Search advertising for small Finnish tourism company in Russian Internet – Experimental study: Google AdWords versus Yandex.Direct

Yandex is the dominant search engine in Russia, followed by the world leader Google. This study focuses on the performance differences between the two in search advertising in the context of tourism, by running two identical campaigns and measuring the KPI’s, such as CPA (cost-per-action), on both campaigns. Search engine advertising is a new and fast changing form of advertising, which should be studied frequently in order to keep up with the changes. Research was done as an experimental study in cooperation with a Finnish tourism company and the data is gathered from the clickstream and not from questionnaires, which is recommended method by the literature. The results of the study suggests that Yandex.Direct performed better in the selected niche and that the individual campaign planning for Yandex.Direct and Google AdWords is an important part of the optimization of search advertising in Russia.

Automaattisilla järjestelmillä lähetettävä suoramarkkinointi

Nykyisin yritykset hyödyntävät hyvin paljon sähköisiä viestimiä suoramarkkinointi-tarkoitukseen. Laki ja hyvä tapa rajoittavat kuitenkin sähköisen suoramarkkinoinnin lähettämistä yksityisille kuluttaja-asiakkaille. Sähköistä suoramarkkinointia harjoittavan yrityksen on noudatettava kohdemaassa voimassa olevia lakeja. Suomessa sähköisen viestinnän tietosuojalaki (SVTSL) on sähköisillä viestimillä lähetettävän mainonnan osalta tärkein lainsäädäntö. SVTL antaa parhaimman kuvan siitä, mitä kaikkea yrityksen on huomioitava harjoittaessaan kuluttajiin kohdistuvaa sähköistä mainontaa. Lainsäädäntöjen lisäksi huomattavan tärkeää on noudattaa viranomaisten, kuten kuluttajaviraston (kuluttaja-asiamiehen) antamia kannanottoja sekä linjauksia. Sähköisen suoramarkkinoinnin osalta Suomessa on käytössä niin sanottu opt in -menettely, jonka mukaan potentiaalisia kuluttaja-asiakkaita saa lähestyä sähköisillä suoramarkkinointiviesteillä vain, mikäli he ovat antaneet siihen suostumuksen. Sähköisen viestinnän tietosuojalaissa on opt in -menettelystä säädös, ja sitä voidaan pitää tärkeimpänä lähtökohtana sähköisiä mainoksia lähetettäessä. Lain mukainen lupapyyntö voidaan esittää monella eri tavalla. Yleisimmin lupa pyydetään heti myynnin yhteydessä valmiilla kaavakkeella. Lisäksi yritykset voivat pyytää lupaa www-sivuilla olevilla verkkolomakkeilla, asiakaspalveluun liittyvillä puheluilla sekä muissa asiakaspalvelutilanteissa. Lain mukaan lupapyynnön tulee olla muodoltaan aktiivinen ja nimenomainen. Käytännössä lupapyyntö ei saa olla valmiiksi täytetty lomake, josta asiakas joutuu esimerkiksi poistamaan rastin, mikäli ei halua vastaanottaa suoramarkkinointiviestejä. Lupapyynnön yhteydessä yrityksen on kerrottava asiakkaalle, mitä mahdollinen suoramarkkinointiaineisto sisältää ja kuinka usein sitä mahdollisesti tullaan lähettämään. Lupapyynnön laajuudesta ei ole mainittu lainsäädännössä. Konsernia koskevissa tapauksissa lupapyyntö voi koskea pelkkää lupaa pyytävää yritystä tai mahdollisesti muita yhteistyössä toimivia konsernin sisäisiä yrityksiä. Tärkeintä on, että kuluttaja on ajan tasalla ja tietoinen siitä, mitä kaikkea lupapyyntö sisältää. Yritysten on hyvä tiedostaa, että kuluttaja-asiakkaita koskeva kielto-oikeus on jatkuvasti voimassa, vaikka asiakas olisi antanut luvan suoramarkkinointiviestien lähettämiseen, ja että asiakkaita on muistutettava jokaisen viestin yhteydessä kyseisestä oikeudesta. Kielto-oikeus on toteutettava niin että asiakas voi milloin tahansa ilmoittaa kieltäytyvänsä vastaanottamasta suoramarkkinointiviestejä. Asiakkaalla pitää olla mahdollisuus maksuttomaan kielto-oikeuteen niin verkossa kuin puhelimitse. Suoramarkkinointiviesti ei ole sisällöltään kovin tarkkaan määritelty, mutta yleisiä sääntöjä on säädetty tiettyjen muotoseikkojen osalta. Ensinnäkin viestistä on tultava selkeästi esille, että kyseessä on suoramarkkinointitarkoituksessa lähetetty viesti, eikä yksityisten henkilöiden välinen viestintä. Lisäksi sähköiseen mainokseen tai suoramarkkinointiviestiin on lisättävä lähettäjän henkilöllisyys sekä voimassa olevat yhteystiedot, jotta asiakas voi esimerkiksi päivittää omat yhteystietonsa. Jokaisen viestin yhteydessä asiakkaalle on annettava selkeät ohjeet siitä, kuinka hän voi käyttää kielto-oikeuttaan esimerkiksi ilmoittamalla voimassaoleva sähköpostiosoite, johon suoramarkkinointikiellot voidaan lähettää. Lapsia ja nuoria voidaan pitää kuluttaja-asiakkaille lähetettävän sähköisen suoramarkkinoinnin erityistapauksena. Lain mukaan lapsille ja nuorille ei saa lähettää sähköistä markkinointiaineistoa ilman vanhempien lupaa, eikä heitä saa houkutella pelien ym. avulla luovuttamaan tietoja itsestään tai perheestään. Toinen kuluttaja-asiakkaiden erityistapaus on niin sanottu kerro kaverille -markkinointi eli K2K-markkinointi. Siinä alkuperäinen mainos on lähetetty yrityksen toimesta ja tarkoituksena on saada kuluttaja mainostamaan kyseistä yritystä tai tuotetta ystävilleen. K2K-markkinointi on tuottanut ongelmia, sillä mikäli kuluttaja A haluaisi lähettää kuluttaja B:lle yrityksen lähettämiä markkinointiviestejä, niin B:n pitäisi antaa opt in -menettelyn mukaisesti yritykselle ensin lupa kyseiseen toimintaan. Kuluttaja-asiamies on antanut K2K-markkinoinnista kannanottonsa. Kannanoton mukaan yritys tarvitsee kolmansien henkilöiden luvan viestien lähettämiseen, mikäli asiakkaat lähettävät yrityksen kirjoittamia valmiita viestejä. Jos kyseessä on tavallinen kuluttajien välinen viestintä, niin lupaa ei luonnollisesti tarvitse pyytää. EU-lainsäädännön pohjalta on säädetty poikkeussääntö koskien yrityksen olemassa olevia asiakkaita. Poikkeussäännön mukaan yritykset saavat lähettää ''vanhoille'' asiakkailleen sähköisiä mainoksia ilman erillistä ennakkosuostumusta. Sääntöä on rajoitettu siltä osin, että asiakkaille saa lähettää mainoksia koskien samaa tai samankaltaisia tuotteita tai palveluita, joita ostaessa asiakas on luovuttanut yritykselle yhteystietonsa. Yrityksen on lain mukaan toimittava opt in -menettelyn mukaisesti, mikäli se kokee tarpeelliseksi lähettää asiakkailleen sähköisiä mainoksia täysin uusista tuotteista. Ottaen huomioon sähköisillä järjestelmillä lähetettävää suoramarkkinointia koskevat lainsäädännöt sekä kannanotot, niin voidaan todeta, että yritysten kannalta viisain tapa toimia on permission based -toimintamalli eli kysytään lupa ja sitten vasta toimitaan. Näin säilytetään hyvä maku sähköisessä suoramarkkinoinnissa ja vältytään turhilta asiakasreklamaatioilta.

Wind Turbine Direct-Drive Permanent-Magnet Generator with Direct Liquid Cooling for Mass Reduction

Today’s electrical machine technology allows increasing the wind turbine output power by an order of magnitude from the technology that existed only ten years ago. However, it is sometimes argued that high-power direct-drive wind turbine generators will prove to be of limited practical importance because of their relatively large size and weight. The limited space for the generator in a wind turbine application together with the growing use of wind energy pose a challenge for the design engineers who are trying to increase torque without making the generator larger. When it comes to high torque density, the limiting factor in every electrical machine is heat, and if the electrical machine parts exceed their maximum allowable continuous operating temperature, even for a short time, they can suffer permanent damage. Therefore, highly efficient thermal design or cooling methods is needed. One of the promising solutions to enhance heat transfer performances of high-power, low-speed electrical machines is the direct cooling of the windings. This doctoral dissertation proposes a rotor-surface-magnet synchronous generator with a fractional slot nonoverlapping stator winding made of hollow conductors, through which liquid coolant can be passed directly during the application of current in order to increase the convective heat transfer capabilities and reduce the generator mass. This doctoral dissertation focuses on the electromagnetic design of a liquid-cooled direct-drive permanent-magnet synchronous generator (LC DD-PMSG) for a directdrive wind turbine application. The analytical calculation of the magnetic field distribution is carried out with the ambition of fast and accurate predicting of the main dimensions of the machine and especially the thickness of the permanent magnets; the generator electromagnetic parameters as well as the design optimization. The focus is on the generator design with a fractional slot non-overlapping winding placed into open stator slots. This is an a priori selection to guarantee easy manufacturing of the LC winding. A thermal analysis of the LC DD-PMSG based on a lumped parameter thermal model takes place with the ambition of evaluating the generator thermal performance. The thermal model was adapted to take into account the uneven copper loss distribution resulting from the skin effect as well as the effect of temperature on the copper winding resistance and the thermophysical properties of the coolant. The developed lumpedparameter thermal model and the analytical calculation of the magnetic field distribution can both be integrated with the presented algorithm to optimize an LC DD-PMSG design. Based on an instrumented small prototype with liquid-cooled tooth-coils, the following targets have been achieved: experimental determination of the performance of the direct liquid cooling of the stator winding and validating the temperatures predicted by an analytical thermal model; proving the feasibility of manufacturing the liquid-cooled tooth-coil winding; moreover, demonstration of the objectives of the project to potential customers.

The Role of Non-Coercive Influence Tactics in Online Marketing

This thesis examines the effectiveness of non-coercive influence tactics in the context of consumer online behaviour. The objective of this study is to develop a comprehensive understanding of consumer online behaviour and the role of information types in affecting the consumer’s cognitive responses and behavioural outcomes. The theoretical part of the study examines the academic literature on consumer online behaviour and influence tactics used both in traditional buyer/seller relationships as well as in relationships mediated by online technologies. The empirical part of the study is carried out with four experiments that utilise non-coercive influence tactics to affect online consumer behaviour. The consumers included in this study are 18-28 year-old structural and civil engineering students in Finland, United Kingdom, United States and India. The findings suggest that non-coercive influence tactics are applicable in the online marketing context and generate cognitive responses of site awareness, site involvement and exploratory behaviour which subsequently results in behavioural outcomes of compliance, eWOM and site abandonment.

The usage of experimental research in business-to-business marketing context in academic marketing journals

The aim of this master’s thesis is to introduce what is experimental research and how the researcher is able to use this researching method in business-to-business context. This work has been done with analyzing articles of four academic marketing journals from years 1992-2012. In the literature part there is introduction of the nature of the experimental research, its terminology and design. There is also discussion about limitations of experimental research and comparison of experimental research to quasi-experimental design. In the results part there is a review how experimental research has been used in the business-to-business context in the past two decades. In the analysis there is introduction of themes, samplings, different kinds of variables and main findings. The work offers a good understanding to nature of experimental research and useful data for organizing a real experimental study.

Social Networking Sites as a part of Medical Device Manufacturer's Marketing Communications

The purpose of the thesis is to examine how a medical device manufacturer can exploit social networking sites as a part of its everyday marketing communications. The ultimate goal is to create an ideal process of developing marketing communications in social networking sites as a medical device manufacturer with the help of theoretical knowledge and hands-on experience. Theoretical part examines the traditional process of developing marketing communications, defines social networking sites and presents marketing activities carried out on these sites as well as introduces the characteristics of healthcare technology industry. Empirical part is collected through participation in medical device manufacturer’s marketing operations and by observing effects of different factors and actions on social media marketing. In addition, completed interviews and a meeting with company’s personnel have been utilized for data collection. This part offers comprehensive information on the examined company’s current marketing operations, industry, and activities carried out on social networking sites. As a result of the thesis a comprehensive process description of integrating and using social networking sites as a part of company’s marketing communications was formed. With the help of the process description factors and actions which have an effect on marketing operations in social networking sites are presented and methods for further developing these activities are introduced.

Supporting employer branding by inbound marketing in Russia

The objective of this study is to understand how employer branding can be strategically supported by inbound marketing in Russia. Furthermore, the aim is to examine the special features of inbound marketing in Russia, as well as to learn what the most useful inbound marketing channels are in the Russian context. The theoretical background of this study is built from employer branding and inbound marketing literature. Inbound marketing is currently lacking a profound research on the topic and thus, this study contributes to the inbound marketing literature as well. The empirical data of this research is collected via three qualitative expert field interviews. The interviews were conducted between January and February 2014. Furthermore, a thematic content analysis was used in the process of analyzing the research results. Both the employer branding and inbound marketing are growing their importance in Russia. The results of this study suggest that a combination of employer branding and inbound marketing can bring companies competitive advantage over others in the Russian market. It is, however, crucial to first understand the peculiarities of the inbound marketing in Russia before taking it to the employer branding context. This study provides a framework for inbound marketing tools in Russia. The proposed framework takes into careful consideration the cultural factors affecting the selection of the inbound marketing tools in Russia. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest how inbound marketing could be successfully combined with employer branding in Russia in order to strengthen the employer brands in the Russian market. However, these results are mainly applicable in the Russian context. Therefore, additional research is needed in order to understand the relationship between the employer branding and inbound marketing in other cultural settings or in particular fields of business.

What do Sports Sponsors Really Want? The effects of service quality, service value and customer satisfaction on behavioral intentions in sports sponsorship context

The aim of this Master’s thesis was to study the antecedents of customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions and their relative relationships in the sports sponsorship context. The possible antecedents under investigation in the current research are service value and service quality. As the academic background in the sports sponsorship literature is still rather modest there was a need for further empirical testing. The theoretical part of the research builds on the existing services marketing literature with sports sponsorship and business-to-business contexts in mind. The empirical study focused on the case company Liiga-SaiPa Oy. The data for the empirical analysis was collected via quantitative online survey. The total sample consisted of 357 the case company’s business customers and a total of 80 usable responses were collected. The data was analyzed by using statistical analysis software, SPSS. According to the results of the empirical analysis the most important antecedent of behavioral intentions in the underlying context is customer satisfaction. Also service value was found to have a direct and positive relationship with behavioral intentions. Moreover no indirect relationships through satisfaction were found between service quality and service value and behavioral intentions. However both constructs of service value and service quality were diagnosed to have a direct and positive effect on customer satisfaction. Service quality was also found to be a direct antecedent of service value with other service value benefits. However a contradicting finding with the current literature was, that service value sacrifices were not found to have a significant relationship with overall service value perceptions.

Target audience and message alignment for integrated marketing communication of luxury products: entering the Chinese market

The purpose of this study is to identify opportunities to match marketing communication message strategies with the target audience characteristics in the Chinese luxury market entry context. Therefore, consumer behaviour and psychographic marketing segmentation fields are being reviewed in a holistic view in order to identify the similarities and connection points. Through the analysis of the messages in advertisements placed in a certain luxury and fine living magazine, message creation strategies are being anticipated.

Value-based Reference Marketing in a Small Process Industry Software and Service Company

This master’s thesis was done for a small company, Vipetec Oy, which offers specialized technological services for companies mainly in forest industry. The study was initiated partly because the company wants to expand its customer base to a new industry. There were two goals connected to each other. First was to find out how much and what kind of value current customers have realized from ATA Process Event Library, one of the products that the company offers. Second was to determine the best way to present this value and its implications for future value potential to both current and potential customers. ATA helps to make grade and product changes, starting after machine downtime, and recovery from production break faster for customers. All three events sometimes occur in production line. The faster operation results to savings in time and material. In addition to ATA Vipetec also offers other services related to development of automation and optimization of controls. Theoretical part concentrates on the concept of value, how it can be delivered to customers, and what kind of risk customer faces in industrial purchasing. Also the function of reference marketing towards customers is discussed. In the empirical part the realized value for existing customers is evaluated based on both numerical data and interviews. There’s also a brief case study about one customer. After that the value-based reference marketing for a target industry is examined through interviews of these potential customers. Finally answers to the research questions are stated and compared also to the theoretical knowledge about the subject. Results show that those customers’ machines which use the full service concept of ATA usually are able to save more time and material than the machines which use only some features of the product. Interviews indicated that sales arguments which focus on improved competitive status are not as effective as current arguments which focus on numerical improvements. In the case of potential customers in the new industry, current sales arguments likely work best for those whose irregular production situations are caused mainly by fault situations. When the actions of Vipetec were compared to ten key elements of creating customer references, it was seen that many of them the company has either already included in its strategy or has good chances to include them with the help of the results of this study.

Catalytic direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide in a novel microstructured reactor

The direct synthesis from hydrogen and oxygen is a green alternative for production of hydrogen peroxide. However, this process suffers from two challenges. Firstly, mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen are explosive over a wide range of concentrations (4-94% H2 in O2). Secondly, the catalytic reaction of hydrogen and oxygen involves several reaction pathways, many of them resulting in water production and therfore decreasing selectivity. The present work deals with these two challenges. The safety problem was dealed by employing a novel microstructured reactor. Selectivity of the reaction was highly improved by development a set of new catalysts. The final goal was to develop an effective and safe continuous process for direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from H2 and O2. Activated carbon cloth and Sibunit were examined as the catalysts’ supports. Palladium and gold monometallic and palladium-gold bimetallic catalysts were thoroughly investigated by numerous kinetic experiments performed in a tailored batch reactor and several catalyst charachterization methods. A complete set of data for direct synthesis of H2O2 and its catalytic decomposition and hydrogenation was obtained. These data were used to assess factors influencing selectivity and activity of the catalysts in direct synthesis of H2O2 as well as its decomposition and hydrogenation. A novel microstructured reactor was developed based on hydrodynamics and mass transfer studies in prototype microstractural plates. The shape and the size of the structural elements in the microreactor plate were optimized in a way to get high gas-liquid interfacial area and gas-liquid mass transfer. Finally, empirical correlations for the volumetric mass transfer coefficient were derived. A bench-scale continuous process was developed by using the novel microstructral plate reactor. A series of kinetic experiments were performed to investigate the effects of the gas and the liquid feed rates and their ratio, the amount of the catalyst, the gas feed composition and pressure on the final rate of H2O2 production and selectivity.

Planning and implementation of entrepreneurial marketing processes in SMEs

Entrepreneurial marketing is newly established term and there is need for more specific studies in order to understand the concept fully. SMEs have entrepreneurial marketing elements more visible in their marketing and therefore provide more fruitful insights for this research. SMEs marketing has gained more recognition during the past years and in some cases innovative characteristics can be identified despite constraints such as lack of certain resources. The purpose of this research is to study entrepreneurial marketing characteristics and SME processes in order to wider understanding and gain more insights of entrepreneurial marketing. In addition, planning and implementation of entrepreneurial marketing processes is examined in order to gain full coverage of SMEs marketing activities. The research was conducted as a qualitative research and data gathering was based on semi-structured interview survey, which involved nine company interviews. Multiple case research was used to analyze data so that focus and clarity could be maintained in organized manner. Case companies were chosen from different business fields so that more variation and insights could be identified. The empirical results suggest that two examined processes networking and word-of-mouth communication are very important processes for case companies which supports the previous researches. However, the entrepreneurial marketing characteristics had variation some were more visible and recognizable than others. Examining more closely the processes companies did not fully understand that networking or word-of-mouth marketing could be used as efficiently as other conventional marketing methods.

Learning information technology business in a changing industry landscape. Introducing Team Entrepreneurship in Renewing Bachelor Education in Renewing Bachelor Education in Information

Speed, uncertainty and complexity are increasing in the business world all the time. When knowledge and skills become quickly irrelevant, new challenges are set for information technology (IT) education. Meta-learning skills – learning how to learn rapidly - and innovation skills have become more essential than single technologies or other specific issues. The drastic changes in the information and communications technology (ICT) sector have caused a need to reconsider how IT Bachelor education in Universities of Applied Sciences should be organized and employed to cope with the change. The objective of the study was to evaluate how a new approach to IT Bachelor education, the ICT entrepreneurship study path (ICT-ESP) fits IT Bachelor education in a Finnish University of Applied Sciences. This kind of educational arrangement has not been employed elsewhere in the context of IT Bachelor education. The study presents the results of a four-year period during which IT Bachelor education was renewed in a Finnish University of Applied Sciences. The learning environment was organized into an ICT-ESP based on Nonaka’s knowledge theory and Kolb’s experiental learning. The IT students who studied in the ICT-ESP established a cooperative and learned ICT by running their cooperative at the University of Applied Sciences. The students (called team entrepreneurs) studied by reading theory in books and other sources of explicit information, doing projects for their customers, and reflecting in training sessions on what was learnt by doing and by studying the literature. Action research was used as the research strategy in this study. Empirical data was collected via theme-based interviews, direct observation, and participative observation. Grounded theory method was utilized in the data analysis and the theoretical sampling was used to guide the data collection. The context of the University of Applied Sciences provided a good basis for fostering team entrepreneurship. However, the results showed that the employment of the ICT-ESP did not fit into the IT Bachelor education well enough. The ICT-ESP was cognitively too tough for the team entrepreneurs because they had two different set of rules to follow in their studies. The conventional courses engaged lot of energy which should have been spent for professional development in the ICT-ESP. The amount of competencies needed in the ICT-ESP for professional development was greater than those needed for any other ways of studying. The team entrepreneurs needed to develop skills in ICT, leadership and self-leadership, team development and entrepreneurship skills. The entrepreneurship skills included skills on marketing and sales, brand development, productization, and business administration. Considering the three-year time the team entrepreneurs spent in the ICT-ESP, the challenges were remarkable. Changes to the organization of IT Bachelor education are also suggested in the study. At first, it should be admitted that the ICT-ESP produces IT Bachelors with a different set of competencies compared to the conventional way of educating IT Bachelors. Secondly, the number of courses on general topics in mathematics, physics, and languages for team entrepreneurs studying in the ICTESP should be reconsidered and the conventional course-based teaching of the topics should be reorganized to support the team coaching process of the team entrepreneurs with their practiceoriented projects. Third, the upcoming team entrepreneurs should be equipped with relevant information about the ICT-ESP and what it would require in practice to study as a team entrepreneur. Finally, the upcoming team entrepreneurs should be carefully selected before they start in the ICT-ESP to have a possibility to eliminate solo players and those who have a too romantic view of being a team entrepreneur. The results gained in the study provided answers to the original research questions and the objectives of the study were met. Even though the IT degree programme was terminated during the research process, the amount of qualitative data gathered made it possible to justify the interpretations done.

Marketing of fire suppression systems: customer value and institutional aspects

The paper studied marketing of automatic fire suppression systems from the perspectives of customer value and institutions. The object of the study was research the special features of the sales and marketing of fire suppression systems, and find some practical applications for sales, and for lobbying of a new fire suppression technology. The theoretical background of the study was in the customer value literature and the theoretical concept of institutional entrepreneurship. The research was conducted as an electronic survey for three different groups of respondents; end customers, solution integrators, and re-sellers. From the answers was gathered generalisations about the customer value assessment and communication of the value related to the sales and marketing processes of the fire suppression systems. In addition, there was observed manners to receive information about the systems, and effects caused by institutions to the decision making of the different parties involved. The findings of the study support companies that are launching a new safety technology to the market focus their marketing, and help to understand institutional forces that are affecting to a safety related product.

The Role of Video Based Content Marketing as a Part of Modern Marketing Communications

The thesis studies the role of video based content marketing as a part of modern marketing communications.