Lógica condicional

The main goal of this work is to clarify the central concepts involved in the study of formalization of conditional sentences. More specifically, it has been done a comparative analysis of the two greater and more traditional proposals of conditional formalization (Lewis 1973c e Adams 1975). These proposals were responsible for the creation of a way of analysis that still present in the current debate about this subject. This work pursues to explain the principal assumptions held within these proposals. According to certain disambiguation techniques from Bennett (2003) and Lycan (2005), this work tries to explicit how these assumptions connect to the aims sought by the initial approaches. The following results show that there is a not declared presumption, the definition of the object of study of these theories, i.e., the definition of conditional sentence. This work argues that despite of not explicitly declared the definition of the study object has a central role in the intelligibility of the debate itself

Razão: origem, crise e respostas contemporâneas

The philosophical discussion has been present throughout the whole history of reason, for philosophy and reason have been always closely linked. In the following work, Reason, origin, crises and contemporary answers I go into the history of the rational and demonstrative thought, focusing on how rationality can be thought about in contemporary philosophy. To answer this question I discuss the principle of philosophy, the mythical period and the thoughts of Heraclito , Parmenides , Plato and Aristotle in relation to reason and rationality. Also discussed is the medieval period and the philosophical use of logic and the criticism of Aristotle s thoughts, especially focusing on the criticism of Hegel and Luckasiewicz of the non contradiction principle. Lastly I discuss the development of reason in present day philosophy, mainly how modern logics could be putting at stake Aristotle s model of reason

Sistemas de lógica modal em dedução natural

Formalization of logical systems in natural deduction brings many metatheoretical advantages, which Normalization proof is always highlighted. Modal logic systems, until very recently, were not routinely formalized in natural deduction, though some formulations and Normalization proofs are known. This work is a presentation of some important known systems of modal logic in natural deduction, and some Normalization procedures for them, but it is also and mainly a presentation of a hierarchy of modal logic systems in natural deduction, from K until S5, together with an outline of a Normalization proof for the system K, which is a model for Normalization in other systems

Lógica BDI fuzzy

Intendding to understand how the human mind operates, some philosophers and psycologists began to study about rationality. Theories were built from those studies and nowadays that interest have been extended to many other areas such as computing engineering and computing science, but with a minimal distinction at its goal: to understand the mind operational proccess and apply it on agents modelling to become possible the implementation (of softwares or hardwares) with the agent-oriented paradigm where agents are able to deliberate their own plans of actions. In computing science, the sub-area of multiagents systems has progressed using several works concerning artificial intelligence, computational logic, distributed systems, games theory and even philosophy and psycology. This present work hopes to show how it can be get a logical formalisation extention of a rational agents architecture model called BDI (based in a philosophic Bratman s Theory) in which agents are capable to deliberate actions from its beliefs, desires and intentions. The formalisation of this model is called BDI logic and it is a modal logic (in general it is a branching time logic) with three access relations: B, D and I. And here, it will show two possible extentions that tranform BDI logic in a modal-fuzzy logic where the formulae and the access relations can be evaluated by values from the interval [0,1]

Redes sociais e a lógica do desvio comportamental em relação às normas de trabalho

This paper aim to check a hypothesis that assumes several behaviors related to social work norm´s obeying as a phenomenon that can be explained by actor´s social network structure and the rational choice processes related to the social norm inside that network, principally the payoff´s analysis received by the closest actors, or neighbors, at a social situation. Taking the sociological paradigm of rational action theory as a basis, the focus is on a debate about the logic of social norms, from Émile Durkheim´s method to Jon Elster´s theory, but also including social network analysis´s variables according to Robert Hanneman; and also Vilfredo Pareto´s constants related to human sociability, at the aim to detect elements that can help the scholars to develop an agent based model which could explain the sociological problem of deviance by a better way than the common sense´s view about morality and ethics at a social work environment

Reestruturação produtiva na Petrobrás e ação sindical dos petroleiros do RN

Ce travail a l objectif d analyser la question de la restructuration productive dans la Petrobrás/ RN et les implications possibles sur l action syndicale du Sindipetro/RN pendant la période 1995 2003. La restructuration productive dans la Petrobrás/RN commence dans la décennie 1990 quand l entreprise, au niveau national, décide d adhérer au Programa Brasileiro de Qualidade e Produtividade PBQP lancé par le gouvernement Collor comme motivation et priorité pour que les entreprises s adaptent à l ouverture de l économie brésilienne au marché extérieur. De ce fait, la Petrobrás/RN afin de se maintenir dans le marché compétitif et mondialisé , adopte des techniques administratives basées sur la philosophie de la qualité totate, met au point des inovations technologiques et organisationnelles, tout en altérant sa base technique et adopte, encore, la tertiairisation de quelques activités visant à la reduction des coûts. De telles mesures ont atteint de façon remarquable l action du Sindipetro/RN qui commence alors à agir selon la logique de la politique néo-libérale du gouvernement de conduite anti-syndicale. Face à ces faits le syndicat a rédéfini ses actions dans le but de trouver des manières de poursuivre les luttes syndicales dans cette conjoncture de difficultés dans les relations de travail. Celui-ci s engage donc à entamer les négociations comme stratégie afin de préserver les privilèges de la catégorie et d éviter la perte des droits acquis

Um estudo sobre as origens da Lógica Matemáitca

The present study has as objective to explaining about the origins of the mathematical logic. This has its beginning attributed to the autodidactic English mathematician George Boole (1815-1864), especially because his books The Mathematical Analysis of Logic (1847) and An Investigation of the Laws of Thought (1854) are recognized as the inaugural works of the referred branch. However, surprisingly, in the same time another mathematician called Augutus of Morgan (1806-1871) it also published a book, entitled Formal Logic (1847), in defense of the mathematic logic. Even so, times later on this same century, another work named Elements of Logic (1875) it appeared evidencing the Aristotelian logic with Richard Whately (1787-1863), considered the better Aristotelian logical of that time. This way, our research, permeated by the history of the mathematics, it intends to study the logic produced by these submerged personages in the golden age of the mathematics (19th century) to we compare the valid systems in referred period and we clarify the origins of the mathematical logic. For that we looked for to delineate the panorama historical wrapper of this study. We described, shortly, biographical considerations about these three representatives of the logic of the 19th century formed an alliance with the exhibition of their point of view as for the logic to the light of the works mentioned above. In this sense, we aspirated to present considerations about what effective Aristotelian´s logic existed in the period of Boole and De Morgan comparing it with the new emerging logic (the mathematical logic). Besides of this, before the textual analysis of the works mentioned above, we still looked for to confront the systems of Boole and De Morgan for we arrive to the reason because the Boole´s system was considered better and more efficient. Separate of this preponderance we longed to study the flaws verified in the logical system of Boole front to their contemporaries' production, verifying, for example, if they repeated or not. We concluded that the origins of the mathematical logic is in the works of logic of George Boole, because, in them, has the presentation of a new logic, matematizada for the laws of the thought similar to the one of the arithmetic, while De Morgan, in your work, expand the Aristotelian logic, but it was still arrested to her

Uma visita ao universo matemático de Lewis Carrol e o (re)encontro com sua lógica do nonsense

Notable mathematics teacher, Lewis Carroll, pseudonym of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832-1898), made the mixture of mathematics with literature a ludic environment for learning that discipline. Author of Alice s Adventures In Wonderland and its sequel Alice Through The Looking Glass, he eventually created a real and complex universe which uses what we call the logic of the nonsense as an element to motivate the development of mathematical thinking of the reader, taking it as well, learn by establishing a link between the concrete (mathematics) and the imaginary (their universe). In order to investigate and discuss the educational potential of their works and state some elements that can contribute to a decentralized math education from the traditional method of following the models and decorate formulas, we visited his works based on the studies of archeology of knowledge (FOUCAULT, 2007), the rational thought and symbolic thinking (VERGANI, 2003) and about the importance of stories and narratives to the development of human cognition (FARIAS, 2006). Through a descriptive, analytical study, we used the literary construction and presented part of our study in form of a mathematical novel, to give the mathematical school a particular charm, without depriving it of its basics properties as discipline and content. Our study showed how the works of Carroll have a strong didactic element that can deploy in various activities of study and teaching for mathematics classes

O processo avaliativo institucional de desempenho do sistema público municipal de Teresina-PI (2001 a 2005): entre a lógica da excelência e a lógica da aprendizagem

This work focalize the institutional and educational evaluation, aiming to investigate the Municipal System Institutional Evaluation Performance of Teresina City Piauí (2001-2005), and to reflect about Institutional System Performance and its contribution to compose a new learning evaluation practice. In this sense, classifies elements about the evaluation practice in two Elementary Education municipal public schools, involving Education Municipal Bureau technicians as managers, pedagogues, teachers and students. Based on the ethnographic studies principles in the educational area, the work employs investigative procedures like document analysis, interviews with groups and individuals and also participator s comments. Intending to comprehend the complexity produced by the institutional and education evaluation processes, the wok reveals the Institutional Evaluation legal and educational political basis and the several positions assumed by the Learning Evaluation, as a classification tool or as a learning enhancement. This work points, as results, to a evaluation culture bipolarity carried out by the Municipal Education System as a explicit control and regulation toll, related to the classification and learning in a interaction process that operates both in the pressure and the reflection, as a culture practice established between excellence of logic and learning. The evaluation history has been construct on the evaluation actions dialectics, joint simultaneously between the Institutional Evaluation Performance and the learning evaluation. The senses, meanings and actions bipolarity is a interaction process product sustained between the institutional evaluation, under the scholar ranking application, and the learning evaluation. In this relativity, the teacher evaluation practice is found, ruled by interesting, thoughts and actions on the school evaluation, allowing a higher security and support to the learning results. Grounded in the researched reality, its possible to say that the teacher s evaluation practice is diversified, with different characteristics, when it is done in the learning search and in the learning intention. In the first case, reflects, rearranges and constructs new actions that lead the student to produce learning. In the second, shows the will, the wish of learning, but is a weak action, producing a not really significant learning and development; as a result, remains the mark approach as a determinant in the student future. The work s hope is to contribute not just to rethink these two evaluations dimensions the institutional and the learning ones but also to organize the school and to improve the pedagogic process

Música, filosofia, formação: por uma escuta sensível do mundo

La musique, plus qu`um mot et le texte écrit, a le pouvoir de produire le déplacement du sujet en relation aux contingences du temps e de l´espace. Entendre de la musique est plus que de l´amusement. Comme un artifice cognitif qui ultrapasse l´expérience analytique e métonymique, les formes tonales doublent la réalité, expandent les sens, actionent l´imagination, retotalisent les sentiments, amplient les expériences, permettent la rencontre du sujet avec les éssences des phénomènes qui ne sont pas traductibles par les mots. Nous écoutons de la musique pour restituer notre dignité e conférer à la vie plus de vérité, plus de concrétion (Santiago Kovadloff). La mélodie permet l´expérimentation des états de cohésion, de conéction pleine entre sens et intention, entre commencement et fin, de la finitude de la vie (Schopenhauer). Le phénomène musical provoque l´expréssion de la douleur, de la souffrance et, au même temps, du jubile et de la joie, réliant nature et homme (Nietzsche). Tenant comme base cette compréhension, la dissertation tient dans la musique une importante métaphore pour comprendre la complexité humaine, une fois qu´elle propicie une écoute sensible du monde et mobilise dans le sujet l´expérimentation de divers états de l´être. Nous pouvons dire que la musique est un opérateur de la conaissence parce qu´elle fait affleurer l´écoute intérieure, la rencontre du sujet avec lui même. Cet opérateur cognitif actione les pôles de l´ésprit qui font dialoguer sensibilité, éthique et esthétique, ordre et chaos, silence et bruit, mouvement et pause, repétition et inovation. Par l´expérience musicale, nous habitons des formes hibrides de sensibilité et raison. L´inachèvement, notre principal caractéristique comme humains, a, dans la musique, une image impair, parce que la musique est l´expression du dévir. Pour tisser ces arguments, la dissertation part des études de Schopenhauer et Nietzsche sur la musique, esthétique et métaphysique; Expose des fragments de la biographie de trois grands penseurs contemporains (Werner Heinsenberg, Ilya Prigogine et Edgar Morin) accentuant la présence de la musique en ses vies; et, par fin, présente ce que nous appelons biographies sonores de quatre artistes-musiciens brésiliens (Benedito Juarez et Gil Jardim, de São Paulo, et Ronaldo Ferreira de Lima et, Cleudo Freire, du Rio Grande do Norte)

A Formação de Padres no Nordeste do Brasil (1894-1933)

The Nossa Senhora da Conceição Seminary, installed in 1894, by Dom Adauto Aurélio de Miranda Henriques, first Paraíba Bishop, and the Episcopal Seminary of the Sagrado Coração de Jesus, implanted in 1913, by Dom José Thomas Gomes da Silva, first Aracaju s Bishop diocese, were created as a result of lack of an official religious process proposed by the Brazilian Republic Proclamation, in 1889. With the appoint to enlarge the number of priests and change the image of the priest married and unrolled who used to identify the Catholic Church in the colonial and imperial Brazil. Such bishops developed into intellectuals in the government, dioceses and formation priest houses. I take as a study object, for this doctorate paper, the academic formation and priesthood developed in theses seminaries, from 1894 to 1933, once 1894 the year of João Pessoa Creation Seminar that was implied the Minor Course (preparation) and the Major one (built by Philosophy and God related studies) and the research limit year of 1933, is concerned about the Major Sergipe Seminary ending, which was created and has worked offering the Minor and Major courses, from 1913 to 1933. Showing the teaching models that guided and leaded the priest formation, referred as Seminaries, and the application result is the objective of this investigation. To comprehend the teaching models seminaries studied, my research line is the Catholic Church theme and priest formation in Brazil. In front of the object and the objective desired, I chose the historical comparative method and the scholars modals notions of Araujo de Barros (2004) and the Sirinelli intellectuals (1996). Such references allowed me to analyze the formation given in the seminary and seminarian participation and actions, included the sequence after the scholars formation. The thesis defended is that the teaching model developed in the Brazilian Seminaries, created after a non official religious process in the Brazilian government, deal with a model of one unique center (Seminary formation and aim pre arranged by Santa Sé), although adapted, presuming the local reality and formation structure (privileged not only spiritual and moral speaking, but intellectual also), was it responsible for intellectuals generations (teachers priests, educationalist priest, journalists priests and so on) that boost the education in Brazil. During the Republic first three decades, when, in thesis, the Government was becoming free religion, i.e., the government did not subsidize the Church anymore, and the Government, among others aspects, did not received any Church care to help the public teaching in the country. The investigation reveled accede, by bishops and their followers, such as by the Concílio de Trento pre concept, or by the others ideas, leading by the priests formation in Seminaries. By creating and stalling diocese Seminary, Bishop Dom Adauto and Dom José went further their functions, by the time they built inside themselves a teaching model thought from the main pedagogic logic, based on several religious exercises, moral and ethic, considered by themselves several knowledge connected to humanity, philosophy and God related studies). Following clearly rationalism principle (the way of teaching, which each subject has its own teacher and this class get together students with the same knowledge, regardless of age) and efficiency (trying to teach the whole content in each class), the Seminaries researched developed a whole education, allowed the structure of a spiritual education, moral and intellectual, for a quality developed by priests, including different levels that they used to performance. Their bottom line, actions and priest matter achievement allowed their broad fulfillment, in the way that priests matter were associated with cultural, educational, welfare assistance, at last, intellectuals

O ensino de filosofia no ensino médio mediado pela literatura sartriana

On analyse une expérience de l enseignement de philosophie dans l enseignement secondaire par la littérature. La scène d intervention a été l Institut Fédéral d Éducation, Science et Technologie du Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), dans l année 2008. L étude à caractère qualitatif a adopté un modèle de recherche participant, dans laquelle le chercheur a intervenu dans son propre contexte de classe. On a utilisé l investigation d un ouvrage existentialiste de Jean-Paul Sartre, le roman La Nausée, comme contribution méthodologique pour l enseignement de philosophie. On a adopté le recours de la littérature avec contenu philosophique à partir de la proposition apportée para les Paramètres Curriculaires Nationaux pour l Enseignement Secondaire (PCNEM) : celle qu on ne doit ni avoir la prétention de former de philosophes professionnels ni banaliser la philosophie auprès des élèves. En partant du principe que l existentialisme a été un courant philosophique qui a utilisé la littérature entant qu expression d idées philosophiques, on a envisagé le potentiel pédagogique du voisinage communicant entre la philosophie et la littérature que lie l expérience littéraire avec les textes qui montrent aussi la discussion philosophique. L idée force a été celle de traiter concepts philosophiques a partir de la littérature comme invitation à la réflexion, en analysant l élément ludique dans la littérature comme jeu de la pensée. La pensée considérée comme action ludique arriverait parmi l idéal d en chercher de meilleures manières à comprendre la réalité en étant cet idéal esthétique assumé dans l effort d imprimer sens au chaos des expériences. Les situations pédagogiques en classe comptent fréquemment avec moment de dialogue a propos des problèmes existentiels affrontés par le protagoniste du roman, Antoine Roquentin, considérés comme questions philosophiques et débattues par l investigation dialogique tout suite après la lecture des parties du livre. Dans ce sens, on a cherché à suivre les marches de la méthode socratique dans lequel questionner e questionner à soi même soient les moles propulseurs de la réflexion philosophique. L investigation dialogique a été étendue pendant cinq rencontres de quatre-vingt-dix minutes interprétés par une analyse discursive qui a essayé d établir des rapports entre le discours de l enseignant et des élèves avec le discours de la tradition philosophique. Cette recherche a aussi envisagé à produire une réflexion sur la pratique de l auteur lui-même de l étude. Celui-ci peut-être soit l objectif le plus largement atteint : prendre conscience de l importance de la formation d un enseignant réflexif qui associe dans sa praxis le savoir faire avec la critique honnête de sa propre capacité professionnel

História e filosofia da ciência nos currículos das licenciaturas em física e química da UFRN

Esta disertación es el resultado de un estudio de naturaleza de calidad que tuvo como objetivo analizar la estructura curricular de los cursos de Licenciatura en Física y en Química de Universidad Federal de Rio Grande del Norte en lo que se refiere a la inserción de disciplinas de contenido histórico y filosófico. La metodologia adoptada se constituye en un estudio de caso comparativo, pues procura establecer relaciones entre los dos cursos analizados. En este sentido, fueron consultados, para cada uno de los dos cursos, el Proyecto Político Pedagógico, el programa de La Disiplina y los materiales en ella utilizados. Se realizó también, la observación simple de clases de la disciplina y en seguida, una entrevista semi-estructurada con el profesor responsable por ella. Los resultados muestran que las disciplinas están inseridas en los currículos de los cursos de Física y de Química de maneras diferentes, principalmente en lo que se refiere a los enfoques teóricos-metodológicos asumidos por los profesores en el trabajo con los contenidos y en lo que se dice al respecto del papel desempeñado por la disciplina en la estructuta curricular. Hay por otro lado, puntos de convergencia, notadamente cuanto a la formación y al histórico de los profesores formadores, asi como en la relación a los modelos de formación subyacentes a la estructura curricular de los cursos. Se concluye que el conocimineto mútuo de los diferentes modelos de inserción de disciplinas de contenido histórico y filosófico en las Licenciaturas en Física y en Química de La UFRN podría contribuir para futuras reformulaciones curriculares, en el sentido del establecimiento de opciones claras y concientes acerca del papel a ser desempeñado por esas disciplinas en los cursos

Algoritmos genéticos: uso de lógica nebulosa e análise de convergência por cadeia de Markov

In this work, the Markov chain will be the tool used in the modeling and analysis of convergence of the genetic algorithm, both the standard version as for the other versions that allows the genetic algorithm. In addition, we intend to compare the performance of the standard version with the fuzzy version, believing that this version gives the genetic algorithm a great ability to find a global optimum, own the global optimization algorithms. The choice of this algorithm is due to the fact that it has become, over the past thirty yares, one of the more importan tool used to find a solution of de optimization problem. This choice is due to its effectiveness in finding a good quality solution to the problem, considering that the knowledge of a good quality solution becomes acceptable given that there may not be another algorithm able to get the optimal solution for many of these problems. However, this algorithm can be set, taking into account, that it is not only dependent on how the problem is represented as but also some of the operators are defined, to the standard version of this, when the parameters are kept fixed, to their versions with variables parameters. Therefore to achieve good performance with the aforementioned algorithm is necessary that it has an adequate criterion in the choice of its parameters, especially the rate of mutation and crossover rate or even the size of the population. It is important to remember that those implementations in which parameters are kept fixed throughout the execution, the modeling algorithm by Markov chain results in a homogeneous chain and when it allows the variation of parameters during the execution, the Markov chain that models becomes be non - homogeneous. Therefore, in an attempt to improve the algorithm performance, few studies have tried to make the setting of the parameters through strategies that capture the intrinsic characteristics of the problem. These characteristics are extracted from the present state of execution, in order to identify and preserve a pattern related to a solution of good quality and at the same time that standard discarding of low quality. Strategies for feature extraction can either use precise techniques as fuzzy techniques, in the latter case being made through a fuzzy controller. A Markov chain is used for modeling and convergence analysis of the algorithm, both in its standard version as for the other. In order to evaluate the performance of a non-homogeneous algorithm tests will be applied to compare the standard fuzzy algorithm with the genetic algorithm, and the rate of change adjusted by a fuzzy controller. To do so, pick up optimization problems whose number of solutions varies exponentially with the number of variables

Automação da detecção de fraudes em sistemas de medição de energia elétrica utilizando lógica fuzzy em ambiente SCADA

This works presents a proposal to make automatic the identification of energy thefts in the meter systems through Fuzzy Logic and supervisory like SCADA. The solution we find by to collect datas from meters at customers units: voltage, current, power demand, angles conditions of phasors diagrams of voltages and currents, and taking these datas by fuzzy logic with expert knowledge into a fuzzy system. The parameters collected are computed by fuzzy logic, in engineering alghorithm, and the output shows to user if the customer researched may be consuming electrical energy without to pay for it, and these feedbacks have its own membership grades. The value of this solution is a need for reduce the losses that already sets more than twenty per cent. In such a way that it is an expert system that looks for decision make with assertivity, and it looks forward to find which problems there are on site and then it wont happen problems of relationship among the utility and the customer unit. The database of an electrical company was utilized and the datas from it were worked by the fuzzy proposal and algorithm developed and the result was confirmed