Organizational mechanisms and conditions of individuals for knowledge sharing in post-acquisition integration

The challenges of knowledge sharing after cross-border acquisitions are widely recognised. The study took a new view to the subject by applying a two-level framework provided by the knowledge governance approach. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of organizational mechanisms on the conditions of individuals for knowledge sharing in post-acquisition integration context. Qualitative research methods were used in this case study. Individual interviews were performed within an international firm after a recent cross-border acquisition. The results showed that integrators, the rotation of the personnel from the acquiring firm and visits and meetings enhance the conditions at the individual level for knowledge sharing after the acquisition. Respectively, strategic change, matrix structure and foreign HRM practices challenge the conditions at the individual level for knowledge sharing in the early post-acquisition integration phase. The findings are supported by the prior research on knowledge management in acquisitions. In particular, the study enlightens how organizational level actions influence the conditions of individuals for knowledge sharing. The study suggests that organizations should adjust organizational mechanisms to support the conditions of individuals, in order to promote knowledge sharing in the early phase of the integration.

The role of business information and knowledge in sales steering

The objective of this study is to find out how sales management can be optimally supported with business information and knowledge. The first chapters of the study focus on theoretical literature about sales planning, sales steering, business intelligence, and knowledge management. The empirical part of the study is a case study for which the material was collected through interviews with the selected people of the company. The findings from the interviews were analyzed, and possible suggestions for solving the problems were made. The case study revealed that sales management requires a multitude of metrics and reports to steer the sales to the desired direction. The information sources can be internal and external, and the optimal solution for satisfying the information needs is a combination of both of these. The simple information should be turned into knowledge by merging the intellectual assets with the information from the firm’s transaction processing systems, in order to promote organizational learning and effective decision-making.

Innovation management of biorefineries in Finnish forest sector

The aim of this report is to give a comprehensive overview of the opportunities integrated biorefining can offer to Finnish forest industry companies and to assess what changes it would require from these companies to implement biorefining into their business. Also the strengths and weaknesses of the Finnish forest industry companies connected to biorefining are examined through innovation management theory frames, industry comparisons, company examples and couple of case-examples. The conclusions of the report include the statement that the Finnish forest industry has a good starting point for biorefinering and many advantages compared to other countries and industries. Unfortunately the history of the industry is holding it back and the thinking patterns would have to be altered to a more innovative and co-operational direction.

Account Management @ Sonera –toimintamallin tarkastelu ja kehittäminen, tietojohtamisen näkökulma

Yritysten menestymismahdollisuudet riippuvat niiden kyvyistä erottautua muista toimialan yrityksistä menestyksekkäästi. On luotava osaamispotentiaaleja ja kyettävä muuttumaan muuttuvissa liiketoimintaympäristöissä. Kilpailukykyä voidaan parantaa resurssien oikealla kohdentamisella, uudistumalla sekä kyvykkyyksien oikealla hyödyntämisellä. Asiakkaan ymmärtäminen ja näkökulmien huomioiminen yrityksessä on erityisen tärkeää yrityksen kriittisten menestystekijöiden huomioimiseksi. Tässä tutkimuksessa tavoitteena oli selvittää yrityksen myynnin johtamisen toimintamallia tietojohtamisen nykytilan näkökulmasta ja etsiä mahdollisia parantamiskohteita. Tutkimus toteutettiin kvalitatiivisena case-tutkimuksena. Sen teoreettisessa osassa esitetään oppimiseen, johtamiseen ja aineettoman pääomaan, osaamisen johtamiseen ja verkostoitumiseen liittyvät keskeiset asiakohdat. Tutkimuksen kohteena oli yrityksen johto. Tutkimusmetodologiana toimi laadullinen tapaustutkimus ja tutkimusaineistona yrityksen haastatteluilla johdolta hankittu tieto. Tutkimuksen perusteella kyettiin luomaan kuvaus Account Management @ Sonera -mallin toimivuudesta kohdeyrityksessä. Tutkimus paljasti, että yrityksessä on toimiva malli myynnin johtamiselle, mutta sitä pitää kehittää jatkuvasti toimintaympäristöjen jopa nopeasti muuttuvissa tilanteissa. Yksityiskohtaisia tuloksia on vaikea nimetä, koska tutkimus haluaa valottaa monipuolisesti tutkittavaa aihetta. Kehittämiseen pitää varata riittävästi kyvykkäitä kehitysresursseja ja erilaiset arvokkaat näkemykset pitää tuoda riittävän monipuolisesti esille. Tutkimustulosten perusteella voidaan yrityksessä parantaa tuloksellisuutta esille tulleiden havaintojen ja haastattelujen muutosten suunnittelemisella sekä käyttöönottamisella mallia kehitettäessä.

Communication as a trust builder in change management

Organizations are today characterized by uncertainty, fast changes and inability to predict the future. Both trust and communication are vital when changes are implemented in an organization. The purpose of this study was to examine how a change process can be enhanced by the means of communication and trust. This study was cheated by using the existing literature related to the subject.

Tietojohtaminen vaatimusmäärittelyn tukena ICT-alan yrityksen toimintaympäristön muutoksessa

Työn lähtökohtana on ICT-alan yrityksen AinaCom Oy:n toimintaympäristön muutos, ja siihen toteutettava vaatimusmäärittely. Vaatimusmäärittelyn toteutukseen otetaan tueksi tietojohtaminen, jonka avulla saadaan syvyyttä perinteiseen vaatimusmäärittelyyn. Sekä vaatimusmäärittelyä että toimintaympäristön muutosta, tarkemmin ERP (Enteprise Resource Planning) toiminnanohjausjärjestelmä-projektia, tehostetaan tietojohtamisen keinoin. Työn tavoitteena on selvittää miten tietojohtaminen voidaan ottaa vaatimusmäärittelyn tueksi toimintaympäristön muutoksessa. Sekä kirjallisuuskatsauksen että AinaCom Oy:n vaatimusmäärittelyprojektin perusteella voidaan todeta, että tietojohtamisen ja tiedon spiraalin (SECI-malli) avulla voidaan edesauttaa tiedon hallitsemista mittavissa ohjelmistoprojekteissa, kuten ERP-projektissa, sekä vaatimusmäärittelyssä. Näin tietojohtamisen avulla voidaan saavuttaa hallittavampia aikatauluja, kohtuullisempia kustannuksia, sekä menestyksekkäämpiä projekteja.

The analysis of knowledge retention mechanisms for leaving experts

The goal of this thesis is studying knowledge retention mechanisms used in cases of single experts’ leaving in the case company, analyzing the reason for the mechanisms choice and successfulness of knowledge retention process depending of that choice. The theoretical part discusses the origins of knowledge retention processes in the theoretical studies, the existing knowledge retention mechanisms and practical issues of their implementation. The empirical part of the study is designed as employees’ interview with later discussion of the findings. The empirical findings indicate the following reasons for knowledge retention mechanisms choice: type of knowledge retained, specialty of leaving experts and time and distance issues of a particular case. The following factors influenced the success of a retention process: choice of knowledge retention mechanisms, usage of combination of mechanisms and creation of knowledge retention plans. The results might be useful for those interested in factors influencing knowledge retention processes in cases of experts’ departure.

Tiedolla johtaminen henkilöstöhallinnossa - Empiirinen tutkimus

Yritysten syvällinen ymmärrys työntekijöistä vaatii yrityksiltä monipuolista panostusta tiedonhallintaan. Tämän yhdistäminen ennakoivaan analytiikkaan ja tiedonlouhintaan mahdollistaa yrityksille uudenlaisen ulottuvuuden kehittää henkilöstöhallinnon toimintoja niin työntekijöiden kuin yrityksen etujen mukaisesti. Tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää tiedonlouhinnan hyödyntämistä henkilöstöhallinnossa. Tutkielma toteutettiin konstruktiivistä menetelmää hyödyntäen. Teoreettinen viitekehys keskittyi ennakoivan analytiikan ja tiedonlouhinnan konseptin ymmärtämiseen. Tutkielman empiriaosuus rakentui kvalitatiiviseen ja kvantitatiiviseen osiin. Kvalitatiivinen osa koostui tutkielman esitutkimuksesta, jossa käsiteltiin ennakoivan analytiikan ja tiedonlouhinnan hyödyntämistä. Kvantitatiivinen osa rakentui tiedonlouhintaprojektiin, joka toteutettiin henkilöstöhallintoon tutkien henkilöstövaihtuvuutta. Esitutkimuksen tuloksena tiedonlouhinnan hyödyntämisen haasteiksi ilmeni muun muassa tiedon omistajuus, osaaminen ja ymmärrys mahdollisuuksista. Tiedonlouhintaprojektin tuloksena voidaan todeta, että tutkimuksessa sovelletuista korrelaatioiden tutkimisista ja logistisesta regressioanalyysistä oli havaittavissa tilastollisia riippuvuuksia vapaaehtoisesti poistuvien työntekijöiden osalta.

Customer knowledge processing in maintenance business: case study

The purpose of the study is to examine and increase knowledge on customer knowledge processing in B2B context from sales perspective. Further objectives include identifying possible inhibiting and enabling factors in each phase of the process. The theoretical framework is based on customer knowledge management literature. The study is a qualitative study, in which the research method utilized is a case study. The empirical part was implemented in a case company by conducting in-depth interviews with the company’s value-selling champions located internationally. Context was maintenance business. Altogether 17 interviews were conducted. The empirical findings indicate that customer knowledge processing has not been clearly defined within the maintenance business line. Main inhibiting factors in acquiring customer knowledge are lack of time and vast amount of customer knowledge received. Enabling factors recognized are good customer relationships and sales representatives’ communication skills. Internal dissemination of knowledge is mainly inhibited by lack of time and restrictions in customer relationship management systems. Enabling factors are composition of the sales team and updated customer knowledge. Inhibiting utilization is lack of goals to utilize the customer knowledge and a low quality of the knowledge. Moreover, customer knowledge is not systematically updated nor analysed. Management of customer knowledge is based on the CRM system. As implications of the study, it is suggested for the case company to define customer knowledge processing in order to support maintenance business process.

Tiedon jakaminen virtuaalisissa IT-projekteissa

Sekä projektimainen että virtuaalinen työskentely ovat arkipäivää IT-alalla. Arkipäivää ovat myös uutiset epäonnistuneista tietojärjestelmäprojekteis-ta. Tehokas tiedon jakaminen on projektien menestystekijä. Tutkielmassa etsittiin vastausta kysymykseen: mitkä ovat tiedon jakamisen esteitä ja edistäjiä virtuaalisissa tietojärjestelmäprojekteissa. Tutkimusstrategia oli vertaileva tapaustutkimus. Aineisto kerättiin teema-haastatteluilla. Haastatteluun osallistui kymmenen henkilöä neljästä eri projektista. Henkilöt olivat eri organisaatioista ja edustivat niin asiakkaan, toimittajan kuin alihankkijoidenkin näkemyksiä. Eniten projekteissa jaet-tiin projektinhallintaan liittyvää tietoa, mutta ihmisten johtamiseen liittyvää tietoa ja liiketoimintahyötyihin liittyvää tietoa jaettiin vähän. Haastattelujen perusteella merkittävimmät tiedon jakamiseen vaikuttavat tekijät ovat yh-teisen käsitteistön ja yhteisen ymmärryksen puute, luottamus, tietotekni-set välineet sekä projektipäällikön toiminta. Yhteenvetona todetaan, että virtuaalisuus ei projekteissa aiheuttanut ongelmia, mutta se korosti muista syistä syntyneitä ongelmia. Virtuaalipro-jekteissa on erityistä huomiota kiinnitettävä projektin alkuvaiheessa ta-pahtuvaan tutustumiseen.

Tietojohtaminen projektissa: hankevastaavan ja projektipäällikön näkökulmia

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää miten tietojohtamisen eri osatekijät näkyvät projektin läpiviemisen aikana. Teoreettinen viitekehys kokoaa projektijohtamisen osatekijät ja tietojohtamisen kolme pääelementtiä (tiedon hankinta, tiedon säilyttäminen ja tiedon siirto) yhteen projektin elinkaaren ympärille. Tutkimus toteutettiin laadullisena tutkimuksena, jonka empiirinen osuus suoritettiin haastattelemalla projektin asiakkaan vastuuhenkilöitä sekä toimittajan vastuuhenkilöitä yksi kerrallaan. Näiden lisäksi suoritettiin ryhmähaastattelu kohderyhmän portfoliohallitsijoiden kesken. Empiriasta saadut tulokset mallinnettiin viitekehyksen mukaisesti tietojohtamisen pääelementeille. Tiedon hankinnassa projektijohtamisen kentästä korostui sidosryhmät ja riskit, tiedon säilyttämisessä korostui integrointi ja viestintä sekä tiedon siirtämisessä korostui aika ja HR. Projektin aikana luodun ja hankitun osaamisen ja oppien säilyttäminen koettiin haastateltavien mukaan tietojohtamisen osatekijöistä haastavimmaksi. Alatutkimuskysymyksenä selvitetyt esteet ja hidasteet tietojohtamisen menetelmille kulminoituivat haastatteluissa prosesseihin, vastuisiin ja systemaattisuuden puuttumiseen. Haastatteluiden ja kirjallisuustutkimuksen tuloksena tehtiin kohdeyritykseen suosituksia tietojohtamisen elementtien hyödyntämisessä projekteissa.

Open innovation model for a large company in the ICT industry: Case Ericsson LMF

Open innovation paradigm states that the boundaries of the firm have become permeable, allowing knowledge to flow inwards and outwards to accelerate internal innovations and take unused knowledge to the external environment; respectively. The successful implementation of open innovation practices in firms like Procter & Gamble, IBM, and Xerox, among others; suggest that it is a sustainable trend which could provide basis for achieving competitive advantage. However, implementing open innovation could be a complex process which involves several domains of management; and whose term, classification, and practices have not totally been agreed upon. Thus, with many possible ways to address open innovation, the following research question was formulated: How could Ericsson LMF assess which open innovation mode to select depending on the attributes of the project at hand? The research followed the constructive research approach which has the following steps: find a practical relevant problem, obtain general understanding of the topic, innovate the solution, demonstrate the solution works, show theoretical contributions, and examine the scope of applicability of the solution. The research involved three phases of data collection and analysis: Extensive literature review of open innovation, strategy, business model, innovation, and knowledge management; direct observation of the environment of the case company through participative observation; and semi-structured interviews based of six cases involving multiple and heterogeneous open innovation initiatives. Results from the cases suggest that the selection of modes depend on multiple reasons, with a stronger influence of factors related to strategy, business models, and resources gaps. Based on these and others factors found in the literature review and observations; it was possible to construct a model that supports approaching open innovation. The model integrates perspectives from multiple domains of the literature review, observations inside the case company, and factors from the six open innovation cases. It provides steps, guidelines, and tools to approach open innovation and assess the selection of modes. Measuring the impact of open innovation could take years; thus, implementing and testing entirely the model was not possible due time limitation. Nevertheless, it was possible to validate the core elements of the model with empirical data gathered from the cases. In addition to constructing the model, this research contributed to the literature by increasing the understanding of open innovation, providing suggestions to the case company, and proposing future steps.

Management of Soft Information in Sales and Operations Planning

With a Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP) process, a company aims to manage the demand and supply by planning and forecasting. The studied company uses an integrated S&OP process to improve the company's operations. The aim of this thesis is to develop this business process by finding the best possible way to manage the soft information in S&OP, whilst also understanding the importance and types (assumptions, risks and opportunities) of soft information in S&OP. The soft information in S&OP helps to refine future S&OP planning, taking into account the uncertainties that affect the balance of the long-term demand and supply (typically 12-18 months). The literature review was used to create a framework for soft information management process in S&OP. There were not found a concrete way how to manage soft information in the existing literature. In consequence of the poor literature available the Knowledge Management literature was used as the base for the framework creation, which was seen in the very same type of information management like the soft information management is. The framework created a four-stage process to manage soft information in S&OP that included also the required support systems. First phase is collecting and acquiring soft information in S&OP, which include also categorization. The categorization was the cornerstone to identify different requirements that needs to be taken into consideration when managing soft information in S&OP process. The next phase focus on storing data, which purpose is to ensure the soft information is managed in a common system (support system) in a way that the following phase makes it available to users in S&OP who need by help of sharing and applications process. The last phase target is to use the soft information to understand assumptions and thoughts of users behind the numbers in S&OP plans. With this soft management process the support system will have a key role. The support system, like S&OP tool, ensures that soft information is stored in the right places, kept up-to-date and relevancy. The soft information management process in S&OP strives to improve the relevant soft information documenting behind the S&OP plans into the S&OP support system. The process offers an opportunity to individuals to review, comment and evaluate soft information in S&OP made by their own or others. In the case company it was noticed that without a properly documented and distributed soft information in S&OP it was seen to cause mistrust towards the planning.

Learning from projects: a qualitative metasummary

The objective of this thesis was to form an understanding about the common gaps in learning from projects, as well as possible approaches to bridging them. In the research focus were the questions on how project teams create knowledge, which fac- tors affect the capture and re-use of this knowledge and how organizations can best capture and utilize this project-based knowledge. The method used was qualitative metasummary, a literature-based research method that has previously been mainly applied in the domains of nursing and health care research. The focus was laid on firms conducting knowledge-intensive business in some form of matrix organization. The research produced a theoretical model of knowledge creation in projects as well as a typology of factors affecting transfer of project-based knowledge. These include experience, culture and leadership, planning and controlling, relationships, project review and documentation. From these factors, suggestions could be derived as to how organizations should conduct projects in order not to lose what has been learned.

Effect of the Knowledge Representation Form on the Efficiency of Knowledge Sharing

The goal of this thesis is to estimate the effect of the form of knowledge representation on the efficiency of knowledge sharing. The objectives include the design of an experimental framework which would allow to establish this effect, data collection, and statistical analysis of the collected data. The study follows the experimental quantitative design. The experimental questionnaire features three sample forms of knowledge: text, mind maps, concept maps. In the interview, these forms are presented to an interviewee, afterwards the knowledge sharing time and knowledge sharing quality are measured. According to the statistical analysis of 76 interviews, text performs worse in both knowledge sharing time and quality compared to visualized forms of knowledge representation. However, mind maps and concept maps do not differ in knowledge sharing time and quality, since this difference is not statistically significant. Since visualized structured forms of knowledge perform better than unstructured text in knowledge sharing, it is advised for companies to foster the usage of these forms in knowledge sharing processes inside the company. Aside of performance in knowledge sharing, the visualized structured forms are preferable due the possibility of their usage in the system of ontological knowledge management within an enterprise.