141 resultados para Research data


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This thesis discusses the basic problem of the modern portfolio theory about how to optimise the perfect allocation for an investment portfolio. The theory provides a solution for an efficient portfolio, which minimises the risk of the portfolio with respect to the expected return. A central feature for all the portfolios on the efficient frontier is that the investor needs to provide the expected return for each asset. Market anomalies are persistent patterns seen in the financial markets, which cannot be explained with the current asset pricing theory. The goal of this thesis is to study whether these anomalies can be observed among different asset classes. Finally, if persistent patterns are found, it is investigated whether the anomalies hold valuable information for determining the expected returns used in the portfolio optimization Market anomalies and investment strategies based on them are studied with a rolling estimation window, where the return for the following period is always based on historical information. This is also crucial when rebalancing the portfolio. The anomalies investigated within this thesis are value, momentum, reversal, and idiosyncratic volatility. The research data includes price series of country level stock indices, government bonds, currencies, and commodities. The modern portfolio theory and the views given by the anomalies are combined by utilising the Black-Litterman model. This makes it possible to optimise the portfolio so that investor’s views are taken into account. When constructing the portfolios, the goal is to maximise the Sharpe ratio. Significance of the results is studied by assessing if the strategy yields excess returns in a relation to those explained by the threefactormodel. The most outstanding finding is that anomaly based factors include valuable information to enhance efficient portfolio diversification. When the highest Sharpe ratios for each asset class are picked from the test factors and applied to the Black−Litterman model, the final portfolio results in superior riskreturn combination. The highest Sharpe ratios are provided by momentum strategy for stocks and long-term reversal for the rest of the asset classes. Additionally, a strategy based on the value effect was highly appealing, and it basically performs as well as the previously mentioned Sharpe strategy. When studying the anomalies, it is found, that 12-month momentum is the strongest effect, especially for stock indices. In addition, a high idiosyncratic volatility seems to be positively correlated with country indices on stocks.

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Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, kuinka suuret yhdysvaltalaiset ja eurooppalaiset öljy-yhtiöt raportoivat yhteiskuntavastuustaan vuonna 2013 sekä kuinka laadukasta ja laaja-alaista raportointi oli. Yhtiöiden raportointia tutkittiin GRI-viitekehyksen taloudellisen, sosiaalisen ja ympäristövastuun näkökulmasta. Yritysten raportointia arvioitiin myös maa-alue- sekä liikevaihtokohtaisesti tutkien, voidaanko eroja näiden suhteen löytää. Lisäksi raportoinnin laatua analysoitiin yritysten asettamien yhteiskuntavastuutavoitteiden määrän kautta. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin myös GRI-viitekehyksen sekä muiden yleisimpien yhteiskuntavastuuviitekehyksien käyttöä tutkimusyrityksissä. Tutkimusaineisto koostui 30:stä listatusta yhdysvaltalais- ja eurooppalaisyrityksen vuoden 2013 yhteiskuntavastuuraporteista. Tutkimustapana käytettiin kvalitatiivista sisällönanalyysiä. GRI-viitekehys oli tutkimusyrityksissä käytetyin viitekehys. Tulosten mukaan eurooppalaisyritykset raportoivat pääsääntöisesti laadukkaasti vastuustaan ja raportointi oli Euroopassa selkeästi Yhdysvaltoja laadukkaampaa kaikilla vastuun osa-alueilla. Tutkimusyrityksen koko vaikutti raportoinnin laajuuteen sekä määrään vain Yhdysvalloissa. Suuremmat yhdysvaltalaisyritykset raportoivat pienempiä paremmin. Tulosten perusteella yrityksen koko ei vaikuttanut tavoitteiden määrään. Maantieteellinen sijainti vaikutti raportoinnin laatuun. Eurooppalaisyritykset raportoivat laajemmin, laadukkaammin sekä asettivat tavoitteita huomattavasti yhdysvaltalaisia yrityksiä useammin ja enemmän kaikilla vastuun osa-alueilla.

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ABSTRACT Towards a contextual understanding of B2B salespeople’s selling competencies − an exploratory study among purchasing decision-makers of internationally-oriented technology firms The characteristics of modern selling can be classified as follows: customer retention and loyalty targets, database and knowledge management, customer relationship management, marketing activities, problem solving and system selling, and satisfying needs and creating value. For salespeople to be successful in this environment, they need a wide range of competencies. Salespeople’s selling skills are well documented in seller side literature through quantitative methods, but the knowledge, skills and competencies from the buyer’s perspective are under-researched. The existing research on selling competencies should be broadened and updated through a qualitative research perspective due to the dynamic nature and the contextual dependence of selling competencies. The purpose of the study is to increase understanding of the professional salesperson’s selling competencies from the industrial purchasing decision- makers’ viewpoint within the relationship selling context. In this study, competencies are defined as sales-related knowledge and skills. The scope of the study includes goods, materials and services managed by a company’s purchasing function and used by an organization on a daily basis. The abductive approach and ‘systematic combining’ have been applied as a research strategy. In this research, data were generated through semi- structured, person-to-person interviews and open-ended questions. The study was conducted among purchasing decision-makers in the technology industry in Finland. The branches consisted of the electronics and electro-technical industries and the mechanical engineering and metals industries. A total of 30 companies and one purchasing decision-maker from each company were purposively chosen for the sampling. The sample covers different company sizes based on their revenues, their differing structures – varying from public to family companies –that represent domestic and international ownerships. Before analyzing the data, they were organized by the purchasing orientations of the buyers: the buying, procurement or supply management orientation. Thematic analysis was chosen as the analysis method. After analyzing the data, the results were contrasted with the theory. There was a continuous interaction between the empirical data and the theory. Based on the findings, a total of 19 major knowledge and skills were identified from the buyers’ perspective. The specific knowledge and skills from the viewpoint of customers’ prevalent purchasing orientations were divided into two categories, generic and contextual. The generic knowledge and skills apply to all purchasing orientations, and the contextual knowledge and skills depend on customers’ prevalent purchasing orientations. Generic knowledge and skills relate to price setting, negotiation, communication and interaction skills, while contextual ones relate to knowledge brokering, ability to present solutions and relationship skills. Buying-oriented buyers value salespeople who are ‘action oriented experts, however at a bit of an arm’s length’, procurement buyers value salespeople who are ‘experts deeply dedicated to the customer and fostering the relationship’ and supply management buyers value salespeople who are ‘corporate-oriented experts’. In addition, the buyer’s perceptions on knowledge and selling skills differ from the seller’s ones. The buyer side emphasizes managing the subject matter, consisting of the expertise, understanding the customers’ business and needs, creating a customized solution and creating value, reliability and an ability to build long-term relationships, while the seller side emphasizes communica- tion, interaction and salesmanship skills. The study integrates the selling skills of the current three-component model− technical knowledge, salesmanship skills, interpersonal skills− and relationship skills and purchasing orientations, into a selling competency model. The findings deepen and update the content of these knowledges and skills in the B2B setting and create new insights into them from the buyer’s perspective, and thus the study increases contextual understanding of selling competencies. It generates new knowledge of the salesperson’s competencies for the relationship selling and personal selling and sales management literature. It also adds knowledge of the buying orientations to the buying behavior literature. The findings challenge sales management to perceive salespeople’s selling skills both from a contingency and competence perspective. The study has several managerial implications: it increases understanding of what the critical selling knowledge and skills from the buyer’s point of view are, understanding of how salespeople effectively implement the relationship marketing concept, sales management’s knowledge of how to manage the sales process more effectively and efficiently, and the knowledge of how sales management should develop a salesperson’s selling competencies when managing and developing the sales force. Keywords: selling competencies, knowledge, selling skills, relationship skills, purchasing orientations, B2B selling, abductive approach, technology firms

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Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on ollut selvittää pitkään työttömänä olleiden ammatinvaihtajien ammatinvaihdon ja työllistymisen etenemistä. Tämän lisäksi tutkimuksessa on tarkasteltu kohderyhmän mielikuvaa ohjaavasta koulutuksesta. Pitkittäistutkimus on toteutettu seurannalla, jonka välietappina on ollut kohderyhmän osallistuminen ohjaavaan koulutukseen. Työvoimapoliittinen ohjaava koulutus edusti erityisesti vaikeasti työllistettäville kohdistettavaa interventiota, jolla pyrittiin puuttumaan työttömyyskierteeseen ja ehkäisemään syrjäytymiskehityksen jatkuminen. Tutkimuksen kohderyhmäksi valitut ihmiset (51) ovat suoranaisessa keskiössä tutkittaessa työelämästä syrjäytymistä. Heikentyneet työelämävalmiudet ja työmarkkinakelpoisuus ovat tehneet heistä vaikeasti työllistettäviä. Heidän valintansa kohderyhmäksi, työhallinnon tekemän kurssiosoituksen kriteereinä olevien pitkäaikaistyöttömyyden sekä epäonnistuneen ammatinvaihdon perusteella, osoittaa heidän olevan erityisen ohjauksen ja tuen tarpeessa. On kuitenkin huomattava, että heidät on valittu kohderyhmäksi paitsi kurssiosoituksen saaneina pitkäaikaistyöttöminä myös ammatinvaihtajina, jotka itse haluavat vaihtaa ammattiaan. Tutkimusaineistona ovat olleet työhallinnon asiakasrekisteritiedot ja seurantatutkimuksen perusteella muodostetuista ryhmistä valittujen neljän tapaushenkilön teemahaastatteluaineistot. Tutkimusaineistoa on käsitelty laadullisesti, koska tutkimus kuuluu laadullisen tutkimuksen piiriin sekä tutkimuksen kohteena olevan ilmiön, tutkimuskysymysten ja -aineistojen että tarkoituksensa perusteella. Tutkimuksessa on kuvattu pitkäaikaistyöttömien henkilöiden ammatinvaihtoa ja työllistymistä. Kuvatuissa tapauksissa ammatinvaihtotarve perustuu suurimmalla osalla terveydellisiin rajoitteisiin, joiden vuoksi aikaisemmassa työssä toimiminen on mahdotonta. Useimmiten vajaakuntoisuus on merkittävästi pitkittänyt heidän työttömyyttään. Tämän vuoksi seurantatutkimuksessa on keskitytty tarkastelemaan ammatinvaihtoprosessin etenemistä. Muun muassa työttömyyttä laajasti tutkineet Aho ja Vähätalo ovat todenneet vajaakuntoisuuden olevan merkittävä työttömyyden pitkittymiseen vaikuttava tekijä. Ahon mukaan vajaakuntoisiksi diagnosoituja on jopa viidennes kroonisesti pitkäaikaistyöttömistä työhallinnon asiakasrekisteriin kirjatuista henkilöistä. Monen tekijän summana pitkään työttömänä olleet henkilöt ovat vaarassa ajautua tilanteeseen, jossa he eivät enää kykene omin avuin löytämään ulospääsyä työttömyydestä Tämän seurantatutkimuksen perusteella vain hyvin harvalla kohderyhmään kuuluvista on ammatinvaihdossa ja työllistymisessä tapahtunut merkittävää edistymistä huolimatta useiden vuosien yrittämisestä. Ammatinvaihdon ja työllistymisen edistymistä on tarkasteltu sen perusteella, miten työelämään ja/tai koulutukseen sijoittumiset tai muut toiminnot ovat edesauttaneet tavoitteen toteutumista. Seurantatutkimuksessa on muodostettu neljä tyyppiryhmää ammatinvaihdon ja työllistymisen etenemisen perusteella. Ryhmät ovat: Ammatinvaihdossa onnistuneet (5), ammatinvaihdossa edistyneet (19), pitkäaikaistyöttömäksi jääneet (12) ja epätarkoituksenmukaisesti sijoittuneet (15). Ammatinvaihdossa onnistuneet ovat toteuttaneet ammatinvaihtonsa siirtymällä suoraan työelämään uudelle alalle, työllistymällä koulutusta vastaavaan työhön uudelleenkoulutuksen jälkeen tai kouluttautumalla uuteen ammattiin työllistymättä. Kuitenkin vain kolme heistä on sijoittunut seurannan päättyessä pysyväisluonteiseen terveydelleen soveltuvaan työhön muiden ollessa edelleen työttömänä. Ammatinvaihdossa edistyneet ovat suurimmaksi osaksi edistyneet ammatinvaihdossaan soveltuvien tukitöiden avulla. Työttömyys on kuitenkin jatkunut valtaosalla ja vain yksi heistä on sijoittuneena työelämään seurannan päättyessä. Tämä sijoittuminen ei ole kuitenkaan edistänyt ammatinvaihtoa. Pitkäaikaistyöttömäksi jääneet ovat olleet yhtäjaksoisesti työttömänä kokoseurantajakson ajan. Epätarkoituksenmukaisesti sijoittuneet ovat enimmäkseen sijoittuneet terveytensä kannalta haitallisiin ja/tai ammatinvaihtosuunnitelmilleen soveltumattomiin sijoitustöihin ja määräaikaisuuksiin. Seurannan päättyessä heovat joko työttömänä tai toimivat ammatinvaihtotavoitteensa kannalta haitallisissa työtehtävissä. Tämä on vahvistanut mielikuvaa, joka usealle heille on muodostunut ohjaavasta koulutuksesta työttömille suunnattuna sanktiona, joka ei edistä työllistymistä. Ohjaavassa koulutuksessa suurin osa heistä on kokenut hyötyneensä työharjoittelujaksosta, joka on antanut käyttökelpoista tietoa ammatinvalintaa varten. Lukuun ottamatta kolmea henkilöä, jotka ovat seurannan päättyessä pysyväisluonteisessa työssä terveydelleen soveltuvassa ammatissa, ovat kaikki muut kohderyhmään kuuluvat edelleen erityisen ohjauksen ja tuen tarpeessa johtuen ammatinvaihdon keskeneräisyydestä ja/tai työttömyyden jatkumisesta. Yhdistävänä tekijänä ammatinvaihdossa onnistuneilla vaikuttaa olleen tulevaisuususkon säilyminen pitkäaikaistyöttömyydessä. Sekä ammatinvaihdossa onnistuneet että edistyneet ovat kokeneet työttömyyteen katkoksia tuoneet työt merkityksellisinä riippumatta siitä, ovatko työtehtävät edistäneet ammatinvaihtoa.

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Finnish companies cross listing in the United States is an exceptional phenomenon. This study examines the cross listing decision, cross listing choice and cross listing process with associated challenges and critical factors. The aim is to create an in-depth understanding of the cross listing process and the required financial information. Based on that, the aim is to establish the process phases with the challenges and the critical factors that ought to be considered be- fore establishing the process plus re-evaluated and further considered at points in time during the process. The empirical part of this study is conducted as a qualitative study. The research data was collected through the adoption of two approaches, which are the interview approach and the textual data approach. The interviews were conducted with Finnish practitioners in the field of accounting and finance. The textual data was from publicly available publications of this phenomenon by the two BIG5 accounting companies worldwide. The results of this study demonstrate the benefits of cross listing in the U.S. are the better growth opportunities, the reduction of cost of capital and the production of higher quality financial information. In the decision making process companies should assess whether the benefits exceed the increased costs, the pressure for performance, the uncertainty of market recognition and the requirements of management. The exchange listing is seen as the most favourable cross listing choice for Finnish companies. The establishment of the processes for producing reliable, transparent and timely financial information was seen as both highly critical and very challenging. The critical success factors relating to the cross listing phases are the assessment and planning as well as the right mix of experiences and expertise. The timing plays important role in the process. The results mainly corroborate the literature concerning cross listing decision and choice. This study contributes to the literature on the cross listing process offering a useful model for the phases of the cross listing process.

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Tässä sosiaalisen pääoman verkostotutkimuksessa tarkastellaan valitun rahoitusalalla toimivan kohdeyhtiön sosiaalisen verkoston rakennetta. Työn tavoitteena on määritellä kohdeorganisaation sosiaalinen verkosto ja löytää avainhenkilöt, jotka ovat keskeisiä organisaation toiminnalle ja tiedonjakamiselle. Näiden tunnistettujen roolien kautta pyritään selvittämään miten yritykset laajemmin voivat hyödyntää yritysten epämuodollista sosiaalista verkostoa yleensä tiedon jakamisessa. Tuloksilla pyritään myös hakemaan tukea sille miten sosiaalista epämuodollista verkostoa voidaan hyödyntää silloin kun organisaatio on muutostilassa. Työ on laadullinen tutkimus jota tuetaan numeerisella aineistolla joka on kerätty verkostokyselyllä. Pääasiallinen aineisto tutkimukselle kerättiin teemahaastatteluilla. Empiirinen aineisto kerättiin verkostoanalyysillä koko kohdeyhtiön henkilökunnalle lähetetyllä kyselyllä. Tästä johdettuna luotiin sosiaalisen verkosto kartta ja analysoitiin tulokset. Tuloksien avulla löydettyjä havaintoja käytettiin teemahaastatteluiden pohjana varsinaiselle tutkimukselle. Haastateltavat henkilöt edustivat organisaation eri yksiköitä ja ammattiryhmiä. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat sen, että kohdeyrityksen sosiaalisen verkoston rakenne poikkeaa tyypillisestä muodollisesta organisaatiorakenteesta huomattavasti. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin selkeitä avainhenkilöitä joiden roolit korostuvat organisaation toiminnalle oleellisina tietoväylinä. Näiden avainhenkilöiden kautta haetaan tietoa ja apua päätöstentekoon organisaation kaikilla tasoilla. Tutkimus osoittaa myös sen, että sosiaalisen pääoman kasvaessa oikeaa tietoa osataan hakea oikeasta paikasta nopeammin ja tehokkaammin epämuodollisia reittejä pitkin. Tunnistamalla avainhenkilöt organisaatiossa, yritykset pystyvät vaikuttamaan tiedonkulkuun myös silloin kun yritys on muutostilassa. Vaikuttamalla ja kommunikoimalla myös epäformaalien verkostojen kautta yrityksien on helpompi muokata toimintatapojaan muutoksien yhteydessä.

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The fundamental purpose of this research is to emphasise a founding entrepreneur’s own role in the construction of a successful business story, with the focus being on the analysis of the entrepreneur’s activities. The theoretical section sheds light on the heterogeneous nature of existing performance research and, thereby, opens the way for the behavioural approach research of entrepreneurs in the field of new venture performance research. This research can be seen to be in line with the latest trends in entrepreneurship research, which question the applicability of different organisational theories in entrepreneurship research. For this reason, the founding entrepreneur has been chosen, instead of the company, to be the unit of analysis in this research in order to lighten the link in question while developing and refining new knowledge in the field of entrepreneurship. The empirical section of this research focuses on the entrepreneur’s own actions or behaviours that can be seen to be associated with the company’s success. Although some of these actions may resemble the strategic actions of a company as defined in strategic management literature, these actions taken by the entrepreneur themselves must be distinguished from the different organisational actions. Usually, an entrepreneur makes decisions rather independently, mainly on basis of their own intuition and prevailing market conditions, whereas organisational actions are very systematic, and each decision involves many different people. For this reason, an entrepreneur’s actions must be distinguished from organisational actions. In additional to different action paths, the empirical data collected for this research also offers almost unambiguous proof that the actions taken by an entrepreneur at the different stages of a company’s development do play a crucial role in the success of the companies studied in this research. In this way, it is possible to identify a significant link between the behavioural approach research of entrepreneurs and new venture performance research. Due to a lack of behavioural research into founding entrepreneurs, this research has utilised a qualitative (hermeneutic) research approach. The researcher strove to establish a particularly close connection with the entrepreneurs that were studied here and, thus, understand the actions taken at the different stages of their companies’ development as well as the motives and fundamental purposes of these actions. It would not have been possible to manage such profound data that focuses on causalities by using quantitative methods. In addition to interviews, this research used corporate histories of the companies for collecting some of the research data. These corporate histories can be considered excellent tools for the researcher to obtain a preliminary understanding and can, thereby, be seen to have laid the ground for more in-depth and diverse analyses.

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Viime vuosien aikana palveluhankintojen suhteellinen osuus kaikista toteutetuista julkisista hankinnoista on kasvanut Suomessa huomattavasti. Samalla markkinaoikeudessa on käsitelty vuosittain suuri määrä erilaisiin julkisiin hankinta-asioihin liittyviä valituksia. Merkittävä valitusten määrä on seurausta siitä, että julkisissa hankintaprosesseissa tehdään paljon virheitä. Tarjouspyynnön laatiminen on tärkeä hankintaprosessin vaihe, johon hankintayksiköissä tulisi kalliit markkinaoikeuskäsittelyt välttääkseen riittävästi panostaa. Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää, mitkä asiat palveluhankintojen tarjouspyyntöjen laatimisessa tuottavat hankintayksiköille ongelmia. Lisäksi tarkoituksena oli pohtia sekä itse palvelun hankkijaan että julkisten hankintojen lainsäädäntöön liittyviä tekijöitä, joista ongelmat palveluhankintojen tarjouspyyntöjen laatimisessa mahdollisesti johtuvat. Tutkimuksessa tutkimuskohteena olivat 24 markkinaoikeuden vuosina 2012–2014 antamaa hankinta-asioiden ratkaisua, ja tutkimus toteutettiin kvalitatiivisena tutkimuksena tutkimusaineistoa kategorisoimalla ja yhdenmukaistamalla. Tutkielmassa havaittiin, että merkittävin kompastuskivi kansallisten palveluhankintojen tarjouspyyntöjen laatimisessa on tarjouksen vertailuperusteiden asettaminen. Erityisesti laadun vertailuperusteiden tulkinnanvarainen ja epäselvä esittäminen oli yleistä, ja lisäksi merkittävä määrä virheitä tehtiin sekoittamalla tarjoajan soveltuvuusvaatimukset vertailuperusteisiin. Joitakin virheitä tehtiin myös vertailuperusteiden tärkeysjärjestyksen ja suhteellisen painotuksen asettamisessa sekä hankinnan kohteen määrittelyssä. Tutkimustulosten perusteella pääteltiin, että kansallisten palveluhankintojen tarjouspyyntöjen laatimisen ongelmissa on suurimmassa osin kyse hankintayksikön vähäisistä resursseista ja siten heikosta hankintojen suunnittelusta sekä hankintayksiköiden ammattitaidon ja kokemuksen puutteista. Lisäksi joitakin esiintyneitä virheitä voidaan ainakin jossain määrin perustella hankintalainsäädännön monimutkaisuudella ja tulkinnanvaraisuudella.

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Tuotehallinta on yrityksissä keskeinen arvoa tuottava toiminto, joka hallinnoi ja johtaa tuotteiden elinkaarta aina ideavaiheesta tuotteiden lopettamiseen saakka. Tuotteiden hyvän kilpailukyvyn kautta yritys saa kilpailuetua markkinassa. Tutkimuksen kohteena oleva case-yritys haluaa kehittää tuotehallinnan toimintaa, jotta se kykenee toimimaan aiempaa tehokkaammin ja menestymään paremmin tiukasti kilpailluilla markkinoilla. Diplomityön päätavoitteena oli löytää keinoja kohdeyrityksen yritysliiketoiminnan tuotehallinnan kehittämiseksi. Tutkimus toteutettiin laadullisena tapaustutkimuksena. Tutkimuksessa käytiin läpi aihealueen tuoretta tutkimustietoa sekä aiempaa teoriaa. Työssä tutkittiin kohdeyrityksen tuotehallinnan nykytilannetta ja kehittämismahdollisuuksia. Saatujen tutkimustulosten pohjalta ja tunnistettua teoriaa hyödyntäen johdettiin konkreettisia kehitystoimenpiteitä. Työ tuotti kriittisen näkökulman tuotehallinnan nykytilanteeseen sekä esityksen tärkeimmiksi tunnistetuista kehittämistoimenpiteistä. Tutkimuksen keskeisimpänä tuloksena toimii johtopäätös tarpeesta rakentaa aiempaa vahvempi tuotehallinta. Tämän aikaansaamiseksi tulee tehdä joukko kehittämistoimenpiteitä, jotka jaettiin lyhyen ja pitkän aikavälin toimenpiteisiin. Kehitystoimenpiteiden toteut-tamiseksi esitetiin muodostettavan oma hallittu kehitysohjelma.

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The objective of this study is to understand why virtual knowledge workers conduct autonomous tasks and interdependent problem solving tasks on virtual platforms. The study is qualitative case study including three case organizations that tap the knowledge of expert networks, and utilize virtual platforms in the work processes. Research data includes 15 interviews, that is, five experts from each case company. According to the findings there are some specific characteristics in motivation to work on tasks on online platforms. Autonomy, self-improvement, meaningful tasks, knowledge sharing, time management, variety of contacts, and variety of tasks, and projects motivate virtual knowledge workers. Factors that may enhance individuals’ engagement to work on tasks are trust, security of continuous task flow and income, feedback, meaningful tasks and tasks that contribute to self-improvement, flexibility and effectiveness in time management, and virtual tools that support social interaction. The results also indicate that there are some differences in individuals’ motivation based on the tasks’ nature. That is, knowledge sharing and variety of contacts motivated experts who worked on interdependent problem solving tasks. Then again, autonomy and variety of tasks motivated experts who worked on autonomous tasks.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the challenges of the adaptation process of education export. The research is conducted as a single case study that concentrates on three education export projects. The case company in the research is Team Academy. The study goes through the different forms of education export, the adaptation of education export and the challenges of the education export –process by means of theory and empirical data. The research is carried out as a qualitative research and the method used is a qualitative content analysis. More specifically the research is an abductive content analysis. The research data is collected in four in-depth interviews from Team academy representatives who have been strongly involved in certain education export –project of Team Academy. The research confirms the theory in the challenge of hierarchy, funding and registration issues, and refutes it in the challenge of competition, legislation, different governmental attitudes and knowledge in productization. The main challenges of the adaptation process are related to funding, differences in values, sudden changes, the complex nature of the learning model, concept of time, teamwork as method and accreditation. It is highlighted that in the future operations, anticipating problems that arise from for example cultural differences and differences in values, communication, managing the money flows and the company form is recommended. Future research could continue with investigating the suitable company form for education exports of this kind, and how to stand out and communicate when operating under another institution. It is considered a potential risk that a brand encloses the brand that operates under it.

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Currency is something people deal with every day in their lives. The contemporary society is very much revolving around currencies. Even though technological development has been rapid, the principle of currency has stayed relatively unchanged for a long time. Bitcoin is a digital currency that introduced an alternative to other digital currencies, and to the traditional physical currencies. Bitcoin is peer-to-peer, open source, and it erases the need of a third party in transactions. Bitcoin has since inception gained certain fame, but it has not established itself as a common currency in the world. The purpose of this study was to analyse what kind of potential does Bitcoin have to become a widely accepted currency in day-to-day transactions. The main research question was divided into three sub questions: • What kind of a process is the diffusion of new innovations? • What kinds of factors speak for the wider adoption of Bitcoin? • What kinds of factors speak against the wider adoption of Bitcoin? The purpose of the study was approached by having diffusion of innovations as the theoretical framework. The four elements in diffusion of innovations are, innovation, communication, time, and social system. The theoretical framework is applied to Bitcoin, and the research questions answered by analysing Bitcoin’s potential diffusion prospects. The body of research data consisted of media texts and statistics. In this study, content analysis was the research method. The main findings of the study are that Bitcoin has clear strengths, but it faces a large amount of uncertainty. Bitcoin’s strong areas are the transactions. They are fast, easy, and cheap. From the innovation diffusion perspective Bitcoin is still relatively unknown, and the general public’s attitudes towards it are sceptical. The research findings purport that Bitcoin has potential demand especially when the financial system of a region is dysfunctional, or when there is a financial crisis. Bitcoin is not very trusted, and the majority of people do not see a reason to start using Bitcoin in the future. A large number of people associate it with illegal activities. In general people are largely unaware of what Bitcoin is or what are the strengths and weaknesses. Bitcoin is an innovative alternative currency. However, unless people see a major need for Bitcoin due to a financial crisis, or dysfunctionality in the financial system, Bitcoin will not become much more widespread as it is today. Bitcoin’s underlying technology can be harnessed to multiple uses. Developments in that field in the future are something that future researchers could look into.

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Tuija Lehtikunnas: Intensive care patient handover document in support of decision-making in nursing work - Retrospective document analysis for the period 2001–2013 University of Turku, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing Science Annales Universitatis Turkuensis Turku 2016 ABSTRACT The continuity of care and flow of information must be ensured when transferring the responsibility of care, whether this is done within an organisation or from one organisation to another. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the nursing handover documents of long-term intensive care patients and changes to these documents during the years 2001–2013. Research data comprehended long-term intensive care patient handover documents (N = 250). Data was gathered from one university hospital intensive care unit and subjected to a content analysis of technical implementation, structure and content at five different time points. In addition to this, the nursing handover documents were analysed from a nursing decision-making standpoint. Sub-data (n = 5 x 50) from the years 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2013 was gathered. The first sub-data was manual, written on paper with a pen. The rest of the sub-data obtained was entered in a dedicated intensive care information system. The study developed an intensive care patient nursing handover document analysis framework, which was used to deductively analyse the research data. The results indicated that the transitioning to electronic records reinforced structure and identification improving the reusability of data was increased. Although intensive care nursing was recorded on nursing handover documents more comprehensively in more recent sub-data, it was done selectively with regard to overall patient care, e.g. there are no entries concerning the psychological support and counselling of patients or family members. Nursing handover documents do not contain a systematic description of the patient's communication and functional capacity at the moment of transfer. The patient's condition at the moment of transfer is not clearly indicated on the handover documents. Plans for follow-up treatment are not recorded at all. Nursing decision-making is difficult to find on the nursing handover documents used as research data. The study developed a handover document model for intensive care nursing that supports nursing decision-making and the continuity of care. Developmental recommendations focus on the management of co-operation within organisations for ensuring the continuity of care and enhancing each area of nursing in recording nursing handover documents by planning nursing for the patient, taking follow-up treatment resources into consideration. Keywords: Intensive care nursing, nursing decision-making, nursing records, information flow, nursing handover document, continuity of care

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Outsourcing and offshoring or any combinations of these have not just become a popular phenomenon, but are viewed as one of the most important management strategies due to the new possibilities from globalization. They have been seen as a possibility to save costs and improve customer service. Executing offshoring and offshore outsourcing successfully can be more complex than initially expected. Potential cost savings resulting from of offshoring and offshore outsourcing are often based on lower manufacturing costs. However, these benefits might be conflicted by a more complex supply chain with service level challenges that can respectively increase costs. Therefore analyzing the total cost effects of offshoring and outsourcing is necessary. The aim of this Master´s Thesis was to to construct a total cost model using academic literature to calculate the total costs and analyze the reasonability of offshoring and offshore outsourcing production of a case company compared to insourcing production. The research data was mainly quantitative and collected mainly from the case company past sales and production records. In addition management level interviews from the case company were conducted. The information from these interviews was used for the qualification of the necessary quantitative data and adding supportive information that could not be gathered from the quantitative data. Both data collection and analysis were guided by a theoretical frame of reference that was based on academic literature concerning offshoring and outsourcing, statistical calculation of demand and total costs. The results confirm the theories that offshoring and offshore outsourcing would reduce total costs as both offshoring and offshore outsourcing options result in lower total annual costs than insourcing mainly due to lower manufacturing costs. However, increased demand uncertainty would make the alternative of offshore outsourcing more risky and difficult to manage. Therefore when assessing the overall impact of the alternatives, offshoring is the most preferable option. As the main cost savings in offshore outsourcing came from lower manufacturing costs, more specifically labour costs, the logistics costs in this case company did not have an essential effect in total costs. The management should therefore pay attention initially to manufacturing costs and then logistics costs when choosing the best production sourcing option for the company.

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This thesis examines management of business relationships during conflicts. The context of this study is the international political conflict which started in 2013 and is still affecting international trade relations in 2016. More specifically, this study researches the effects of the conflict in Finnish-Russian trade. The research aim is to identify the implications of a political conflict in the Finnish-Russian business relationships and networks. Furthermore, the study will explore how does a company adapt or overcome the challenges and barriers posed by the international business environment. This research combines relevant theories in management of business relationships and networks in order to review the research data through a critical research frame. The theoretical frameworks are different structures of business relationship development processes, various stages of interaction, and characteristics and functions of business relationships. Moreover, this study will examine the effect of interdependency, commitment and trust in trade relations. Also, what are the important exchange processes and how do these processes affect business relationship and overall performance of joint business operations. Qualitative single case study method was used in this research. Case company was a Finnish multinational company. To understand the changes, the data was collected and analysed through process research approach by pattern-matching and drawing temporal bracketing over two different periods of time, first period in years 2011-2013 and second period in years 2014-2016. Empirical data was collected through a semi-structured interview and additional data was collected from internal and external secondary data sources. The findings of the study confirmed the relationship between trade and conflict. However, the effects are not significant for a company in grocery retail industry which has had earlier experience in Russia and has managed its business relationships and operations effectively. Macroeconomic factors affect companies operating in foreign dynamic markets and in order to sustain changes and to adapt, companies should invest in their business relationships. Trust-based relationships and a higher level of commitment allow companies to have more efficient and beneficial outcomes before and during uncertainty. Furthermore, well-maintained and coordinated business relationships provide the ability to adapt and overcome challenges during uncertainty. Such relationships have information, financial and social exchange processes which allow the partnering firms to have successful business relationship management in dynamic market environments.