Attitude change in arbitrarily large organizations

The alignment of collective goals and individual behavior has been extensively studied by economists under a principal-agent framework. Two main solutions have been presented: explicit incentive contracts and monitoring. These solutions correspond to changes in the objective situation faced by individuals. However, an extensive literature in social psychology provides evidence that behavior is influenced, not only by situational constraints, but also by attitudes. Therefore, an important aspect of organization is to choose the structures and procedures that best contribute to the dissemination of the desired attitudes throughout the organization. This paper studies how the initial configuration of attitudes and the size of the organization affect the optimal organizational structure and the timing of information flows when the objective is to align the members' attitudes. We identify and characterize three factors that affect the optimal organizational structures and procedures and the degree of alignment of attitudes: (1) clustering effects; (2) member cross-influence effects; and (3) leader cross-influence effects.

Innovation – from individual intuition to collaborative innovation. The role of individual key actor in facilitation of innovation in large organization context

The objective of this research was to study the role of key individuals in facilitation of technology enabled bottom-up innovation in large organization context. The development of innovation was followed from the point of view of individual actor (key individual) in two cases, through three levels: individual, team and organization, by using knowledge creation and innovation models. This study provides theoretical synthesis and framework through which the study is driven. The results of the study indicate, that in bottom-up initiated innovations the role of key individuals is still crucial, but innovation today is collective effort and there acts several entrepreneurial key individuals: innovator, user champion and organizational sponsor, whose collaboration and developing interaction drives innovation further. The team work is functional and fluent, but it meets great problems in interaction with organization. The large organizations should develop its practices and ability to react on emerging bottom-up initiations, in order to embed innovation to organization and gain sustainable innovation. In addition, bottom-up initiated innovations are demonstrations of peoples knowing, tacit knowledge and therefore renewing of an organization.

Assessing the impact of management concerns in e-business requirements planning in manufacturing organizations

This paper describes the application of a model, initially developed for determining the e-business requirements of a manufacturing organization, to assess the impact of management concerns on the functions generated. The model has been tested on 13 case studies in small, medium and large organizations. This research shows that the incorporation of concerns for generating the requirements for e-business functions improves the results, because they expose issues that are of relevance to the decision making process relating to e-business. Running the model with both and without concerns, and then presenting the reasons for major variances, can expose the issues and enable them to be studied in detail at the individual function/ reason level. © IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2013.

An investigation of the strategies used by organizations participating in the welfare-to-work network program and correlation of the strategies with the retention data to determine best practices for job retention among former welfare recipients

This ex post facto study (N = 209) examined the relationships between employer job strategies and job retention among organizations participating in Florida welfare-to-work network programs and associated the strategies with job retention data to determine best practices. ^ An internet-based self-report survey battery was administered to a heterogeneous sampling of organizations participating in the Florida welfare-to-work network program. Hypotheses were tested through correlational and hierarchical regression analytic procedures. The partial correlation results linked each of the job retention strategies to job retention. Wages, benefits, training and supervision, communication, job growth, work/life balance, fairness and respect were all significantly related to job retention. Hierarchical regression results indicated that the training and supervision variable was the best predictor of job retention in the regression equation. ^ The size of the organization was also a significant predictor of job retention. Large organizations reported higher job retention rates than small organizations. There was no statistical difference between the types of organizations (profit-making and non-profit) and job retention. The standardized betas ranged from to .26 to .41 in the regression equation. Twenty percent of the variance in job retention was explained by the combination of demographic and job retention strategy predictors, supporting the theoretical, empirical, and practical relevance of understanding the association between employer job strategies and job retention outcomes. Implications for adult education and human resource development theory, research, and practice are highlighted as possible strategic leverage points for creating conditions that facilitate the development of job strategies as a means for improving former welfare workers’ job retention.^

Size matters when we talk about corporate social responsibility: the case of portuguese companies

Social responsibility arises as a measure of the corporate policy that goes beyond the production activity, thus covering also the social and environmental activities. This issue has been gaining importance over time. The number of companies that are implementing socially responsible actions has been growing steadily even though it is still centered on large and medium sized companies. Social responsibility is an accessible theme to any company of any size, once the social and environmental issues are resolved through concrete actions, but in the small and micro-sized companies there are factors that inhibit such actions. Some of these factors are: reduced investment capacity; minimal expectations of medium to long term returns; or even the short-term management focus that is aimed at survival. Such facts can be verified in the case of Portuguese companies, where out of the 41 companies certified by SA 8000 only 5 are micro-sized or small and even these are linked to large organizations.

Dados de reconhecimento facial em Business Intelligence

Vivemos cada vez mais numa era de crescentes avanços tecnológicos em diversas áreas. O que há uns anos atrás era considerado como praticamente impossível, em muitos dos casos, já se tornou realidade. Todos usamos tecnologias como, por exemplo, a Internet, Smartphones e GPSs de uma forma natural. Esta proliferação da tecnologia permitiu tanto ao cidadão comum como a organizações a sua utilização de uma forma cada vez mais criativa e simples de utilizar. Além disso, a cada dia que passa surgem novos negócios e startups, o que demonstra o dinamismo que este crescimento veio trazer para a indústria. A presente dissertação incide sobre duas áreas em forte crescimento: Reconhecimento Facial e Business Intelligence (BI), assim como a respetiva combinação das duas com o objetivo de ser criado um novo módulo para um produto já existente. Tratando-se de duas áreas distintas, é primeiramente feito um estudo sobre cada uma delas. A área de Business Intelligence é vocacionada para organizações e trata da recolha de informação sobre o negócio de determinada empresa, seguindo-se de uma posterior análise. A grande finalidade da área de Business Intelligence é servir como forma de apoio ao processo de tomada de decisão por parte dos analistas e gestores destas organizações. O Reconhecimento Facial, por sua vez, encontra-se mais presente na sociedade. Tendo surgido no passado através da ficção científica, cada vez mais empresas implementam esta tecnologia que tem evoluído ao longo dos anos, chegando mesmo a ser usada pelo consumidor final, como por exemplo em Smartphones. As suas aplicações são, portanto, bastante diversas, desde soluções de segurança até simples entretenimento. Para estas duas áreas será assim feito um estudo com base numa pesquisa de publicações de autores da respetiva área. Desde os cenários de utilização, até aspetos mais específicos de cada uma destas áreas, será assim transmitido este conhecimento para o leitor, o que permitirá uma maior compreensão por parte deste nos aspetos relativos ao desenvolvimento da solução. Com o estudo destas duas áreas efetuado, é então feita uma contextualização do problema em relação à área de atuação da empresa e quais as abordagens possíveis. É também descrito todo o processo de análise e conceção, assim como o próprio desenvolvimento numa vertente mais técnica da solução implementada. Por fim, são apresentados alguns exemplos de resultados obtidos já após a implementação da solução.

Organizational culture influence on information quality - use of business intelligence systems relationship: portuguese context

Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estatística e Gestão de Informação

Transfer pricing as a means for motivating management of profit centers

The main objective of this study is to analyze the role and potential of transfer pricing as a means of management control in large organizations. The special emphasis is on analyzing the potential of transfer pricing when we are motivating the profit center managers. The research approach is theoretical and literature reviews include studies about profit center organizations, performance measurement and analysis, incentive systems, transfer pricing techniques and agency theory. Based on the analysis, it seems that transfer pricing is a suitable tool for controlling, motivating and managing profit center managers. This requires that the performance measurement can be done fairly and transfer prices are set using fair assumptions. The motivating effects of transfer pricing can be enhanced if the reward system is connected to performance measurement system. In synthesis there is presented effects of transfer pricing to profit center managers behavior. There is also presented opinion about fair transfer pricing policy.

Tuotteen elinkaarenaikainen tiedonhallinta palvelukeskeisen arkkitehtuurin avulla

Palvelukeskeistä arkkitehtuuria (SOA) sovelletaan nykyään varsinkin suurten yritysten tietojärjestelmien suunnittelussa ja toteutuksessa. Siinä toiminnot suunnitellaan palveluina, mikä lisää erityisesti palveluiden uudelleen-käytettävyyttä ja mahdollisuutta hyödyntää jo tehtyjä järjestelmäinvestointeja. Tuotteen elinkaarenaikaisen tiedonhallinnan (PLM) pyrkimyksenä on saada elinkaarelle hajaantunut tieto käyttöön oikeassa paikassa oikeaan aikaan sekä parantaa tuotetiedon luotettavuutta ja ajantasaisuutta. Tämä on yksi tärkeimmistä tekijöistä tavoiteltaessa kilpailuetuja verkottuneessa liiketoiminnassa. Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli selvittää, kuinka tuotteen elinkaarenaikainen tiedonhallinta voidaan toteuttaa palvelukeskeisen arkkitehtuurin avulla sekä, mitä haasteita ja hyötyjä tästä seuraa organisaatiolle. Tutkimus tehtiin kirjallisuustutkimuksena. Työ tarjoaa tietoa PLM:n ja SOA:n integroinnista sekä integroinnin haasteista ja hyödyistä. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat palvelukeskeisen PLM:n tuovan oikein suunniteltuna ja toteutettuna merkittäviä hyötyjä verkostoituneessa ympäristössä toimiville yrityksille. Lisäksi työ antaa käsityksen siitä, kuinka laaja projekti palvelukeskeisen PLM:n implementointi on.

E-Business Intreoperability Frameworks for SMEs

Current e-business standards have been developed and used by large organizations to reduce clerical costs in business transactions by increased automation and higher level of business-to-business integration. Small and medium enterprises (SME's), however, cannot easily adopt these standards due to the SME's lacking the technical expertise and resources for implementing them. Still, large organizations increasingly require their business partners, most of which are SME's, to be able to interoperate by their chosen e-business standards. The research question for the study was, first, which of the existing e-business technologies are most SME-adoptable, and, second, how could those e-business technologies be made easier for SME's to implement. The study was conducted as a literature study that evaluated the available e-business frameworks and SME-oriented e-business architectures based on the implementation complexity and costs incurred for the SME adopter. The study found that only few e-business solutions are SMEadoptable. The technological approaches used in the solutions need to be improved on a number of areas, the most important of which is implementation complexity. The study revealed that this also applies to the special, SME-oriented e-business architectures, which are also still too difficult for SME's to implement. Based on these findings, a high-level e-business interoperability framework concept was proposed as the basis for future research to overcome the found implementation complexities for SME's.

Using ArchivesSpace to Support Research Data Curation

Poster at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Opettajien johtamiseen soveltuvan suorituskykymittariston taustalla olevat motivaatiotekijät

Työntekijöiden ja organisaatioiden suorituskykyä on tutkittu etenkin tuotantoyrityksissä paljon. Suorituskyvyn mittaamisessa on painotettu taloudellisia tai tuotannollisia mittareita. Yksittäisen työntekijän motivaation merkitystä suorituskykyyn ei ole kuitenkaan tutkittu kovinkaan paljon. Motivaatioon liittyviä tutkimuksia on tehty enemmän kasvatustieteellisissä ja psykologisissa tutkimuksissa. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, minkälaiset motivaatiotekijät vaikuttavat ammatillisessa koulutuksessa työskentelevien opettajien suorituskykyyn. Motivaatiotekijöitä selvitettiin opettajille suunnatulla kyselyllä. Lisäksi selvitettiin, onko motivaatiotekijöillä eroa yksityisen organisaation ja julkisen organisaation työntekijöiden välillä. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että yksityisen ja julkisen organisaation työntekijöiden työskentelymotivaatio perustuu erilaisiin tekijöihin. Yrityselämässä menestyvän työntekijän motivaatio kasvaa, mikäli hänellä on mahdollisuus saavuttaa taloudellisia palkkioita hyvistä suorituksista tai hänelle tarjotaan muita ulkoisia hyödykkeitä, kuten ylennystä. Julkisen sektorin palveluksessa olevan työntekijän motivaatio kasvaa, mikäli hän saa tehdä osaamaansa työtä yhteisön hyväksi ja onnistuu työssään. Kyselyn perusteella voidaan todeta, että opettajat ovat hyvin tyytyväisiä työhönsä ja he motivoituvat onnistumisen kokemuksista ja mahdollisuudesta vaikuttaa oman työnsä sisältöön ja aikatauluihin. Esimerkkimittaristo rakennettiin Teaching Balanced Scorecard (TBSC) -menetelmän mukaiseksi. Mittaristossa on huomioitu opettajan työskentelymotivaatioon vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Tuloskorttimalli soveltuu isojen organisaatioiden käyttöön ja nykyinen suuntaus oppilaitoksissa on kohti isoja toimijoita. Esimiesten on tunnistettava alaistensa motivaatioon vaikuttavia tekijöitä, sillä työntekijälle annettu vääränlainen palaute voi jopa laskea hänen suorituskykyä. Tiimeissä ja verkostoissa hyvän motivaation saavuttaminen merkitsee myös työturvallisuuden parantumista, sillä yhteen hiileen puhaltavat työntekijät hyödyntävät yhteistä osaamistaan myös työskentelyolosuhteiden kehittämisessä.

Teoría de las restricciones (TOC): Modelo de Gestión Gerencial para el Crecimiento Productivo de las Pymes en Colombia. Caso aplicado a CIDMA S.A.S.

En los últimos años, un panorama turbulento, dinámico y caótico ha caracterizado la industria de las confecciones en Colombia. Como consecuencia, la incertidumbre y la competencia han dificultado la toma de decisiones que le permitan a las pymes crear estrategias oportunas para alcanzar sus metas, disminuir los riesgos y lograr subsistir en el entorno en el que se desenvuelven a través del mejoramiento del sistema productivo y financiero. La academia de la administración ha buscado herramientas teóricas y prácticas que le permitan a las empresas afrontar la complejidad actual, y por ello, el modelo de gestión gerencial de las Teorías de las Restricciones – TOC- ha tenido una gran aceptación, no solo en organizaciones grandes, sino que ha desarrollado un mayor número de seguidores en las pymes. El presente artículo presenta una revisión teórica y posteriormente el caso práctico de CIDMA S.A.S., enfocándose en cómo esta herramienta permite identificar los problemas raíz de la organización para desarrollar estrategias de mejora continua que se reflejan en su sistema financiero.

Software reuse: The Brazilian industry scenario

This paper aims at identifying some of the key factors in adopting an organization-wide software reuse program. The factors are derived from practical experience reported by industry professionals, through a survey involving 57 Brazilian small, medium and large software organizations. Some of them produce software with commonality between applications, and have mature processes, while others successfully achieved reuse through isolated, ad hoe efforts. The paper compiles the answers from the survey participants, showing which factors were more associated with reuse success. Based on this relationship, a guide is presented, pointing out which factors should be more strongly considered by small, medium and large organizations attempting to establish a reuse program. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Licenshantering av programvaror i enkommunal verksamhet : En fallstudie över licenshanteringen i Falu kommun

Forskningen visar att förändringar av informationsteknologin och en ökande anskaffning av nya programvaror har lett till underliggande problem som kan drabba heterogena programvarulicensmiljöer och stora organisationer. Underliggande problem i den stora kontexten är mjukvaruhantering. Licenshantering av programvaror är just en förgrening av det stora problemet. Stora organisationer som en kommunal verksamhet är drabbad av det här underliggande problemet på grund av komplexitet hos organisationens miljö. Att tillämpa förändringar i området programvarulicens är omöjligt utan att göra förändringar i hela den organisationsprocess som följer med det. Fallstudiens uppdrag är ett nytt omfattande område kring licenshantering av programvaror som kan vara väldigt lärorikt och en bra erfarenhet att ta del av. Uppsatsen beskriver hur en kommunal verksamhets licenshantering av programvaror ser ut och de problem som finns med den nuvarande licenshanteringsprocessen. Förarbetet med en litteraturstudie tillsammans med datagenereringsmetoderna intervjuer, dokumentstudier och observationer används för att studera fallet på djupet. Målet är att kunna ta fram de nuvarande problem som finns, analysera dem och ge rekommendation för åtgärder som det studerade fallobjektet, Falu Kommuns IT-kontor, kan använda. En rekommendation för en tydlig licenshanteringsprocessmodell anses vara ett bra akademiskt bidrag eftersom problemet med licenshanteringen av programvaror är ett generellt problem. Uppsatsens resultat är en processmodell om licenshantering av programvaror för organisationer med IT-tjänstkunder. Det är en generisk lösning som skulle kunna användas av andra kommunverksamheter och liknande organisationer.