Sport-based corporate social responsibility in European professional football

In the past few decades, sport has become a major business with remarkable international reach. As part of the commercial sector of sport, professional sport is said to be intrinsically different from other businesses due to its unique characteristics, such as the peculiar economics and the intense loyalty of fans. Simultaneously with the growing business aspect, sport continues to have great social and cultural impacts on our society. Sport has also become an increasingly popular means of attending social problems due to its alleged suitability for such purposes and its popular appeal. A great number of actors in the professional sport industry have long been involved in socially responsible activities, many of which have been sport-related. While Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been extensively studied in general, its role in the professional sport industry has received less attention in the academic research until recently. It has been argued that due to the unique characteristics of professional sport, CSR should also be studied in this particular context. The objective of this study was to contribute to filling the research gap and increase the understanding of CSR in the context of professional sport by examining sport-related CSR realized by professional football clubs in Europe. The theoretical part of this study leaned on previous literature about using sport as a means of attending social issues and the role of CSR in professional sport industry. The empirical part of the study was carried out through web site analyses and interviews. The clubs to be examined were chosen by using purposive sampling technique and taking into consideration the accessibility and suitability of information the clubs could offer. The method used for analyzing the data was qualitative content analysis. The empirical findings were largely in line with the theoretical framework of the study. The sportrelated CSR of the clubs was concentrated on teaching the participants diverse skills and values, improving their health, encouraging social inclusion, supporting disabled people, and promoting overall participation in sport. The clubs also emphasized the importance of local communities as targets of their CSR. CSR had been an integral part of the clubs’ activities from the beginning, but there were remarkable differences between large and small clubs in terms of structured organization and realization of their CSR. Measuring and evaluation of CSR appeared to be a challenge for most clubs regardless of their size and resources. The motives for the clubs to engage in CSR seemed to be related to the clubs’ values or to their stakeholders’ interests. In general, the clubs’ CSR went beyond what the society is likely to expect from them in legal or ethical sense.

Corporate social responsibility in online retail – Perceptions from online discussions on Amazon

Online retail has experienced substantial growth due to the increased utilization of digital technologies. The growth in the industry has created numerous multinational corporations, which serve customers all around the world. As a result, the online retailers’ efforts in sustainability have been more often in publicity. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), the efforts going beyond the company’s interest in order to bring social good, have been discussed in the academic community for decades. While the various effects of CSR in retail and business generally have been realized, the research aims to make a contribution by examining the concept from the viewpoint of online retail by focusing on interaction at online discussion forums. The main research question asks: What is the role of online retailer CSR in the online discussion forum context? In order to answer this question, additional three sub-research questions are suggested: 1) What elements of CSR are relevant in the online retailer context? 2) How are discussion forums used in communication regarding CSR and online retail by different discusser types? 3) What kind of company perceptions and consumer behavior appear in online discussions of Amazon’s CSR? The study is qualitative of nature, using the content analysis research method to examine posts found from four different public online discussion forums. A qualitative, interpretative analysis was used, although quantitative measures regarding discussion posts were also presented. The analysis contains a coding process, where attributes are attached to discussion posts. As a result of the process, specific patterns can be indicated in order to categorize the posts. As the research uses Amazon as the case company, the case study method is also adopted. In the online retail context, ethics regarding the online retailer’s tax and labor policies are found as most relevant elements. Customers, using discussion forums to share their experiences and opinions regarding online retailer CSR efforts, are realized as the most prominent stakeholder. The research also highlights the role of online retailer employees providing details on internal business practices. However, the not realize the possibility to participate in discussions. Most discussion posts refer either to a positive, negative or mixed reaction towards CSR efforts, it is suggested that the concept is relevant also in online retail. Although online retailer CSR efforts are somewhat linked to company perceptions, the concept has a minimal role in consumer behavior. In online retail, CSR efforts can reduce the risk of being involved in discussions related to controversies. In addition, online retailer CSR efforts should communicate how the retailer contributes locally.

Corporate social responsibility in online retail – Perceptions from online discussions on Amazon

Online retail has experienced substantial growth due to the increased utilization of digital technologies. The growth in the industry has created numerous multinational corporations, which serve customers all around the world. As a result, the online retailers’ efforts in sustainability have been more often in publicity. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), the efforts going beyond the company’s interest in order to bring social good, have been discussed in the academic community for decades. While the various effects of CSR in retail and business generally have been realized, the research aims to make a contribution by examining the concept from the viewpoint of online retail by focusing on interaction at online discussion forums. The main research question asks: What is the role of online retailer CSR in the online discussion forum context? In order to answer this question, additional three sub-research questions are suggested: 1) What elements of CSR are relevant in the online retailer context? 2) How are discussion forums used in communication regarding CSR and online retail by different discusser types? 3) What kind of company perceptions and consumer behavior appear in online discussions of Amazon’s CSR? The study is qualitative of nature, using the content analysis research method to examine posts found from four different public online discussion forums. A qualitative, interpretative analysis was used, although quantitative measures regarding discussion posts were also presented. The analysis contains a coding process, where attributes are attached to discussion posts. As a result of the process, specific patterns can be indicated in order to categorize the posts. As the research uses Amazon as the case company, the case study method is also adopted. In the online retail context, ethics regarding the online retailer’s tax and labor policies are found as most relevant elements. Customers, using discussion forums to share their experiences and opinions regarding online retailer CSR efforts, are realized as the most prominent stakeholder. The research also highlights the role of online retailer employees providing details on internal business practices. However, the not realize the possibility to participate in discussions. Most discussion posts refer either to a positive, negative or mixed reaction towards CSR efforts, it is suggested that the concept is relevant also in online retail. Although online retailer CSR efforts are somewhat linked to company perceptions, the concept has a minimal role in consumer behavior. In online retail, CSR efforts can reduce the risk of being involved in discussions related to controversies. In addition, online retailer CSR efforts should communicate how the retailer contributes locally.

Organisaation uudistumiskyvyn kehittäminen, Case: Stora Enso

Tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää case-organisaatio Stora Enson Anjalan paperitehtaan uudistumiskyky, toiminnan strategianmukaisuus sekä vahvuudet ja kehitettävät osa-alueetuudistumiskyvyssä. Tutkielmassa käytettiin kvantitatiivista tutkimusotetta. Aineisto kerättiin kahdella eri mittarilla: KM-Factor¿ ¿ uudistumiskyvyn mittarilla ja organisaation muutoskyvyn mittarilla. KM-Factor¿ ¿mittarin avulla kerättiin tietoa organisaation suhteiden, tiedonkulun, osaamisen ja johtamisen nyky- ja tavoitetilasta erilaisissa tietoympäristöissä. Muutoskyvyn mittarin avulla kerättiin tietoa organisaation uudistumiskyvystä kuuden sitä kuvaavan ominaisuuden, strategisen kyvykkyyden, johtajuuden, ajan hyödyntämisen, verkostoituneisuuden, tiedon johtamisen ja oppimissuuntautuneisuuden perusteella. Mittaukset suoritettiin helmikuussa 2006 ja niiden kohteena oli Stora Enson Anjalan paperitehtaan koko henkilöstö. Kahden uudistumiskyvyn mittarin tulokset analysoitiin ja niitä vertailtiin keskenään. Tällä tavalla pyrittiinmyös lisäämään tutkimuksen validiteettia. Mittaustulokset purettiin sanalliseenmuotoon ja niistä raportoitiin case-organisaatiolle. Mittausten mukaan case-organisaation uudistumiskyky oli hieman keskitasoa heikompi. Toiminnan vahvuuksia olivat yksimielisyys muutostarpeista ja tilanneherkkyys. Merkittävimmät toiminnan heikkoudet löytyivät nykyisestä toimintatavasta, joka ei ollut strategian mukainen, ja innovaatiopotentiaalista, joka oli hyvin alhainen. Kehittämisen tarpeita löytyi sekä johdon että henkilöstön suhteiden ja yhteistyön osalta. Koko organisaation tulisi lisätä yhteistyötä ulkopuolisten tahojen ja sidosryhmien kanssa. Organisaatiossa tulisi miettiä, miten strategia saataisiin selkeästi viestittyä myös johtoa alemmille tasoille. Johto painotti liikaa autoritääristä johtamista, kun taas henkilöstöltä odotettaisiin enemmän vastuunottoa toiminnastaan. Organisaatiossa tulisi saada nykyistä avoimemmin ja itsenäisemmin ilmaista omia näkemyksiään, toimia aloitteellisesti ja luoda uusia ideoita toiminnan kehittämiseksi. Innovatiivisuudesta ja parannusehdotuksista tulisi myös palkita paremmin.

Kumppanuusyrityksen jakelurakenne rakentamisen toimitusketjussa - Case: Starkki Oy Ab

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää tarvitseeko Starkki Oy Ab keskusvarastotoimintoja rakennustyömaan toimitusketjussa. Tutkimuksen teoriaosa esittelee reagoivan toimitusketjun hallinnan menetelmiä ja jakelun merkitystä toimitusketjussa. Lisäksi teoriaosassa esitellään kumppanuus-ajattelun perusteita. Empiriaosassa esitellään kohdeyritys, rakennustyömaan logistiikkaa tällä hetkellä ja pohditaan kolmea erilaista yrityksen jakelurakennetta. Tutkimus on kuvaileva. Rakennustyömaan logistiikan voidaantodeta jäävän helposti materiaalitoimittajien vastuulle. Vaikka materiaalitoimittajat pysyvätkin yleensä sovitussa aikataulussa, ei rakennustyömaa itsessään siinä välttämättä onnistu. Tämä johtaa rakentamisen logistiikan hallitsemattomuuteen ja rakentamisen tehokkuuden heikkenemiseen. Ongelma voidaan kuitenkin välttäätehokkaalla informaation jakamisella ja rakennustyömaan toimitusketjun läpi ulottuvalla yhteistyöllä.

Exploration of the social dimension of corporate responsibility in a welfare state

This study focuses on corporate social responsibility (or CSR)as the latest dimension to emerge in the corporate responsibility and sustainability agenda, which in the recent past has rapidly risen to the top of the list of concerns for civil societies worldwide. Despite the continuing debates and discussions about the scope, benefits, and impacts of CSR to business and community in various sectors, levels, and types of society, many companies have moved forward to confront the opportunities and challenges of CSR. Thus, this study is about those proactive companies with a focus on the importance of CSR and its management inside and outside the company. It is an exploration and learning from the experience of Finnish companies, as well as other actors interested or involved in shaping the course of CSR, locally and globally. It also looks closely at how national culture affects the views, thinking, and management of CSR in a welfare state. This dissertation primarily draws on the analyses of information collected from a series of qualitative interviews and the existing literature in the area. This is complemented by an analysis of written and published documents on CSR from various sources. The results of the study give insightful information and detailed descriptions of a roadmap useful in learning and understanding CSR in Finnish companies. Despite the varying conceptual connotations, essential roadmap indicators point to the importance of framing CSR within the corporate responsibility concept, Finnish development and the welfare state system, globalization, stakeholders, and the pursuit of sustainable development as the main drivers of CSR, the remarkable progress of CSR in companies, and identification of key management areas and practices relevant to CSR. Similarly,the study reveals the importance of culture as essential in understanding and learning CSR. Finnish culture has a positive influence on the views, thinking, and management practices of CSR issues. Such a positive influence of culture, therefore, makes it easy for business people to discuss and understand CSR, because those CSR issues are already considered common and taken-for-granted by Finns and are implicit in the welfare state provisions. The experience of Finnish companies in implementing CSR policies in the supply chain is a concrete proactive step in advancing the message of CSR, that is, to bring companies and suppliers together to work on improving and strengthening relationships towards socially responsible practices worldwide. Such a forward step to deal with CSR issues in the supply chain reflects the companies' commitments and belief that CSR can be managed with the suppliers and gain positive benefits. Despite the problems and complexities, particularly in the global supply chain, managing CSR for Finnish companies presents new opportunities and challenges that are expected to intensify in the near future. The focus on CSR policy implementation inthe supply chain points to the importance of companies taking initiatives and forging cooperation with suppliers with the aim of addressing and improving CSR questions in the supply chains. The proactive stance of Finnish companies toward CSR is complemented by the active supporting role of important societalactors such as the government and NGOs. These actors carry out various promotional efforts and campaigns, thus bringing CSR into the mainstream of Finnish companies and strengthening the synergistic learning about CSR within the Finnish business and civil circles. The efforts of the government and NGOs to promote CSR are indicative of the importance of multipartite involvement and the emergence of better civil regulations. Likewise, their drive to learn from each other, exchange experiences, and contribute in CSR debates facilitated the evolution of CSRnetworks in the country. The results of this study add to the mounting evidence that CSR, in general, has created a new dimension in managing corporate sustainability. This study provides compelling empirical evidence and some direct quotations about CSR in the Finnish context. This information can be used to learn and gain new useful insights, approaches, and concepts for managing CSR.

Ohjelmistotalon toimintaprosessien kehittäminen

Työn tavoitteena oli kehittää MaestroYhtiöiden liiketoimintaprosesseja. Ensin selvitettiin liiketoimintaprosessien nykytila, jonka perusteella kehitettiin, kuvattiin rajapintoineen ja ohjeistettiin uudet liiketoimintaprosessit. Lopuksi määriteltiin muutamia prosessimittareita lähinnä tuotantotiimin käyttöön. Prosessien kehittämisen lisäksi tehtiin toiminnan kehittämissuunnitelma ohjausryhmäksi kutsutun kehittämistiimin toimesta ulkopuolisen konsultin avustamana. Ohjausryhmä määritteli tavoitteita toiminnalle ja konkreettisia keinoja niiden saavuttamiseksi. Tämän jälkeen tehtiin aikataulu tavoitteiden toteuttamiseksi. Tavoitteiden toteutumista seurataan säännöllisesti. Yrityksen kasvaessa on henkilökunnan määrä lisääntynyt nopeasti. Henkilöstömäärän kasvuvauhti on edennyt siinä määrin, että toimintatapoja on kehitettävä ja vakinaistettava, jotta pystytään toimimaan tehokkaasti ja sujuvasti. Taustalla on myös kahden eri toimipisteen erilaiset vaiheet. Savonlinnan toimipisteessä toiminta on jo vakiintunutta, mutta siellä onkin toimittu ohjelmistotuotannon parissa useita vuosia pidempään kuin Lappeenrannassa. Lappeenrannassa puolestaan tuotanto aloitettiin noin puolet pienemmällä miehityksellä kuin mitä se nykyään on ja toiminta hakee vielä muotoaan. Tarvetta toimintojen yhtenäistämiseen ja kehittämiseen eri tiimeissä ja toimipisteissä on, sillä yhteiset toimintatavat parantavat työn laatua ja tehokkuutta. Tuloksena työstä syntyi uudet prosessit kaikille tiimeille. Uudet rajapintoineen kuvatut prosessit on myös ohjeistettuna. Uusitut prosessit ovat seuraavassa vaiheessa saatava käyttöön. Prosessien käyttöönotto on tiiminvetäjien vastuulla. Myös prosessimittareiden käyttö ja seuraaminen on tiiminvetäjien vastuulla. Ohjausryhmän toiminnasta syntyi lista tavoitteita ja aikataulu tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi. Tämän työn aikana päästiin ensimmäiseen aikataulun mukaiseen etappiin ja tavoitteet olivat toteutuneet melko hyvin. Tämä ohjausryhmän toiminta jatkuu tulevaisuudessakin tavoitteiden seurannan muodossa. Mahdollisesti ohjausryhmä voi myös luoda uusia tavoitteita samalla tavalla ja seurata niiden toteutumista.

Sähköverkkoyhtiön dokumenttien hallinta

Työssä on tutkittu sähköverkkoyhtiön dokumenttien hallintaa, pääosin keskittymällä käytännön dokumentoinnin tilaan ja sen kehittämiseen. Tutkimus perustuu kirjallisuuteen ja haastatteluihin. Kirjallisuuden avulla on selvitetty työn aihepiirin teoriaa. Haastattelujen avulla on kartoitettu dokumentoinnin nykytilaa ja siihen liittyviä ongelmia sekä alalla yleisesti käytössä olevia toimintatapoja. Työssä on käyty läpi dokumenttien hallinnan perusperiaatteet, menetelmät ja dokumentoinnin rooli sähköverkkoyhtiössä. Erityisesti huomiota on kiinnitetty Helsingin Energian HelenVerkko liiketoiminnon dokumentointiin selvittämällä nykytilaa sekä eri yksiköiden vastuualueita ja toimintatapoja. Myös sähköverkkoyhtiön palveluntuottajien roolia on pohdittu dokumentoinnin kannalta. Nykytilanselvityksen perusteella on koottu dokumenttiluettelo, josta ilmenee mitä dokumentteja HelenVerkossa on käytössä. Työssä on esitelty yleisellä tasolla dokumenttienhallintajärjestelmiin liittyviä toiminnallisuuksia sekä kuvattu muutamia referenssiympäristöjä järjestelmien käytöstä. Työn tuloksena on kuvattu sähköverkkoyhtiölle suositeltava dokumenttien hallinnan toimintatapa sekä kuvattu projektisuunnitelman muodossa, miten kyseisessä esimerkkitapauksessa nykytilasta päästään tavoitetilaan. Dokumenttienhallintaprojektin tavoitteena on kehittää HelenVerkon dokumenttien hallintaa toimivammaksi ja käyttöönottaa dokumenttienhallintajärjestelmä.

Yritysten sosiaalisen vastuun tarkastelua vuosina 2000 ja 2006/Corporate Social Responsibility year 2000 and 2006

Tutkimuksen tarkoitus on selvittää, miten yritysten ajattelutapa sosiaalisesta vastuusta on muuttunut vuodesta 2000 vuoteen 2006. Lisäksi vastataan kysymyksiin, mistä osa-alueista sosiaalinen vastuu muodostuu, miten kirjoittelu sosiaalisesta vastuusta on muuttunut määrällisesti ja sisällöllisesti. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen ja analyysimenetelmänä on käytetty diskurssianalyysiä. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu johtavien talousalan lehtien Talouselämä ja Kauppalehden artikkeleista vuosilta 2000 ja 2006. Artikkeleista saatua tietoa peilataan teoriatietoon ja näin pyritään hahmottamaan tutkimuksen tulokset. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että vuonna 2000 lehdet ovat kirjoittaneet jonkin verran enemmän sosiaalisesta vastuusta kuin vuonna 2006. Molempina vuosina sijoittavat arvostavat vastuullista toimintaa. Yrityksen arvot ovat usein määritelty ”ylhäältä-alas”. Työntekijöiden pahoinvointi on lisääntynyt entisestään vuodesta 2000 vuoteen 2006. Syynä tähän kirjoitusten mukaan ovat esimerkiksi huono johtaminen ja työtehtävien organisointi. Sosiaalisen vastuun mittaaminen on hankalaa ja ikääntyviä työntekijöitä yritetään pitää yrityksissä mahdollisimman pitkään. Tulospalkkausjärjestelmät ovat käytössä muutamassa yrityksessä. Työn, perheen ja vapaa-ajan sovittaminen yhteen on vuodesta 2000 muuttunut entistäkin tärkeämmäksi vuonna 2006. Lopputulos on, että sosiaalisen vastuun kanto on huonontunut vuodesta 2000 vuoteen 2006.

Corporate Social and Regional Responsibility - The View of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

The objective of this research was to understand and describe what corpo-rate social and regional responsibility is in SMEs and define the meaning of these concepts to the community and region. Corporate social respon-sibility (CSR) creates a basis for regional responsibility. Regional respon-sibility is a new concept and this research examines it from SMEs’ view-point. This is a theoretical research and the aim is to create a theoretical framework of SMEs’ corporate social and regional responsibility. This framework supports the future research on the subject. The research results show that CSR of SMEs is practical, informal and dependent on the scarce resources of SMEs. CSR is a complex and deep concept and SMEs have their own way of interpreting it. It can be stated that CSR-practises in SMEs are closely connected to employment, envi-ronment, community and supply chain. The challenge is to find motivation to socially and regionally responsible behaviour in SMEs. Benefiting from responsible behaviour and the attitude of SME’s owner-manager are the key reasons for SMEs to involve in CSR and regional responsibility. The benefits of this involvement are for example improved image, reputation and market position. CSR can also be used in SMEs as risk management tool and in cost reduction. This study indicates also that creation of strate-gic partnerships, local government participation, a proper legal system and financial support are the basic issues which support CSR of SMEs. This research showed that regional responsibility of SMEs includes active participation in regional strategy processes, L&RED initiatives and regional philanthropy. For SMEs regional responsibility means good relationships with the community and other related stakeholders, involvement in L&RED initiatives and acting responsibly towards the operating environment. In SMEs’ case this means that they need to understand the benefits of this kind of involvement in order to take action and participate. As regional responsibility includes the relationships between firm and the community, it can be stated that regional responsibility extends CSR’s view of stakeholders and emphasises both, the regional stakeholders and public-private partnerships. Community engagement and responsible be-haviour towards community can be seen as a part of SMEs’ social and regional responsibility. This study indicates that social and regional re-sponsibility of SMEs have a significant influence on the community and region where they are located. Better local and regional relationships with regional and community actors are the positive impacts of social and re-gional responsibility of SMEs. Socially and regionally responsible behav-iour creates a more positive environment and deepens the involvement of SMEs to community and L&RED initiatives.

Development of corporate social responsibility in Finnish forest industry

The main objective of this thesis was to map the development of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Finnish forest industry. The aim was to describe the development and find factors that explain the development. Another objective was to understand the influence of different stakeholders on the development as well as examine the development of CSR reporting. This qualitative case study used thematic interviews as the research method. The research data were collected by conducting 11 interviews among the case company representatives and stakeholders. Based on the research results, no single factor in the background of the phenomenon could be showed. Instead, CSR has developed in stages through its different dimensions. The main drivers of CSR turned out to be environmental organizations, customers and local communities. It can be concluded that the forest industry has taken CSR seriously for a long time, which has benefited the forest companies in many ways.

Web-based corporate social responsibility reporting

Due to concerns regarding globalisation and sustainable development, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is topical in the business context and in the field of accounting. The main objective of this study was to review previous academic literature in the field of CSR reporting and develop an insight into CSR reporting in the Web-based environment. The main purpose was to find out what Web-based CSR reporting is like and how companies are utilising the Internet to communicate on responsibility issues. I did not, however, collect empirical research data but limited my study into theoretical and descriptive examination. In order to create an insight into Web-based reporting, I examined the development, motives and current practices of CSR reporting. I concluded that the Internet is a unique, interactive communication channel that is used differently compared with annual reports. The amount of companies engaging in Web-based CSR reporting is increasing and the reporting practices in terms of e.g. content and accessibility of information vary. I also concluded that many companies have not yet discovered the true potential of the Web as an interactive communication medium.