC and a questionnaire assessing the business success. 71.9% were identified as having success. Among the behavioral characteristics strongest in the group of entrepreneurs are setting goals and commitment. Was found for locus of control mean value of 7.35, confidence interval between 7.05 and 7.66. Showing that the locus of control group is predominantly internal. We also found a correlation between the locus and commitment, between setting goals and commitment; calculated risks and information search; search of information and commitment, and between commitment and independence and self confidence. Dependence was not identified among the set of features and business success, determining the absence of an ideal profile. However, logistic regression significant association was found indicating that the smaller the individual's locus of control increased the likelihood of it achieving business success

Crowdfunding for entrepreneurship: an exploratory multivariate analysis concerning kickstarter and indiegogo platforms

The general purpose of this work is to describe and analyse the financing phenomenon of crowdfunding and to investigate the relations among crowdfunders, project creators and crowdfunding websites. More specifically, it also intends to describe the profile differences between major crowdfunding platforms, such as Kickstarter and Indiegogo. The findings are supported by literature, gathered from different scientific research papers. In the empirical part, data about Kickstarter and Indiegogo was collected from their websites and also complemented with further data from other statistical websites. For finding out specific information, such as satisfaction of entrepreneurs from both platforms, a satisfaction survey was applied among 200 entrepreneurs from different countries. To identify the profile of users of the Kickstarter and of the Indiegogo platforms, a multivariate analysis was performed, using a Hierarchical Clusters Analysis for each platform under study. Descriptive analysis was used for exploring information about popularity of platforms, average cost and the most popular area of projects, profile of users and future opportunities of platforms. To assess differences between groups, association between variables, and answering to the research hypothesis, an inferential analysis it was applied. The results showed that the Kickstarter and Indiegogo are one of the most popular crowdfunding platforms. Both of them have thousands of users and they are generally satisfied. Each of them uses individual approach for crowdfunders. Despite this, they both could benefit from further improving their services. Furthermore, according the results it was possible to observe that there is a direct and positive relationship between the money needed for the projects and the money collected from the investors for the projects, per platform.

Burocracia e comércio exterior: os desafios à exportação sob a ótica das micro e pequenas empresas exportadoras do Rio Grande do Norte

As micro e pequenas empresas, ao mesmo tempo em que exercem um papel extremamente relevante na estrutura produtiva da economia brasileira pelo grande número de empreendedores existentes e expressivo volume de pessoal ocupado, perdem competitividade ao se deparar com entraves ao seu desenvolvimento, sejam eles em âmbito gerencial, financeiro, burocrático ou estrutural. Com base nesse contexto, o estudo procura identificar em que medida, na percepção das MPEs exportadoras do Rio Grande do Norte, as exigências burocráticas do processo exportador afetam o seu desempenho no comércio exterior. Como exigências burocráticas compreende-se o conjunto de normas, regras e procedimentos e documentos que disciplinam o processo exportador, enquanto desempenho é entendido como os resultados da atividade econômica medido através do crescimento das vendas para o mercado externo; das demandas de produtos exportados não atendidas e da ampliação do mercado internacional. A pesquisa realizada é de caráter censitário, desenvolvida junto a quatorze MPEs do estado, atuantes regularmente no comércio exterior nos últimos três anos (2009-2011), utilizando aplicação de questionário, assim como uma consulta a dados secundários disponíveis. A análise dos dados levantados revelou que, efetivamente, na percepção dos respondentes, fatores externos como o custo do processo de exportação, falta de incentivo do governo, excesso de controle dos órgãos públicos e a infraestrutura logística do estado exercem influência na pequena participação das MPEs nas exportações do Brasil e do Nordeste, enquanto o bom desempenho exportador destas relaciona-se a fatores gerenciais, com destaque para investimentos na estrutura organizacional da empresa, conhecimento do mercado internacional e bom relacionamento com clientes e mercados

Tecnologia social para autogestão : um estudo em empreendedorismo econômico solidário da cadeia produtiva da cajucultura no Rio Grande do Norte

The theme of this dissertation is social technology for self-management: a study in economic enterprise supportive of Rio Grande do Norte. The research aimed to obtain evidence that the reapplication of technology management, basic economic-financial and pricing, as production costs, has the potential to contribute to the self-management of APABV. The social technology and self-management are theoretical frameworks used and where workers are central figures in both the generation and replication of technologies that are compatible with their realities, as in the conduct and management approach adopted by them in their venture, they are makers decisions. To achieve the proposed objective was accomplished participatory research, which was used in addition to document analysis, participatory methodologies such as the construction of the DRP, group interview, experience in the production environment and family of entrepreneurs APABV. This research allowed the management technologies such as spreadsheets controls basic economic and financial costs, when socialized and understood by workers has the potential informational and become part of their daily decision-making process of the project, making up social technology