972 resultados para Ecossistema Marinho


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Chitinases are enzymes involved in degradation of chitin and are present in a range of organisms, including those that do not contain chitin, such as bacteria, viruses, plants and animals, and play important physiological and ecological roles. Chitin is hydrolyzed by a chitinolytic system classified as: endo-chitinases, exo-chitinases and N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidases. In this study a Litochitinase1 extracted from the cephalotorax of the shrimp Litopenaeus Schmitt was purified 987.32 times using ionexchange chromatography DEAE-Biogel and molecular exclusion Sephacryl S-200. These enzyme presented a molecular mass of about 28.5 kDa. The results, after kinetic assay with the Litochitinase1 using as substrate p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-b-Dglucosaminideo, showed apparent Km of 0.51 mM, optimal activity at pH ranging from 5.0 to 6.0, optimum temperature at 55°C and stability when pre-incubated at temperatures of 25, 37, 45, 50 and 55°C. The enzyme showed a range of stability at pH 4.0 to 5.5. HgCl2 inhibited Litochitinase1 while MgCl2 enhances its activity. Antimicrobial tests showed that Litochitinase1 present activity against gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli in the 800 μg/mL concentration. The larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti was investigated using crude extracts, F-III (50-80%) and Litochitinase1 at 24 and 48 hours. The results showed larvicidal activity in all these samples with EC50 values of 6.59 mg/mL for crude extract, 5.36 mg/mL for F-III and 0.71 mg/mL for Litochitinase1 at 24 hours and 3.22 and 0.49 mg/mL for the F-III and Litochitinase1 at 48 hours, respectively. Other experiments confirmed the presence of chitin in the midgut of Aedes aegypti larvae, which may be suffering the action of Litochitinase1 killing the larvae, but also the absence of contaminating proteins as serine proteinase inhibitors and lectins in the crude extract, F-III and Litochitinase1, indicating that the death of the larvae is by action of the Litochitinase1. We also observed that the enzymes extracted from intestinal homogenate of the larvae no have activity on Litochitinase1. These results indicate that the enzyme can be used as an alternative to control of infections caused by Escherichia coli and reducing the infestation of the mosquito vector of dengue.

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This report shows 2232 times purification of a βNAcetylhexosaminidase from hepatic extracts from the sea mammal Sotalia fluviatilis homogenate with final recovery of 8,4%. Sequenced steps were utilized for enzyme purification: ammonium sulfate fractionation, Biogel A 1.5 m, chitin, DEAESepharose and hydroxyapatite chromatographies. The protein molecular mass was estimated in 10 kDa using SDSPAGE and confirmed by MALDITOF. It was found to have an optimal pH of 5.0 and a temperature of 60°C. Using pnitrophenylNAcetylβDglycosaminide apparent Km and Vmax values were of 2.72 mM and 0.572 nmol/mg/min, respectively. The enzyme was inhibited by mercury chloride (HgCl2) and sodium dodecil sulfate (SDS)

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Two b-N-acetylhexosaminidases (F11 e F15) were purified from Echinometra lucunter gonads extracts. The purified enzymes were obtained using ammonium sulfate fractionation, followed by gel filtration chromatographies (Sephacryl S-200, Sephadex G-75 and Sephacryl S-200). The F11 fraction was purified 192.47 -fold with a 28.5% yield, and F15 fraction 85.41 -fold with a 32.3% yield. The molecular weights of the fractions were 116 kDa for F11 and 42 kDa for F15 using SDS-PAGE. In Sephacryl S-200, F15 was 84 kDa, indicating that it is a dimeric protein. When p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glycosaminide was used as substrate, we determined an apparent Km of 0.257 mM and Vmax of 0.704 for F11 and for F15 the Km was 0.235 mM and Vmax of 0.9 mM of product liberated by hour. Both enzymes have optimum pH and temperature respectively at 5.0 and 45 °C. The enzymes showed inhibition by silver nitrate, while the glucuronic acid was a potent activator. The high inhibition of F15 by N-etylmaleimide indicates that sulphydril groups are involved in the catalysis of synthetic substrate

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Tese de dout. em Ciências do Mar, Instituto de Investigação das Pescas e do Mar, Univ. do Algarve, 1996

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Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL

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The objective of the current study was to evaluate the zootechnical performance (survival and growth) of Litopenaeus vannamei post-Iarvae fed an artificial shrimp diet supplemented with Artemia flakes or freeze-dried Artemia embryos. For that purpose, 20 culturing units were individually stocked with 50 shrimp post-Iarvae (average dry weight of 0,3 ± 0,03 mg) at a stocking density of 20 post-larvae per liter, and fed the experimental diets to satiation during 20 days. The experimental design consisted of four diets (T1, T2, T3 and T4) with five repetitions each. For treatments T1, T2 and T3, dietary supplements of 5mg of Artemia flakes (T1), freeze-dried Artemia embryos (T2), and of the commercial shrimp diet (T3) were offered 2 hours after the shrimp were initially fed the commercial shrimp diet. For treatment T4 (control), no additive was offered 2 hours after the initial feeding. Shrimp survival, absolut (GPA) and relative increase in weight (GPR), and specific growth rate (TCR) were used as evaluation criteria. After the experimental period, no significant statistical differences (p>0,05) in survival were observed. Regarding growth, the dietary treatment which used freeze-dried Artemia embryos as an additive (T2) presented the best results for GPA (6,7 ± 0,7 mg). There were no statistical differences within treatments T1, T3 and T4 (p>0,05). AIso, post-larvae fed freeze-dried embryos (T2) showed a relative increase in weight (2241,4%) which differed significantly (p<0,05) from T4(1911,7%) but not from T1 (1801,6%) or T3 (1946,7%). In conclusion, the results of the current study indicate that an artificial shrimp diet supplemented with freeze-dried Artemia embryos fulfils the nutritional requirements of post-larvae L. vannamei and promotes a better growth than diets not supplemented with Artemia flakes

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Caatinga is an important laboratory for studies about arthropods adaptations and aclimatations because its precipitation is highly variable in time. We studied the effects of time variability over the composition of Arthropods in a caatinga area. The study was carried out at a preservation area on Almas Farm, São José dos Cordeiros, Paraíba. Samples were collected in two 100 m long parallel transects, separated for a 30 m distance, in a dense tree dominated caatinga area, between August 2007 and July 2008. Samples were collected in each transect every 10 m. Ten soil samples were taken from each transect, both at 0-5 cm (A) and 5-10 cm (B) depth, resulting in 40 samples each month. The Berlese funnel method was used for fauna extraction. We registered 26 orders and the arthropods density in the soil ranged from 3237 to 22774 individuals.m-2 from January 2007 to March 2008, respectively. There was no difference between layers A and B regarding orders abundance and richness. The groups recorded include groups with few records or that had no records in the Caatinga region yet as Pauropoda, Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, Protura and Araneae. Acari was the most abundant group, with 66,7% of the total number of individuals. Soil Arthropods presented a positive correlation with soil moisture, vegetal cover, precipitation and real evapotranspiration. Increases in fauna richness and abundance were registered in February, a month after the beginning of the rainy season. A periodic rain events in arid and semiarid ecosystems triggers physiological responses in edafic organisms, like arthropods. Edafic arthropods respond to time variability in the Caatinga biome. This fauna variation has to be considered in studies of this ecosystem, because the variation of Arthropods composition in soil can affect the dynamics of the food web through time

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The occurrence of bioactive compounds in marine organisms comes awaking the interest of the pharmaceutical industry. Heparin, a sulfated polysaccharide which presence was already identified in several marine invertebrates, is very attractive due its remarkable functional versatility. Besides to intervene in blood coagulation, this molecule has a great anti-inflammatory potential. However, its strong anticoagulant activity difficult the clinical exploitation of its anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, the aims of this work were to evaluate the effect of a heparin-like compound (heparinoid), isolated from the cephalotorax of the Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp, on the inflammatory response, hemostasia and synthesis of antithrombotic heparan sulfate by endothelial cells, besides studying some aspects concerning its structure. The purified heparinoid was structurally characterized following an analytical boarding, involving electrophoresis and chromatography. The structural analysis have shown that this compound possess a high content of glucuronic acid residues and disulfated disaccharide units. In contrast to mammalian heparin, the heparinoid was incapable to stimulate the synthesis of heparan sulfate by endothelial cells in the tested concentrations, beyond to show reduced anticoagulant activity and hemorrhagic effect. In a model of acute inflammation, the compound isolated from the shrimp reduced more than 50% of the cellular infiltration. Besides reduce the activity of MMP-9 and proMMP-2 of the peritoneal lavage of inflamed animals, the heparinoid also reduced the activity of MMP-9 secreted by activated human leukocytes. These results demonstrate the potential of heparinoid from L. vannamei to intervene in the inflammatory response. For possessing reduced anticoagulant activity and hemorrhagic effect, this compound can serve as a structural model to direct the development of more specific therapeutical agents to the treatment of inflammatory diseases

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Enquadrado no Projeto SOPHIA será apresentada a Diretiva Quadro da Estratégia Marinha: Objetivos, organização e estado de implementação. Será destacado o conceito “Bom estado Ambiental”. O projeto SOPHIA – Conhecimento para a Gestão do Ambiente Marinho, desenvolve‐se em torno da Diretiva Quadro Estratégia Marinha (DQEM) e consiste num projeto facilitador e fomentador da comunicação de cientistas e da sociedade civil em volta das múltiplas áreas do conhecimento sobre os ecossistemas marinhos. Este projeto encontrase integrado o programa de medidas da DQEM que tem por finalidade o aumento de literacia do ambiente marinho para mobilizar e sensibilizar a sociedade civil para conservação e gestão do mar. Desenvolve‐se em parceria da Direção‐Geral de Recursos Naturais, Segurança e Serviços Marítimos (DGRM), com as Universidades (FCUL, Évora e Açores) e com a Escola Superior de Comunicação Social (ESCS), para a produção de conteúdos e da comunicação. Beneficia da estreita colaboração com representantes do Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) e do Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) e com especialistas portugueses em Direito do Mar, que participam ativamente no desenvolvimento dos conteúdos científicos para os módulos e para os guias de formação.

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Breve exposição do percurso biográfico e intelectual do filósofo José Carlos de Araújo Marinho (1904-75).

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Completa o Tomo III o Volume IX das “Obras de José Marinho” dedicado ao texto fundamental do pensamento de José Marinho, a Teoria do Ser e da Verdade, facultando o conhecimento dos capítulos da versão definitiva, isto é, aquela versão que tem uma estruturação de partes e capítulos idêntica ao livro publicado. Se o Tomo II dispunha já, desta versão definitiva, um conjunto de textos breves, apontamentos e esquemas e, sobretudo, o largo acervo de textos introdutórios, o Tomo III dispõe as sucessivas redacções dos capítulos, inéditas na sua totalidade, que terão sido redigidas entre o final de 1953 e os meses de Abril e Maio de 1960, ocasião em que o pensador terá encetado a transcrição dactiloescrita que precedeu a entrega da obra à casa editora (Guimarães Editores), ocorrida provavelmente no Outono desse ano.

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Resumo ? A importância da valorização do ecossistema para uma viticultura de qualidade é abordada, incluindo referenciais de métodos para a caracterização do meio geográfico, como o ?Sistema CCM Geovitícola?. A grande variabilidade das condições ecológicas das regiões de produção na América do Sul, atuando como fator determinante de diferenciação dos vinhos, em temos de qualidade/tipicidade, é apresentada. O trabalho analisa a contribuição do zoneamento vitivinícola para a caracterização das regiões vitivinícolas e para a gestão do trinômio ?terroir-videira-vinho?. A regionalização vitivinícola e a implementação de indicações geográficas visando agregar originalidade e aumentar a valorização aos vinhos das diferentes regiões de produção, em particular para os países do Novo Mundo, são abordados. Palavras-chave: terroir, zoneamento vitivinícola, tipicidade, qualidade, indicações geográficas, denominações de origem.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as variações nos solos e em seus atributos químicos sob diferentes unidades da paisagem no ecossistema Pantanal, na sub-região da Nhecolândia, no Mato Grosso do Sul. As unidades da paisagem avaliadas incluíram: FS, floresta semidecídua; CE, cerradão; CC, cerrado/campo cerrado; CLE, campo limpo com Elionurus muticus; CLA, campo limpo com Axonopus purpusii e Andropogon spp.; BB, bordas de baías; e VB, vazantes/baixadas. Perfis de solos representativos de cada unidade da paisagem foram descritos morfologicamente, e os atributos químicos foram determinados nas profundidades de 0,00?0,05, 0,05?0,10, 0,10?0,15 e 0,15?0,20 m. Os solos apresentaram textura arenosa, baixo teor de matéria orgânica, e baixa capacidade de troca catiônica e aniônica. A principal diferenciação entre os solos avaliados foi a fertilidade natural, a qual foi mais elevada sob FS, especialmente nas camadas mais superficiais e nos horizontes abaixo de 2 m de profundidade. A qualidade química do solo é capaz de discriminar as unidades da paisagem em três diferentes grupos: 1, FS; 2, CE; e 3, CC, CLE, CLA, BB e VB.

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O presente livro propõe-se a refletir sobre a construção dos efeitos de verdade em dois modos de produção de ordem discursiva: Os sertões, romance de Euclides da Cunha, e Abusado: o dono do morro Dona Marta, romance-reportagem do jornalista Caco Barcellos. A autora apresenta a fragilidade do discurso jornalístico em legitimar-se como o discurso do verdadeiro, em dura oposição ao discurso da literatura, lugar da ficção, expressão dos sentimentos, imaginário, da não-verdade. [Portugese]

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Traça um panorama geral da legislação referente à maioridade penal no Brasil e na Espanha. O tema é apresentado sob uma perspectiva histórica e mostra a evolução no tratamento da infância e da adolescência nos dois países. Compara a legislação de menores e as medidas socioeducativas adotadas em ambos os países com o intuito de trazer subsídios para a busca de soluções da problemática do aumento da criminalidade infanto-juvenil em nosso país.