Marks of Fire, Value and Faith. Swords with Ferrous Inlays in Finland during the Late Iron Age (ca. 700–1200 AD)

This study explores swords with ferrous inlays found in Finland and dating from the late Iron Age, ca. 700–1200 AD. These swords reflect profound changes not only in styles and fashion but also in the technology of hilts and blades. This study explores how many of these kinds of swords are known from Finland, how they were made and where, what their status was in Late Iron Age Finland, and where the Finnish finds stand in accordance with other areas of Europe. The various methods included measuring of the finds and statistics. The main method of revealing the inlaid marks was radiography due to its non-destructive nature. In cases where inlays were visible without radiography, their details were inspected via microscopy. To study the materials and manufacture of inlaid swords, a sample of them was metallographically analysed to determine the forging technologies and nature of used materials. Furthermore, the manufacture was also studied with experimental approaches. As a result, a catalogue of 151 swords with ferrous inlays was created. This number is relatively high compared with other European countries, although systematic studies have been conducted in only some countries. The inlaid motifs were classified into five distinct categories to help the classification. To summarize, almost every documented inlaid sword was unique in some respect including measurements, inlaid motifs and materials of blades and inlays. Technological variation was also present, some blades being poorer and some of higher quality in spite of the inlaid motifs. Misspelt inscriptions as well as letter-like marks were common in Finland and also in Scandinavia. Furthermore, the provenance of iron and steel used in some blades hints at Scandinavian ores. The above observations, along with the experimental results indicating the existence of multiple alternative techniques of inlaying, suggest that these swords were manufactured locally in Scandinavia, most likely in imitation of Continental European models. Inlaid swords were valued partly for their assumed functionality in combat, as evidenced by damage on some examined blades, or they were valued for their inlays, which could have had fashionable or symbolical meanings bound to local beliefs.

Kuivatusmenetelmien vaikutus heatset offset- ja syväpainetun SC-paperin laatuun

Työssä tutkittiin heatset offset- ja syväpainetun SC-paperin painojäljen laatua, kun koepaperikoneella valmistetun SC-paperin valmistuksessa käytettiin eri kuivatus-menetelmiä. Erityisesti kiinnostus kohdistui eri kuiva-ainepitoisuuksissa käytetyn ilmakuivatuksen aiheuttamiin painojäljen laatuvaikutuksiin. Painojäljen lisäksi työssä tarkasteltiin pohjapaperin ominaisuuksia kuivatuksen jakalanteroinnin jälkeen. Perinteisen sylinterikuivatuksen kuivatuskapasiteettia voidaan nostaa kuivattamalla paperia kuuman ilman avulla, jolloin paperin haihdutusnopeus nousee yli viisinkertaiseksi sylinterikuivatukseenverrattuna. Ilmakuivatus voidaan sijoittaa välittömästä kuivatusosan alkuun ennen ensimmäistä kuivatussylinteriä tai korkeampaan kuiva-ainepitoisuuteen sylinterikuivatuksen keskelle. Kuivattua paperia tarkasteltaessa kuuman ilman avulla kuivatun paperin ominaisuudet poikkesivat huokoisuuden ja öljynabsorption suhteen sylinterikuivatusta paperista sekä heatset offset- että syväpainopaperilla. Kalanterointi tasoitti koepisteiden välisiä muutoksia. Kalanteroidusta paperista havaittiin, että ilmakuivatuksen sijoittuminen välittömästi puristimen jälkeen kasvatti paperin molempien pintojen opasiteettia. Vastaavasti paperin tiheys kasvoi, kun paperia kuivattiin kuumalla ilmalla sekä ennen sylinterikuivatusta että sylinterikuivatuksen keskellä. Yhteistä ilmakuivatuksen käytölle kaikissa koepisteissä oli paperin huokoisuuden pieneneminen. Heatset offsetpainoprosessissa käytettävä kostutusvesi asettaa paperin kuitu-karhenemiselle vaatimuksia. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että puristimen jälkeen sijoitettu ilmakuivatus pienensi paperin taipumusta karhentua painoprosessissa. Muiden ominaisuuksien osalta paperin kuivatus kuuman ilman avulla yhdessä sylinterikuivatuksen kanssa ei jättänyt paperiin sellaisia jälkiä, jotka näkyisivät heatset offset- ja syväpainetun SC-paperin painojäljessä verrattuna kokonaan yksiviira-vientisesti sylinterikuivattuun paperiin.

Lisäainetehtaan tuotantoprosessin kehittäminen

Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena oli Finnsementti osakeyhtiöön kuuluvan betonin lisäaineita valmistavan tehtaan tuotantoprosessin kehittäminen. Työssä laadittiin myynnin kasvuennusteen perusteella suunnitelma, jonka mukaan määriteltiin betonin lisäaineille ja raaka-aineille sopivat varastosäiliöt. Suunnitelman perusteella määriteltiin kiinteät putkilinjat sekä kirkkaille että tummille nesteille, jolloin materiaalihäviöt saatiin pienemmiksi ja putkilinjojen pesun tarve väheni. Lisäksi työssä otettiin huomioon tuotantoprosessin automatisointi. Suunnitellusta projektista laadittiin alustava kustannusarvio, toteutusaikataulu sekä sijoituspiirustus, putkisto-instrumentointikaavio ja 3D-piirrokset. Projektin kustannusarvioksi saatiin noin 290 tuhatta markkaa ja projektin pituudeksi noin 11 viikkoa.

Muovituotteen markkinakartoitus ja markkinoinninsuunnittelu

Oy Finnpak Ab haluaa parantaa valumuovituoteryhmänsä markkina-tuntemusta ja kartoittaa potentiaaliset asiakkaansa Suomen ja Ruotsin markkinoilla. Diplomityön tavoitteena on selvittää edellä olevat asiat, sekä tarkastella yrityksen nykytilaa ja miettiä, mitä kehittämistä yrityksen nykyisessä markkinoinnissa on. Saatujen tietojen perusteella muodos-tetaan toimintorunko, markkinointisuunnitelma, jota käytetään hyväksi lähivuosien liiketoimintastrategioiden suunnittelussa.Potentiaalisista asiakkaista saadut tiedot perustuvat kyselytutkimukseen. Tutkimus suoritettiin soittamalla ensin valitun teollisuussektorin yrityksiin ja kohdeyrityksille lähetettiin tutkimuslomake.Työssä saatujen tulosten mukaan sekä sisäisessä että ulkoisessa markkinoinnissa on huomattavasti parantamisen varaa. Tärkein työssä esiin tullut uudistus valumuovipuolella oli tuotekehityksen maksullistaminen. Ylivoimaisesti suurin työssä esiin tullut projekti on kuitenkin yritysnimen yhtäläistäminen nykyisen tuotenimen kanssa. Yrityksen nimi on tarkoitus uudistaa vuoteen 2003 mennessä, joka on yrityksen neljäskymmenes toimintavuosi.

Reklamaatioprosessin kehittäminen tavarataloketjussa

Tämän työn tavoitteena oli selvittää Sokoksen reklamaatioprosessin kehittämisessä saavutettavia etuja. Reklamaatiokäytäntö muuttui tämän työn aikana paperiversiosta sähköiseen muotoon, ja tässä on pyritty selvittämään muutosten vaikutuksia seurantaan ja ja toimintaan. Tavoitteena oli myös rakentaa prosessin seurannan kannalta tärkeitä mittareita kehityksen seurantaa varten.Sokos-ketjussa tehtiin vuonna 1999 yli 20 000 virheilmoitusta hankintayhtiöön. Näistä osa oli toimitusvirheitä ja osa tuotevirheitä. Reklamaatioiden arvoksi muodostui ostohinnoin lähes seitsemän miljoonaa markkaa. Reklamaatioiden suuresta määrästä johtuen Sokoksella katsottiin järkeväksi tehostaa reklamointia siirtymällä tekemään virheilmoitukset suoraan tietojärjestelmään ja välittämään ne sitä kautta automaattisesti hankintayhtiöön. Uuteen toimintamalliin siirryttiin 1.5.2000. Prosessissa saavutettuja etuja mitattiin tässä työssä järjestämällä henkilöstölle kysely, sekä mittaamalla ja arvioimalla ajansäästöjä. Investoinnin kannattavuutta tutkittiin erilaisten tulevaisuusnäkymien perusteella. Tutkimuksen perusteella uusi prosessi on helpottanut tekijöiden työtä, seuranta/mittaaminen on huomattavasti aiempaa tehokkaampaa, ja investointi muodostuu melko suurella todennäköisyydellä kannattavaksi tiettyjen hyvityssummiin liittyvien ehtojen täyttyessä.

Osakeyhtiön sivuuttaminen, kohdistamisongelmana tulonsaaja - OY vs. osakas

Tutkielman tavoitteena on tutkia veronkiertosäännöksen eli VML 28 §:n soveltamista sivuutettaessa osakeyhtiö verotuksessa. Tutkielma on rajattu tapauksiin, joissa osakeyhtiön tuloa on sivuutettu ja verotettu osakkaan palkkatulona. Tutkielma muodostuu lähinnä kirjallisuuteen ja lainsäädäntöön perustuvista teoriaosista sekä oikeuskäytäntöön pohjautuvasta tutkimusosasta. Tutkimus on oikeusdogmaattinen, eli tarkoituksena on selvittää voimassa olevan lainsäädännön sisältö. Tutkimuksessa on käyty läpi korkeimman hallinto-oikeuden ja hallinto-oikeuksien päätöksiä ja selvitetty näiden avulla kriteerejä, joita voidaan pitää tunnusmerkkeinä vallitsevasta palkkasuhteesta. Tämä saattaa johtaa verotuksessa osakeyhtiön tulon sivuuttamiseen. Päätös osakeyhtiön sivuuttamisesta tehdään kuitenkin aina kokonaisarvioinnin perusteella. Päätöksen lopputulokseen vaikuttaa kuitenkin merkittävästi mm. osakeyhtiön toimeksiantajien lukumäärä. Mikäli toimeksisaaja työskentelee hyvin samankaltaisissa olosuhteissa kuin toimeksiantajan työntekijät, voidaan osakeyhtiö verotuksessa sivuuttaa, mikäli tilanne tulee esille esim. verotarkastuksen yhteydessä.

Nuorten koherenssin tunne: mittaaminen, ennustavat tekijät, seuraukset

Sense of coherence in adolescence: measuring, predictive factors, consequences The aim of this study was to explore the stability of sense of coherence (SOC) in adolescence and the associations between childhood psychological symptoms and SOC in adolescence. Furthermore, the aim of this study was to explore whether the 13-item SOC scale for adults is applicable to adolescents 12 years of age and to determine which factors are associated with perceived health and SOC. Data relating to SOC and factors associated with perceived health and SOC were collected in class in a cross-sectional setting by self-administered questionnaires in all publicly funded elementary schools (N=35) of Turku. A total of 1 231 (83%) of 1 481 12-year-old schoolchildren participated in the study. The data was, with appropriated authority consent, anonymously completed with marks in mathematics, native and first foreign language at the end of sixth class. The examination of stability of SOC in adolescence and the associations between childhood psychological symptoms and SOC was based on data of a prospective population-based mail survey. The source population originated in 11 health authority areas of the Province of Turku and Pori. The study was carried out by using questionnaires at child’s ages of 3, 12, 15, and 18 years. Acceptably completed questionnaires were returned by 1 086 (84%) parents at the child’s age of 3, at the age of 12 by 70% adolescents and parents, at the age of 15, by 66% adolescents and 58% parents, and at the age of 18, by 61.5% adolescents and 61% parents. The results of the study showed that childhood behavioural problems from the age of 3 years predicted poor SOC at the age of 18 years. A poor SOC was associated with psychological symptoms and behavioural problems in adolescence. Contrary to assumptions in Antonovsky’s theory, there was no significant change in SOC between the ages of 15 to 18 years, and the stability of SOC did not depend on initial SOC. Slight fluctuation in SOC scores was seen at the individual level. When studied cross-sectionally, in 12-year-old schoolchildren, insufficient physical exercise, less than excellent marks in mathematics, weak SOC, insufficient social support from teachers, and perceived various problems in class climate associated with perception of poor health. Identification of behavioural problems in early childhood helps to identify the children at risk of ill-being and poor SOC in adolescence since problems seem to persist unchanged until adolescence. The 13-item SOC scale aimed at adults is applicable to adolescents of 12 years of age or older and the SOC scale is a useful tool in identifying adolescents in need of supportive interventions.

Menestyksekkäät yliopistopelin pelaajat? Tutkimus nopeasti ja nuorena valmistumisesta

Succestul players of the university game? A study about the short duration of master’s degree studies and graduating at a young age The duration of studies has long been a topic of conversation. It was first mentioned in 1883, but the discussion has been quite active and topical for the last fifty years. During that time, there have been numerous committees, working groups for the Ministry of Education, and revisions to the structure of the master’s degree program. All of these have focused on lowering the duration of studies as well as the age at which students graduate. These two factors have been regarded as indicators of efficiency. Achieving these goals is seen to promote the successful transition from studies to work. In addition, the greater time that people spend working is thought to help with the fiscal burden of an aging population. The reasons for prolonged study seem to be: students working during the course of their studies; the actual workload of the studies, which sometimes does not correlate with the calculated workload; problems with the students’ course selections and with their financial support from the government; issues in teaching; and problems with university funding. This study focuses on students’ study experiences, their progress, and the university itself. Of particular interest was the students’ use of different resources—cultural, social, and economical capital. Participants in the study had graduated from the University of Turku between the years of 1999 and 2001 and were divided into two groups: prompt graduates, those who graduated among the fastest 18th percent in their faculty; and those who graduated at a slower pace. A survey (N=499) and interviews (N=69) were among the methods used, along with a compilation of statistics on the students’ duration of studies, the number of modules studied, and marks obtained. Bourdieu’s theory about fields and the games people play in those fields formed the theoretical background of this study. The university was seen to form a playing field with historically and politically changeable rules. The students playing in this field were considered to possess different economical, social, and cultural resources, which they use more or less successfully. Some of the strategies used by students result in gra¬duating at a young age and/or a short duration of study; some do not. This study divided the age of graduation and the duration of study into separate games. This allowed the study to determine the relationship between these two factors and to examine their similarities and differences. The study also focused on the idea of success. Short duration of studies and a young graduation age can be considered, be some, an indication of success in navigating the university field. This study aimed to see if this concept held true or whether these seeming indicators of success have negative side effects. The main result of this study is that, even though the games of duration and age have similarities, they are sufficiently diverse to be considered separate games, which need different resources. To graduate with a short duration of studies, it is important for a student to successfully view and navigate the university field, tailoring one’s studies and extracurricular activities to suit the individual. In the game of youth, the background of the student seemed to be of greater importance. The youngest graduates had spent more time with their parents, who also had higher educational qualifications. They also had higher achievement in their previous studies. This seems to indicate that their background allowed them to assimilate a better understanding of the school and university fields and that playing the university game was natural for them. As for the aspect of success, it seems that there are many ways to define the term. Youth on graduation and short duration of studies can be seen as two indicators of success. Both revealed negative and positive outcomes, even though short duration of studies seemed more often to be connected with positive outcomes. However, it seems that the best indicator for success is the way in which students organize study into their lives to support and suit their needs and abilities to realize a meaningful life and a successful entry into the field of work.

Environmental policy instruments concerning industrial end-use energy efficiency

Energy efficiency and saving energy are the main question marks when thinking of reducing carbon dioxide emissions or cutting costs. The objective of thesis is to evaluate policy instruments concerning end-use energy efficiency of heavy industry in European Union. These policy instruments may be divided in various ways, but in this thesis the division is to administrative, financial, informative and voluntary instruments. Administrative instruments introduced in this thesis are Directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, Directive on Energy End-use Efficiency and Energy Services, and Climate and Energy Package. Financial means include energy and emission taxation, EU Emission Trading Scheme and diverse support systems. Informative instruments consist of horizontal BAT Reference Document for Energy Efficiency, as well as substantial EU documents including Green Paper on Energy Efficiency, Action Plan for Energy Efficiency and An Energy Policy for Europe. And finally, voluntary instruments include environmental managements systems like ISO 14001 and EMAS, energy auditing and benchmarking. The efficiency of different policy instruments vary quite a lot. Informative instruments lack the commitment from industry and are thus almost ineffective, contrary to EU Emission Trading Scheme, which is said to be the solution to climate problems. The efficiency of administrative means can be placed between those mentioned and voluntary instruments are still quite fresh to be examined fruitfully. However, each instrument has their potential and challenges. Cases from corporate world strengthen the results from theoretical part. Cases were written mainly on the basis of interviews. The interviewees praised the energy efficiency contract of Finnish industry, but the EU ETS takes the leading role of policy instruments. However, for industry the reductions do not come easily.

Identifying first graders at risk of reading and writing difficulties : creating a group-based screening tool in kiswahili in Tanzania

Early identification of beginning readers at risk of developing reading and writing difficulties plays an important role in the prevention and provision of appropriate intervention. In Tanzania, as in other countries, there are children in schools who are at risk of developing reading and writing difficulties. Many of these children complete school without being identified and without proper and relevant support. The main language in Tanzania is Kiswahili, a transparent language. Contextually relevant, reliable and valid instruments of identification are needed in Tanzanian schools. This study aimed at the construction and validation of a group-based screening instrument in the Kiswahili language for identifying beginning readers at risk of reading and writing difficulties. In studying the function of the test there was special interest in analyzing the explanatory power of certain contextual factors related to the home and school. Halfway through grade one, 337 children from four purposively selected primary schools in Morogoro municipality were screened with a group test consisting of 7 subscales measuring phonological awareness, word and letter knowledge and spelling. A questionnaire about background factors and the home and school environments related to literacy was also used. The schools were chosen based on performance status (i.e. high, good, average and low performing schools) in order to include variation. For validation, 64 children were chosen from the original sample to take an individual test measuring nonsense word reading, word reading, actual text reading, one-minute reading and writing. School marks from grade one and a follow-up test half way through grade two were also used for validation. The correlations between the results from the group test and the three measures used for validation were very high (.83-.95). Content validity of the group test was established by using items drawn from authorized text books for reading in grade one. Construct validity was analyzed through item analysis and principal component analysis. The difficulty level of most items in both the group test and the follow-up test was good. The items also discriminated well. Principal component analysis revealed one powerful latent dimension (initial literacy factor), accounting for 93% of the variance. This implies that it could be possible to use any set of the subtests of the group test for screening and prediction. The K-Means cluster analysis revealed four clusters: at-risk children, strugglers, readers and good readers. The main concern in this study was with the groups of at-risk children (24%) and strugglers (22%), who need the most assistance. The predictive validity of the group test was analyzed by correlating the measures from the two school years and by cross tabulating grade one and grade two clusters. All the correlations were positive and very high, and 94% of the at-risk children in grade two were already identified in the group test in grade one. The explanatory power of some of the home and school factors was very strong. The number of books at home accounted for 38% of the variance in reading and writing ability measured by the group test. Parents´ reading ability and the support children received at home for schoolwork were also influential factors. Among the studied school factors school attendance had the strongest explanatory power, accounting for 21% of the variance in reading and writing ability. Having been in nursery school was also of importance. Based on the findings in the study a short version of the group test was created. It is suggested for use in the screening processes in grade one aiming at identifying children at risk of reading and writing difficulties in the Tanzanian context. Suggestions for further research as well as for actions for improving the literacy skills of Tanzanian children are presented.

The effectiveness of short-term literacy skills intervention on children at risk of reading and writing difficulties in Tanzania : a study of grade one children with dynamic assessment approach

The aim of the study was to create and evaluate an intervention programme for Tanzanian children from a low-income area who are at risk of reading and writing difficulties. The learning difficulties, including reading and writing difficulties, are likely to be behind many of the common school problems in Tanzania, but they are not well understood, and research is needed. The design of the study included an identification and intervention phase with follow-up. A group based dynamic assessment approach was used in identifying children at risk of difficulties in reading and writing. The same approach was used in the intervention. The study was a randomized experiment with one experimental and two control groups. For the experimental and the control groups, a total of 96 (46 girls and 50 boys) children from grade one were screened out of 301 children from two schools in a low income urban area of Dar-es-Salaam. One third of the children, the experimental group, participated in an intensive training programme in literacy skills for five weeks, six hours per week, aimed at promoting reading and writing ability, while the children in the control groups had a mathematics and art programme. Follow-up was performed five months after the intervention. The intervention programme and the tests were based on the Zambian BASAT (Basic Skill Assessment Tool, Ketonen & Mulenga, 2003), but the content was drawn from the Kiswahili school curriculum in Tanzania. The main components of the training and testing programme were the same, only differing in content. The training process was different from traditional training in Tanzanian schools in that principles of teaching and training in dynamic assessment were followed. Feedback was the cornerstone of the training and the focus was on supporting the children in exploring knowledge and strategies in performing the tasks. The experimental group improved significantly more (p = .000) than the control groups during the intervention from pre-test to follow-up (repeated measures ANOVA). No differences between the control groups were noticed. The effect was significant on all the measures: phonological awareness, reading skills, writing skills and overall literacy skills. A transfer effect on school marks in Kiswahili and English was found. Following a discussion of the results, suggestions for further research and adaptation of the programme are presented.

Methods for construction and analysis of computational models in systems biology : applications to the modelling of the heat shock response and the self-assembly of intermediate filaments

Systems biology is a new, emerging and rapidly developing, multidisciplinary research field that aims to study biochemical and biological systems from a holistic perspective, with the goal of providing a comprehensive, system- level understanding of cellular behaviour. In this way, it addresses one of the greatest challenges faced by contemporary biology, which is to compre- hend the function of complex biological systems. Systems biology combines various methods that originate from scientific disciplines such as molecu- lar biology, chemistry, engineering sciences, mathematics, computer science and systems theory. Systems biology, unlike “traditional” biology, focuses on high-level concepts such as: network, component, robustness, efficiency, control, regulation, hierarchical design, synchronization, concurrency, and many others. The very terminology of systems biology is “foreign” to “tra- ditional” biology, marks its drastic shift in the research paradigm and it indicates close linkage of systems biology to computer science. One of the basic tools utilized in systems biology is the mathematical modelling of life processes tightly linked to experimental practice. The stud- ies contained in this thesis revolve around a number of challenges commonly encountered in the computational modelling in systems biology. The re- search comprises of the development and application of a broad range of methods originating in the fields of computer science and mathematics for construction and analysis of computational models in systems biology. In particular, the performed research is setup in the context of two biolog- ical phenomena chosen as modelling case studies: 1) the eukaryotic heat shock response and 2) the in vitro self-assembly of intermediate filaments, one of the main constituents of the cytoskeleton. The range of presented approaches spans from heuristic, through numerical and statistical to ana- lytical methods applied in the effort to formally describe and analyse the two biological processes. We notice however, that although applied to cer- tain case studies, the presented methods are not limited to them and can be utilized in the analysis of other biological mechanisms as well as com- plex systems in general. The full range of developed and applied modelling techniques as well as model analysis methodologies constitutes a rich mod- elling framework. Moreover, the presentation of the developed methods, their application to the two case studies and the discussions concerning their potentials and limitations point to the difficulties and challenges one encounters in computational modelling of biological systems. The problems of model identifiability, model comparison, model refinement, model inte- gration and extension, choice of the proper modelling framework and level of abstraction, or the choice of the proper scope of the model run through this thesis.

Health Related Quality of Life after Childhood Cancer - A Finnish Nationwide survey

The purpose of this Finnish epidemiological nationwide cross-sectional study was to evaluate the Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) of young people that have survived childhood cancer at least four years after cancer diagnosis. The study aims were (1) to increase knowledge and understanding about the relationship between childhood cancer and its treatment and HRQL of childhood cancer survivors and (2) to identify survivors who need and could benefit from ongoing long-term follow-up, as well as (3) to identify what kind of aftercare the childhood cancer survivors will possibly need. HRQL and fatigue of currently still young survivors of extracranial childhood malignancies were evaluated with self-reports and parent proxy reports. HRQL was measured with age-appropriate generic instruments: PedsQL™, SF-36, 15D, 16D and 17D. Fatigue for children and adolescents aged below 18 years was measured with the PedsQL™ Multidimensional Fatigue Scale Finnish version. PedsQL™ parent-proxy and the PedsQL™ Multidimensional Fatigue Scale Parentproxy instruments were used to assess the perception of the parents on HRQL and fatigue of their children and adolescents. Postal-survey questionnaires were mailed to 852 childhood cancer survivors aged 11-27 years and their randomly selected gender-, age and living-place matched controls, as well as under 18-year-old children´s parents. A total of 474 survivors, 595 controls, 209 survivor’s parent and 253 control’s parent replied. The mean age of survivors at the time of the study was 18.4 years. The mean length of survival was 12.3 years, and the mean age at diagnosis 5.5 years. The most of the Finnish childhood cancer survivors evaluated that their HRQL as good. Survivors rated their HRQL equal or higher than their controls. The only dimension where the survivors scored poorer than the controls was the 15D mobility dimension. Survivors of childhood cancer did not suffer from significant fatigue. There were subgroups of childhood cancer survivors who had poorer level of HRQL, and suffered from fatigue more than the reference group. The demographic factors that associated with poorer HRQL were female gender, greater weight, living alone, need of remedial education, an additional non-cancer diagnosis, survivors with siblings, and self-reported unhappiness. Disease-related factors that associated with poorer HRQL were higher age at the time of diagnosis, the diagnosis of Wilms tumor, neuroblastoma, or osteosarcoma, and treatment with stem cell transplantation. The factors associated with more fatigue in survivors were male gender, older age at evaluation, the need of remedial education at school, lower overall average grade in the latest school marks report, length of survival more than 10 years, lower HRQL-scores, and a sarcoma diagnosis. However, all the used demographic and disease related factors explained only about one third of the variation in the HRQL scores. In open questions, the survivors were most worried about their physical health, but were also worried about their mental health, cancer inheritance, late-effects, and fertility and relapse issues. It seems that there are subgroups of survivors who need and could benefit from ongoing long-term follow-up. In the future, the survivors of childhood cancer need more information about their physical and mental health, as well as on their cancer inheritance, possible late-effects including fertility issues, and on the risk of relapse.