34 resultados para Real Option Value

em Doria (National Library of Finland DSpace Services) - National Library of Finland, Finland


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The shift towards a knowledge-based economy has inevitably prompted the evolution of patent exploitation. Nowadays, patent is more than just a prevention tool for a company to block its competitors from developing rival technologies, but lies at the very heart of its strategy for value creation and is therefore strategically exploited for economic pro t and competitive advantage. Along with the evolution of patent exploitation, the demand for reliable and systematic patent valuation has also reached an unprecedented level. However, most of the quantitative approaches in use to assess patent could arguably fall into four categories and they are based solely on the conventional discounted cash flow analysis, whose usability and reliability in the context of patent valuation are greatly limited by five practical issues: the market illiquidity, the poor data availability, discriminatory cash-flow estimations, and its incapability to account for changing risk and managerial flexibility. This dissertation attempts to overcome these impeding barriers by rationalizing the use of two techniques, namely fuzzy set theory (aiming at the first three issues) and real option analysis (aiming at the last two). It commences with an investigation into the nature of the uncertainties inherent in patent cash flow estimation and claims that two levels of uncertainties must be properly accounted for. Further investigation reveals that both levels of uncertainties fall under the categorization of subjective uncertainty, which differs from objective uncertainty originating from inherent randomness in that uncertainties labelled as subjective are highly related to the behavioural aspects of decision making and are usually witnessed whenever human judgement, evaluation or reasoning is crucial to the system under consideration and there exists a lack of complete knowledge on its variables. Having clarified their nature, the application of fuzzy set theory in modelling patent-related uncertain quantities is effortlessly justified. The application of real option analysis to patent valuation is prompted by the fact that both patent application process and the subsequent patent exploitation (or commercialization) are subject to a wide range of decisions at multiple successive stages. In other words, both patent applicants and patentees are faced with a large variety of courses of action as to how their patent applications and granted patents can be managed. Since they have the right to run their projects actively, this flexibility has value and thus must be properly accounted for. Accordingly, an explicit identification of the types of managerial flexibility inherent in patent-related decision making problems and in patent valuation, and a discussion on how they could be interpreted in terms of real options are provided in this dissertation. Additionally, the use of the proposed techniques in practical applications is demonstrated by three fuzzy real option analysis based models. In particular, the pay-of method and the extended fuzzy Black-Scholes model are employed to investigate the profitability of a patent application project for a new process for the preparation of a gypsum-fibre composite and to justify the subsequent patent commercialization decision, respectively; a fuzzy binomial model is designed to reveal the economic potential of a patent licensing opportunity.

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Digital business ecosystems (DBE) are becoming an increasingly popular concept for modelling and building distributed systems in heterogeneous, decentralized and open environments. Information- and communication technology (ICT) enabled business solutions have created an opportunity for automated business relations and transactions. The deployment of ICT in business-to-business (B2B) integration seeks to improve competitiveness by establishing real-time information and offering better information visibility to business ecosystem actors. The products, components and raw material flows in supply chains are traditionally studied in logistics research. In this study, we expand the research to cover the processes parallel to the service and information flows as information logistics integration. In this thesis, we show how better integration and automation of information flows enhance the speed of processes and, thus, provide cost savings and other benefits for organizations. Investments in DBE are intended to add value through business automation and are key decisions in building up information logistics integration. Business solutions that build on automation are important sources of value in networks that promote and support business relations and transactions. Value is created through improved productivity and effectiveness when new, more efficient collaboration methods are discovered and integrated into DBE. Organizations, business networks and collaborations, even with competitors, form DBE in which information logistics integration has a significant role as a value driver. However, traditional economic and computing theories do not focus on digital business ecosystems as a separate form of organization, and they do not provide conceptual frameworks that can be used to explore digital business ecosystems as value drivers—combined internal management and external coordination mechanisms for information logistics integration are not the current practice of a company’s strategic process. In this thesis, we have developed and tested a framework to explore the digital business ecosystems developed and a coordination model for digital business ecosystem integration; moreover, we have analysed the value of information logistics integration. The research is based on a case study and on mixed methods, in which we use the Delphi method and Internetbased tools for idea generation and development. We conducted many interviews with key experts, which we recoded, transcribed and coded to find success factors. Qualitative analyses were based on a Monte Carlo simulation, which sought cost savings, and Real Option Valuation, which sought an optimal investment program for the ecosystem level. This study provides valuable knowledge regarding information logistics integration by utilizing a suitable business process information model for collaboration. An information model is based on the business process scenarios and on detailed transactions for the mapping and automation of product, service and information flows. The research results illustrate the current cap of understanding information logistics integration in a digital business ecosystem. Based on success factors, we were able to illustrate how specific coordination mechanisms related to network management and orchestration could be designed. We also pointed out the potential of information logistics integration in value creation. With the help of global standardization experts, we utilized the design of the core information model for B2B integration. We built this quantitative analysis by using the Monte Carlo-based simulation model and the Real Option Value model. This research covers relevant new research disciplines, such as information logistics integration and digital business ecosystems, in which the current literature needs to be improved. This research was executed by high-level experts and managers responsible for global business network B2B integration. However, the research was dominated by one industry domain, and therefore a more comprehensive exploration should be undertaken to cover a larger population of business sectors. Based on this research, the new quantitative survey could provide new possibilities to examine information logistics integration in digital business ecosystems. The value activities indicate that further studies should continue, especially with regard to the collaboration issues on integration, focusing on a user-centric approach. We should better understand how real-time information supports customer value creation by imbedding the information into the lifetime value of products and services. The aim of this research was to build competitive advantage through B2B integration to support a real-time economy. For practitioners, this research created several tools and concepts to improve value activities, information logistics integration design and management and orchestration models. Based on the results, the companies were able to better understand the formulation of the digital business ecosystem and the importance of joint efforts in collaboration. However, the challenge of incorporating this new knowledge into strategic processes in a multi-stakeholder environment remains. This challenge has been noted, and new projects have been established in pursuit of a real-time economy.

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Real option valuation, in particular the fuzzy pay-off method, has proven to be useful in defining risk and visualizing imprecision of investments in various industry applications. This study examines whether the evaluation of risk and profitability for public real estate investments can be improved by using real option methodology. Firstly, the context of real option valuation in the real estate industry is examined. Further, an empirical case study is performed on 30 real estate investments of a Finnish government enterprise in order to determine whether the presently used investment analysis system can be complemented by the pay-off method. Despite challenges in the application of the pay-off method to the case company’s large investment base, real option valuation is found to create additional value and facilitate more robust risk analysis in public real estate applications.

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Tutkimuksen päämääränä oli tutkia miten reaalioptiomenetelmä soveltuu metsäteollisuuden strategisten informaatioteknologiainvestointien arvioimiseen. Tässä tutkimuksessa muodostettiin mukautettu reaalioptiosovelluskehys, esiteltyjen reaalioptiosovelluskehyksien perusteella. Valitut investointiehdotukset arvioitiin muodostetun sovelluskehyksen avulla. Tutkimus oli luonteeltaan kvalitatiivinen. Pääasiallisia tiedonlähteitä olivat lehtiartikkelit, GDSS -istunnot ja haastattelut. Tutkimuksen tuloksena selvisi, että reaalioptiomenetelmä sopii metsäteollisuudenstrategisten informaatioteknologiainvestointien arvioimiseen. On kuitenkin huomioitava, että investoinnin suunnitteluprosessin kypsyysaste vaikuttaa reaalioptiomenetelmän soveltamiseen. Tutkimuksessa arvioidut investoinnit ovat investoinnin suunnitteluvaiheen varhaisessa vaiheessa.

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Asiakaspalvelun tarjoamisesta Internet-verkon kautta tulee jatkuvasti tärkeämpää. Aitoa asiakashyötyä tuottavien palvelujen pystyttäminen ja tuottaminen on pienyritysten resursseilla vähintäänkin vaikeaa ja riskialtista. Mahdollisuus käyttää vapaaseen käyttöön lisensoituja avoimen lähdekoodin ohjelmistoja asiakkaille tarjottavien palvelujen perustana madaltaa näinollen pienyritysten kynnystä tarjota palvelua Internet-verkossa. Yrityksen tarjoamien palvelujen perustaksi on nykyään saatavilla jo kokonaisia valmiita avoimeen lähdekoodiin perustuvia ohjelmistosovelluksia. Suurin osa niistä on kuitenkin tehty jotakin rajattua tarkoitusta varten. Pyrittäessä laajentamaan asiakkaille tarjottua palvelua huomataankin tällöin, että ohjelmistosovelluksen laajentaminen muodostaa alkuperäistäkin korkeamman kynnyksen. Toisen ohjelmiston integrointi alkuperäisen kanssa ei sekään ole mahdollinen vaihtoehto – vaikka sellainen uuden palvelun perustaksi löytyisikin. WWW-sisällönhallintajärjestelmät sopivat yleiskäyttöisyytensä ansiosta hyvinkin vaihtelevien palveluiden perustaksi. Yrityksen verkkopalvelu voidaan toteuttaa esimerkiksi vapaasti saatavaan Plone-sisällönhallintajärjestelmään perustuen. Tällöin palvelujen laajentamisen ja uusien tarjoamisen kynnys oletettavasti madaltuu ratkaisevasti, järjestelmän valmiiksi sisältämien monipuolisten toimintojen ansiosta. Paikallisen pienyrityksen verkkopalvelua toteuttaessa todettiin Plonen olevan hyvin tarkoitukseen sopiva. Vähänkin merkittävämmät järjestelmään tehtävät muutokset edellyttävät kuitenkin varsin syvällistä perehtymistä sen osiin ja toimintaan. Koska tarjottavan palvelun tuli olla mahdollisimman helppo lähestyä ja käyttää, järjestelmää oli muun tarvittavan räätälöinnin lisäksi vielä muutettava yksinkertaisemmaksi: Esimerkiksi järjestelmän tarjoamasta valmiista käyttöliittymästä oli räätälöitävä yksinkertaistettu palvelunkäyttöliittymä. Myös palvelun ylläpitäjien koulutukseen oli panostettava. Järjestelmän ylläpidosta tehtiin palvelusopimus, koska asiakkaalla ei ole tarvittavaa teknistä osaamista.

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Työn tavoitteena on selvittää pääomavaltaisen teollisuudenalan yritysten käyttämiä investointien suunnittelu- ja jälkitarkkailumenetelmiä. Työn keskeisintä aluetta ovat operatiiviset tuottavuusinvestoinnit, kuten laajennus- ja korvausinvestoinnit. Tutkimuksen teoriaosassa käsitellään investointiprosessia ja siihen kiinteästi liittyviä käsitteitä ja toimintoja. Myös käytetyimpien investointilaskentamenetelmien laskentakaavat esitetään. Muita työssä käsiteltäviä aiheita ovat mm. laskentakorkokannan määrittäminen, riskin huomioiminen investointihankkeissa ja reaalioption käsite. Työssä keskitytään eri laskentamenetelmien tulosten antaman informaation tulkintaan. Työssä selvitetään mm. pääoman tuottoasteen (ROI), hyötykustannussuhteen, nykyarvomenetelmän (NPV) ja sisäisen koron menetelmän (IRR) tulosten tulkitsemista. Työssä selvitetään myös käsitteet: taloudellinen lisäarvo (EVA) ja jäännöskate (RI). Työssä tutkitaan investointiprosessia investoinnin jälkitarkkailun kannalta, eli miten mahdollistetaan luotettava ja systemaattinen investoinnin jälkitarkkailu. Myös jälkitarkkailulla saavutettavan tiedon hyödyntämiseen otetaan kantaa. Yhden haasteen työhön asettaa tutkittavan teollisuudenalan konsernien suuri koko. Investointilaskentamenetelmiä on osattava käyttää monipuolisesti. Investointien jälkitarkkailu on huomioitava jo suunnitteluvaiheessa. Yleisesti ottaen yritysten tulisi lisätä nykyarvomenetelmän käyttöä. Jälkitarkkailussa havaittuihin poikkeamiin täytyy reagoida mahdollisimman aikaisessa vaiheessa. Suunnittelun ja jälkitarkkailun apuna voidaan käyttää asiantuntijoista koottua arviointiryhmää. Suuren konsernin on tärkeää kiinnittää huomiota investointien suunnittelu- ja jälkitarkkailutoimintojen yhtenäistämiseen eri tuotantoyksikköjen sisällä. Työn ensisijainen kohdeyritys, UPM-Kymmene Oyj, on yksi maailman suurimmista metsäteollisuusyrityksistä. Tutkimuksen empiirisen osan teossa oli mukana UPM-Kymmenen lisäksi kolme muuta suurta suomalaista pääomavaltaisella teollisuudenalalla toimivaa yritystä: M-Real, Outokumpu ja Stora Enso. Tutkimukseen osallistuneiden yritysten investointiprosessin läpivientiin liittyviä ajatuksia ja toimintamalleja selvitettiin haastattelemalla investointisuunnittelun parissa toimivia henkilöitä.

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Tutkielman tavoitteena oli tutkia ja analysoida kirjallisuuden pohjalta reaalioptioteoriaa ja reaalioptioiden arvonmääritystapana binomimallia. Erityisenä painona tutkimuksessa oli reaalioptioiden hyväksikäyttö strategiaan ja tutkimus- ja tuotekehitysinvestointeihin. Tutkielma on toteutettu kirjallisuustutkimuksena. Tutkimusmetodologia on käsiteanalyyttinen. Lähdeaineistona on käytetty ulkomaisia tieteellisen aikakausijulkaisujen artikkeleita ja reaalioptioihin liittyviä kirjoja. Tutkielman tarkoituksena oli keskittyä reaalioptioteorian ja binomimallin ymmärtämiseen, perusteisiin ja käsitteistöön. Reaalioptiot tuovat hankkeiden arvonmääritykseen joustavuuden komponentin. Nykyajan kilpailullisilla markkinoilla on lisääntyvässä määrin epävarmuutta. Epävarmuuden hyödyntäminen on reaalioptioajattelun lähtökohta. Binomimalli on yksi tapa määrittää arvo reaalioptioille ja tähän malliin paneudutaan tutkielmassa syvemmin.

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Tutkielman päätavoitteena oli selvittää kuinka pääomasijoittajat käyttävät tai voivat käyttää reaalioptioajattelua päätöksenteon apuna. Tutkielma jakaantui teoria- ja empiriaosaan. Teoriaosassa käytettiin tutkimusmetodologiana käsiteanalyyttista tutkimusotetta. Empiriaosa tehtiin kvalitatiivisena tutkimuksena, jossa teema-haastatteluna haastateltiin kahdeksaa pääomasijoittajaa. Tutkielman teoriaosassa tutkittiin alan tutkimusten avulla pääomasijoittajan päätöksentekoprosessia sekä niitä kriteereitä, jotka vaikuttavat sijoituspäätökseen. Lisäksi esiteltiin optiohinnoittelumalli, jonka avulla pääomasijoittaja voi laskea kohdeyrityksen tulevaisuuden arvon. Teoriaosassa tutkittiin myös reaalioptiota. Ulkomaisten sekä kotimaisen tutkimusten avulla selvitettiin miten yleisiä perinteiset investointilaskelmat ovat sekä mitä puutteita niissä on verrattuna reaalioptioihin. Haastatteluissa keskityttiin päätöksentekoprosessin kuvaamiseen sekä kriteereihin, joita pääomasijoittajat arvioivat ennen sijoituspäätöksen tekoa. Lisäksi kartoitettiin reaalioptioiden käyttöä. Pääomasijoittajat eivät käytä reaalioptioanalyysiä hyväksi sijoituskohteiden arvon määrittämisessä. Reaalioptioita sisältyy pääomasijoitustoimintaan ja reaalioptioanalyysi sopii pääomasijoitusten arvottamiseen. Sitä tulisikin käyttää muiden menetelmien rinnalla.

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Tutkielman päätavoitteena oli selvittää, miten Monte Carlo –simulointi soveltuu strategisten reaalioptioiden arvonmääritykseen. Tutkielman teoriaosuudessa käytiin läpi reaalioptioteoriaa ja Monte Carlo –simulointimenetelmää toiminta-analyyttisella tutkimusotteella. Tuloksena todettiin, että simulointimenetelmää on reaalioptioiden yhteydessä yleensä käytetty, kun muu menetelmä ei ole ollut mahdollinen. Tutkielman pääpaino on tapaustutkimukseen pohjautuvassa empiriaosuudessa, jossa rakennettiin päätöksentekometodologista tutkimusotetta seuraten simulointimalli, jolla tutkittiin Voest Alpine Stahl Ag:n vaihtoehtoisten hinnoittelustrategioiden taloudellista vaikutusta. Mallin rakentaminen perustui yrityksen tilinpäätösaineistoon. Havaittiin, ettei yritys ole valitsemansa strategian vuoksi juurikaan menettänyt tuottoja, mutta toisaalta pelkkä tilinpäätösaineisto ei riitä kovin luotettavaan tarkasteluun. Vuosikertomusten antaman tiedon pohjalta analysoitiin lisäksi yrityksen toiminnassa havaittuja reaalioptioita. Monte Carlo –simulointimenetelmä sopii reaalioptioiden arvonmääritykseen, mutta kriittisiä tekijöitä ovat mallin rakentaminen ja lähtötietojen oikeellisuus. Numeerisen mallin rinnalla on siksi aiheellista suorittaa myös laadullista reaalioptioanalyysia.

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The exploitation of real option analysis and real options reasoning to the value of research and development programs was studied in the context of two companies listed and operating in Finland. The companies saw real option analysis as a complex tool to be used to value research and development programs. Materials which were analyzed by qualitative methods were collected using inquiries and interviews. Real options reasoning observed to be more feasible to analyze research and development programs lasting for a couple of years than real option analysis. Where an uncertain investment environment prevailed real options reasoning offer a strategic tool to the company and enable uniform evaluation of research and development programs. Real options reasoning offer a possibility to the companies to systematize and rationalize the management and valuation of technology options.

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Since its introduction, fuzzy set theory has become a useful tool in the mathematical modelling of problems in Operations Research and many other fields. The number of applications is growing continuously. In this thesis we investigate a special type of fuzzy set, namely fuzzy numbers. Fuzzy numbers (which will be considered in the thesis as possibility distributions) have been widely used in quantitative analysis in recent decades. In this work two measures of interactivity are defined for fuzzy numbers, the possibilistic correlation and correlation ratio. We focus on both the theoretical and practical applications of these new indices. The approach is based on the level-sets of the fuzzy numbers and on the concept of the joint distribution of marginal possibility distributions. The measures possess similar properties to the corresponding probabilistic correlation and correlation ratio. The connections to real life decision making problems are emphasized focusing on the financial applications. We extend the definitions of possibilistic mean value, variance, covariance and correlation to quasi fuzzy numbers and prove necessary and sufficient conditions for the finiteness of possibilistic mean value and variance. The connection between the concepts of probabilistic and possibilistic correlation is investigated using an exponential distribution. The use of fuzzy numbers in practical applications is demonstrated by the Fuzzy Pay-Off method. This model for real option valuation is based on findings from earlier real option valuation models. We illustrate the use of number of different types of fuzzy numbers and mean value concepts with the method and provide a real life application.

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Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena on ollut tutkia pankin mahdollisuuksia soveltaa reaalioptioajattelua kriisiyrityksien käyttöpääomaan liittyvissä lisäluototusprosesseissa. Kohdepankin rahoitusasiantuntijoita haastattelemalla ja esimerkkitapauksiin tutustumalla tutkia on tutkittu pk-yritysten lisäluototusprosessia ja reaalioptioteorian soveltuvuutta luottoriskinhallintaan. Tutkimuksessa saatiin selville, että pankin luottoprosessin päätöksentekologiikassa on selkeitä yhteneväisyyksiä reaalioptioajattelun kanssa, mutta tietoisesti pankin asiantuntijat eivät sovella reaalioptioteoriaa toimintaansa. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin myös, että tiedostamattoman reaalioptioajattelun hyödyntämisaktiivisuus lisääntyy pankissa sitä mukaa, kun asiakaskohtainen riski kasvaa. Lisäksi kohdepankin asiantuntijat suhtautuivat luottoprosessissa kriisiyrityksille myönnettyihin lisäluottoihin suojautumisoption kaltaisen ajattelumallin tavoin. Toisin sanoen lisäluotto katsottiin asiakasyrityksen toiminnan jatkumisen mahdollistavana tekijänä, jonka avulla pitkän tähtäimen luottoriskin laskeminen on todennäköistä. Reaalioptioteorian tietoinen hyödyntäminen saattaisi tarjota lisätyökaluja asiakasyrityksien skenaarioiden arviointiin ja tukea sitä kautta luottopäätöksen tekemistä ja riskienhallintaa. Reaalioptiot voisivat tuoda joustavuutta ja lisäarvoa sellaisiin tilanteisiin, joissa asiakasyrityksen osalta ei ole olemassa laajaa historiatietoa tai asiakastuntemusta. Reaalioptioiden mahdollistaman joustavuuden sovittaminen säädösten mukaisiin proseduureihin saattaisi olla merkittävä keino pankin prosessin kehittämiseksi ja sisäisen viestinnän tehostamiseksi.

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This thesis presents an analysis of recently enacted Russian renewable energy policy based on capacity mechanism. Considering its novelty and poor coverage by academic literature, the aim of the thesis is to analyze capacity mechanism influence on investors’ decision-making process. The current research introduces a number of approaches to investment analysis. Firstly, classical financial model was built with Microsoft Excel® and crisp efficiency indicators such as net present value were determined. Secondly, sensitivity analysis was performed to understand different factors influence on project profitability. Thirdly, Datar-Mathews method was applied that by means of Monte Carlo simulation realized with Matlab Simulink®, disclosed all possible outcomes of investment project and enabled real option thinking. Fourthly, previous analysis was duplicated by fuzzy pay-off method with Microsoft Excel®. Finally, decision-making process under capacity mechanism was illustrated with decision tree. Capacity remuneration paid within 15 years is calculated individually for each RE project as variable annuity that guarantees a particular return on investment adjusted on changes in national interest rates. Analysis results indicate that capacity mechanism creates a real option to invest in renewable energy project by ensuring project profitability regardless of market conditions if project-internal factors are managed properly. The latter includes keeping capital expenditures within set limits, production performance higher than 75% of target indicators, and fulfilling localization requirement, implying producing equipment and services within the country. Occurrence of real option shapes decision-making process in the following way. Initially, investor should define appropriate location for a planned power plant where high production performance can be achieved, and lock in this location in case of competition. After, investor should wait until capital cost limit and localization requirement can be met, after that decision to invest can be made without any risk to project profitability. With respect to technology kind, investment into solar PV power plant is more attractive than into wind or small hydro power, since it has higher weighted net present value and lower standard deviation. However, it does not change decision-making strategy that remains the same for each technology type. Fuzzy pay-method proved its ability to disclose the same patterns of information as Monte Carlo simulation. Being effective in investment analysis under uncertainty and easy in use, it can be recommended as sufficient analytical tool to investors and researchers. Apart from described results, this thesis contributes to the academic literature by detailed description of capacity price calculation for renewable energy that was not available in English before. With respect to methodology novelty, such advanced approaches as Datar-Mathews method and fuzzy pay-off method are applied on the top of investment profitability model that incorporates capacity remuneration calculation as well. Comparison of effects of two different RE supporting schemes, namely Russian capacity mechanism and feed-in premium, contributes to policy comparative studies and exhibits useful inferences for researchers and policymakers. Limitations of this research are simplification of assumptions to country-average level that restricts our ability to analyze renewable energy investment region wise and existing limitation of the studying policy to the wholesale power market that leaves retail markets and remote areas without our attention, taking away medium and small investment into renewable energy from the research focus. Elimination of these limitations would allow creating the full picture of Russian renewable energy investment profile.

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The investments have always been considered as an essential backbone and so-called ‘locomotive’ for the competitive economies. However, in various countries, the state has been put under tight budget constraints for the investments in capital intensive projects. In response to this situation, the cooperation between public and private sector has grown based on public-private mechanism. The promotion of favorable arrangement for collaboration between public and private sectors for the provision of policies, services, and infrastructure in Russia can help to address the problems of dry ports development that neither municipalities nor the private sector can solve alone. Especially, the stimulation of public-private collaboration is significant under the exposure to externalities that affect the magnitude of the risks during all phases of project realization. In these circumstances, the risk in the projects also is becoming increasingly a part of joint research and risk management practice, which is viewed as a key approach, aiming to take active actions on existing global and specific factors of uncertainties. Meanwhile, a relatively little progress has been made on the inclusion of the resilience aspects into the planning process of a dry ports construction that would instruct the capacity planner, on how to mitigate the occurrence of disruptions that may lead to million dollars of losses due to the deviation of the future cash flows from the expected financial flows on the project. The current experience shows that the existing methodological base is developed fragmentary within separate steps of supply chain risk management (SCRM) processes: risk identification, risk evaluation, risk mitigation, risk monitoring and control phases. The lack of the systematic approach hinders the solution of the problem of risk management processes of dry port implementation. Therefore, management of various risks during the investments phases of dry port projects still presents a considerable challenge from the practical and theoretical points of view. In this regard, the given research became a logical continuation of fundamental research, existing in the financial models and theories (e.g., capital asset pricing model and real option theory), as well as provided a complementation for the portfolio theory. The goal of the current study is in the design of methods and models for the facilitation of dry port implementation through the mechanism of public-private partnership on the national market that implies the necessity to mitigate, first and foremost, the shortage of the investments and consequences of risks. The problem of the research was formulated on the ground of the identified contradictions. They rose as a continuation of the trade-off between the opportunities that the investors can gain from the development of terminal business in Russia (i.e. dry port implementation) and risks. As a rule, the higher the investment risk, the greater should be their expected return. However, investors have a different tolerance for the risks. That is why it would be advisable to find an optimum investment. In the given study, the optimum relates to the search for the efficient portfolio, which can provide satisfaction to the investor, depending on its degree of risk aversion. There are many theories and methods in finance, concerning investment choices. Nevertheless, the appropriateness and effectiveness of particular methods should be considered with the allowance of the specifics of the investment projects. For example, the investments in dry ports imply not only the lump sum of financial inflows, but also the long-term payback periods. As a result, capital intensity and longevity of their construction determine the necessity from investors to ensure the return on investment (profitability), along with the rapid return on investment (liquidity), without precluding the fact that the stochastic nature of the project environment is hardly described by the formula-based approach. The current theoretical base for the economic appraisals of the dry port projects more often perceives net present value (NPV) as a technique superior to other decision-making criteria. For example, the portfolio theory, which considers different risk preference of an investor and structures of utility, defines net present value as a better criterion of project appraisal than discounted payback period (DPP). Meanwhile, in business practice, the DPP is more popular. Knowing that the NPV is based on the assumptions of certainty of project life, it cannot be an accurate appraisal approach alone to determine whether or not the project should be accepted for the approval in the environment that is not without of uncertainties. In order to reflect the period or the project’s useful life that is exposed to risks due to changes in political, operational, and financial factors, the second capital budgeting criterion – discounted payback period is profoundly important, particularly for the Russian environment. Those statements represent contradictions that exist in the theory and practice of the applied science. Therefore, it would be desirable to relax the assumptions of portfolio theory and regard DPP as not fewer relevant appraisal approach for the assessment of the investment and risk measure. At the same time, the rationality of the use of both project performance criteria depends on the methods and models, with the help of which these appraisal approaches are calculated in feasibility studies. The deterministic methods cannot ensure the required precision of the results, while the stochastic models guarantee the sufficient level of the accuracy and reliability of the obtained results, providing that the risks are properly identified, evaluated, and mitigated. Otherwise, the project performance indicators may not be confirmed during the phase of project realization. For instance, the economic and political instability can result in the undoing of hard-earned gains, leading to the need for the attraction of the additional finances for the project. The sources of the alternative investments, as well as supportive mitigation strategies, can be studied during the initial phases of project development. During this period, the effectiveness of the investments undertakings can also be improved by the inclusion of the various investors, e.g. Russian Railways’ enterprises and other private companies in the dry port projects. However, the evaluation of the effectiveness of the participation of different investors in the project lack the methods and models that would permit doing the particular feasibility study, foreseeing the quantitative characteristics of risks and their mitigation strategies, which can meet the tolerance of the investors to the risks. For this reason, the research proposes a combination of Monte Carlo method, discounted cash flow technique, the theory of real options, and portfolio theory via a system dynamics simulation approach. The use of this methodology allows for comprehensive risk management process of dry port development to cover all aspects of risk identification, risk evaluation, risk mitigation, risk monitoring, and control phases. A designed system dynamics model can be recommended for the decision-makers on the dry port projects that are financed via a public-private partnership. It permits investors to make a decision appraisal based on random variables of net present value and discounted payback period, depending on different risks factors, e.g. revenue risks, land acquisition risks, traffic volume risks, construction hazards, and political risks. In this case, the statistical mean is used for the explication of the expected value of the DPP and NPV; the standard deviation is proposed as a characteristic of risks, while the elasticity coefficient is applied for rating of risks. Additionally, the risk of failure of project investments and guaranteed recoupment of capital investment can be considered with the help of the model. On the whole, the application of these modern methods of simulation creates preconditions for the controlling of the process of dry port development, i.e. making managerial changes and identifying the most stable parameters that contribute to the optimal alternative scenarios of the project realization in the uncertain environment. System dynamics model allows analyzing the interactions in the most complex mechanism of risk management process of the dry ports development and making proposals for the improvement of the effectiveness of the investments via an estimation of different risk management strategies. For the comparison and ranking of these alternatives in their order of preference to the investor, the proposed indicators of the efficiency of the investments, concerning the NPV, DPP, and coefficient of variation, can be used. Thus, rational investors, who averse to taking increased risks unless they are compensated by the commensurate increase in the expected utility of a risky prospect of dry port development, can be guided by the deduced marginal utility of investments. It is computed on the ground of the results from the system dynamics model. In conclusion, the outlined theoretical and practical implications for the management of risks, which are the key characteristics of public-private partnerships, can help analysts and planning managers in budget decision-making, substantially alleviating the effect from various risks and avoiding unnecessary cost overruns in dry port projects.

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Tutkielman tavoitteena oli tutkia pienten- ja keskisuurten (PK) ohjelmistoyritysten kansainvälisiä kumppanuuksia. Päätavoitteena oli löytää keinoja kuinka PK-ohjelmistoyritykset voisivat tulla strategisiksi kumppaneksi suurten kansainvälisten yritysten kumppanuusohjelmissa. Lisäksi tutkielmassa oli tavoitteena selvittää kuinka kumppaneiden välistä sitoutumista voitaisiin vahvistaa, jotta PK-ohjelmistoyritykset voisivat saavuttaa todellista lisäarvoa ja kansainvälistä kasvua kumppanuusohjelmien kautta. Tutkielma jakaantuu teoreettiseen ja empiiriseen osaan. Teoreettinen osa keskittyy tarkastelemaan korkean teknologian markkinointia ohjelmistoalalla sekä kansainvälisiä kumppanuuksia. Suurten yritystenkumppanuusohjelmia ei ole tutkittu suomalaisten PK-ohjelmistoyritysten näkökulmasta, minkä vuoksi empiirinen tutkimus on perusteltua. Empiirinen tutkimus toteutettiin laadullisena case-tutkimuksena ja tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin puolistrukturoitua haastattelua. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että strategisen kumppanin aseman saavuttaminen on pitkä ja haastava matka PK-yrityksille. Suurten kansainvälisten yritysten kumppanuusohjelmat ovat useimmiten monimutkaisia ja todellisen lisäarvon saavuttaminen kumppanuusohjelman kautta vaatii paljon resursseja PK-yrityksiltä. Jotta PK-yritykset voisivat saavuttaa ja säilyttää strategisen kumppanin aseman kumppanuusohjelmassa, vaatii se aktiivista ja päivittäistä vuorovaikutusta kumppaneiden kesken. Erityisesti tiiviit henkilösuhteet oikeiden avainhenkilöiden kanssa ovat välttämättömyys. Läheiset kontaktit mahdollistavat sen, että PK-yritykset voivat ainakin osittain ohittaa kumppanuusohjelman byrokratian, mikä lisää luottamusta ja sitoutumista kumppanuussuhteessa sekä edistää kansainvälistä kasvua ja menestystä liiketoiminnassa.