The Development of Weak Signal Concept

Tämän hetken trendit kuten globalisoituminen, ympäristömme turbulenttisuus, elintason nousu, turvallisuuden tarpeen kasvu ja teknologian kehitysnopeus korostavatmuutosten ennakoinnin tarpeellisuutta. Pysyäkseen kilpailukykyisenä yritysten tulee kerätä, analysoida ja hyödyntää liiketoimintatietoa, jokatukee niiden toimintaa viranomaisten, kilpailijoiden ja asiakkaiden toimenpiteiden ennakoinnissa. Innovoinnin ja uusien konseptien kehittäminen, kilpailijoiden toiminnan arviointi, asiakkaiden tarpeet muun muassa vaativatennakoivaa arviointia. Heikot signaalit ovat keskeisessä osassa organisaatioiden valmistautumisessa tulevaisuuden tapahtumiin. Opinnäytetyön tarkoitus on luoda ja kehittää heikkojen signaalien ymmärrystä ja hallintaa sekäkehittää konseptuaalinen ja käytännöllinen lähestymistapa ennakoivan toiminnan edistämiselle. Heikkojen signaalien tyyppien luokittelu perustuu ominaisuuksiin ajan, voimakkuuden ja liiketoimintaan integroinnin suhteen. Erityyppiset heikot signaalit piirteineen luovat reunaehdot laatutekijöiden keräämiselle ja siitä edelleen laatujärjestelmän ja matemaattiseen malliin perustuvan työvälineen kehittämiselle. Heikkojen signaalien laatutekijät on kerätty yhteen kaikista heikkojen signaalien konseptin alueista. Analysoidut ja kohdistetut laatumuuttujat antavat mahdollisuuden kehittää esianalyysiä ja ICT - työvälineitä perustuen matemaattisen mallin käyttöön. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi tehtiin ensin Business Intelligence -kirjallisuustutkimus. Hiekkojen signaalien prosessi ja systeemi perustuvat koottuun Business Intelligence - systeemiin. Keskeisinä kehitysalueina tarkasteltiin liiketoiminnan integraatiota ja systemaattisen menetelmän kehitysaluetta. Heikkojen signaalien menetelmien ja määritelmien kerääminen sekä integrointi määriteltyyn prosessiin luovat uuden konseptin perustan, johon tyypitys ja laatutekijät kytkeytyvät. Käytännöllisen toiminnan tarkastelun ja käyttöönoton mahdollistamiseksi toteutettiin Business Intelligence markkinatutkimus (n=156) sekä yhteenveto muihin saatavilla oleviin markkinatutkimuksiin. Syvähaastatteluilla (n=21) varmennettiin laadullisen tarkastelun oikeellisuus. Lisäksi analysoitiin neljä käytännön projektia, joiden yhteenvedot kytkettiin uuden konseptin kehittämiseen. Prosessi voidaan jakaa kahteen luokkaan: yritysten markkinasignaalit vuoden ennakoinnilla ja julkisen sektorin verkostoprojektit kehittäen ennakoinnin struktuurin luonnin 7-15 vuoden ennakoivalle toiminnalle. Tutkimus rajattiin koskemaan pääasiassa ulkoisen tiedon aluetta. IT työvälineet ja lopullisen laatusysteemin kehittäminen jätettiin tutkimuksen ulkopuolelle. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena ollut heikkojen signaalien konseptin kehittäminen toteutti sille asetetut odotusarvot. Heikkojen signaalien systemaattista tarkastelua ja kehittämistyötä on mahdollista edistää Business Intelligence - systematiikan hyödyntämisellä. Business Intelligence - systematiikkaa käytetään isojen yritysten liiketoiminnan suunnittelun tukena.Organisaatioiden toiminnassa ei ole kuitenkaan yleisesti hyödynnetty laadulliseen analyysiin tukeutuvaa ennakoinnin weak signals - toimintaa. Ulkoisenja sisäisen tiedon integroinnin ja systematiikan hyödyt PK -yritysten tukena vaativat merkittävää panostusta julkishallinnon rahoituksen ja kehitystoiminnan tukimuotoina. Ennakointi onkin tuottanut lukuisia julkishallinnon raportteja, mutta ei käytännön toteutuksia. Toisaalta analysoitujen case-tapausten tuloksena voidaan nähdä, ettei organisaatioissa välttämättä tarvita omaa projektipäällikköä liiketoiminnan tuen kehittämiseksi. Business vastuun ottamiseksi ja asiaan sitoutumiseen on kuitenkin löydyttävä oikea henkilö

Osuustoiminnallisen yrityksen yhteiskuntavastuu - esimerkkinä suomalainen metsäteollisuus

Tämä Pro gradu -tutkielma osallistuu osuustoiminta- ja yhteiskuntavastuukeskusteluun yhdistämällä nämä kaksi käsitettä toisiinsa. Tavoitteena on kuvata osuustoiminnallisten arvojen ja periaatteiden heijastumista osuustoimintayritysten yhteiskuntavastuullisuuteen ja erityisesti yhteiskuntavastuusta raportointiin. Tutkimuson laadullinen tutkimus. Empiirinen aineisto koostuu kolmen metsäteollisuusyhtiön, yhden osuuskunnan ja kahden osakeyhtiön, yhteiskuntavastuuraporteista, vuosikertomuksista, Internet-sivuista ja yritysten yhteiskuntavastuuasiantuntijoille tehdyistä haastatteluista. Aineistoa kerättiin syksystä 2006 alkukevääseen 2007 asti. Tutkimustulokset ovat yhdenmukaisia aiemman tutkimuksenkanssa siinä, että osuustoimintayritysten arvot ja periaatteet ohjaavat yhteiskuntavastuulliseen toimintaan. Osuustoimintayritykset toimivat yhteiskuntavastuullisesti, mutta eivät viesti vastuullisuudestaan yhtä aktiivisesti kuin osakeyhtiöt. Maailman nykytilanteessa pehmeämmät arvot ovat alkaneet löytää entistä enemmän jalansijaa, ja vastuullisuus tulee jatkossa varmasti korostumaan liiketoiminnassa entistäkin enemmän. Osuustoimintayritykset voivatkin vastuuviestintää lisäämällä löytää vastuullisuudesta tulevaisuuden menestystekijän.

Yritysten sosiaalisen vastuun tarkastelua vuosina 2000 ja 2006/Corporate Social Responsibility year 2000 and 2006

Tutkimuksen tarkoitus on selvittää, miten yritysten ajattelutapa sosiaalisesta vastuusta on muuttunut vuodesta 2000 vuoteen 2006. Lisäksi vastataan kysymyksiin, mistä osa-alueista sosiaalinen vastuu muodostuu, miten kirjoittelu sosiaalisesta vastuusta on muuttunut määrällisesti ja sisällöllisesti. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen ja analyysimenetelmänä on käytetty diskurssianalyysiä. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu johtavien talousalan lehtien Talouselämä ja Kauppalehden artikkeleista vuosilta 2000 ja 2006. Artikkeleista saatua tietoa peilataan teoriatietoon ja näin pyritään hahmottamaan tutkimuksen tulokset. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että vuonna 2000 lehdet ovat kirjoittaneet jonkin verran enemmän sosiaalisesta vastuusta kuin vuonna 2006. Molempina vuosina sijoittavat arvostavat vastuullista toimintaa. Yrityksen arvot ovat usein määritelty ”ylhäältä-alas”. Työntekijöiden pahoinvointi on lisääntynyt entisestään vuodesta 2000 vuoteen 2006. Syynä tähän kirjoitusten mukaan ovat esimerkiksi huono johtaminen ja työtehtävien organisointi. Sosiaalisen vastuun mittaaminen on hankalaa ja ikääntyviä työntekijöitä yritetään pitää yrityksissä mahdollisimman pitkään. Tulospalkkausjärjestelmät ovat käytössä muutamassa yrityksessä. Työn, perheen ja vapaa-ajan sovittaminen yhteen on vuodesta 2000 muuttunut entistäkin tärkeämmäksi vuonna 2006. Lopputulos on, että sosiaalisen vastuun kanto on huonontunut vuodesta 2000 vuoteen 2006.

Nuclear Matrix in Apoptotic Cell Death and Cell Proliferation. The role of Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus (NuMA) Protein

The nucleus is a membrane enclosed organelle containing most of the genetic information of the cell in the form of chromatin. The nucleus, which can be divided into many sub-organelles such as the nucleoli, the Cajal bodies and the nuclear lamina, is the site for several essential cellular functions such as the DNA replication and its regulation and most of the RNA synthesis and processing. The nucleus is often affected in disease: the size and the shape of the nucleus, the chromatin distribution and the size of the nucleoli have remained the basis for the grading of several cancers. The maintenance of the vertebrate body shape depends on the skeleton. Similarly, in a smaller context, the shape of the cell and the nucleus are mainly regulated by the cytoskeletal and nucleoskeletal elements. The nuclear matrix, which by definition is a detergent, DNase and salt resistant proteinaceous nuclear structure, has been suggested to form the nucleoskeleton responsible for the nuclear integrity. Nuclear mitotic apparatus protein, NuMA, a component of the nuclear matrix, is better known for its mitotic spindle organizing function. NuMA is one of the nuclear matrix proteins suggested to participate in the maintenance of the nuclear integrity during interphase but its interphase function has not been solved to date. This thesis study concentrated on the role of NuMA and the nuclear matrix as structural and functional components of the interphase nucleus. The first two studies clarified the essential role of caspase-3 in the disintegration of the nuclear structures during apoptosis. The second study also showed NuMA and chromatin to co-elute from cells in significant amounts and the apoptotic cleavage of NuMA was clarified to have an important role in the dissociation of NuMA from the chromatin. The third study concentrated on the interphase function of NuMA showing NuMA depletion to result in cell cycle arrest and the cytoplasmic relocalization of NuMA interaction partner GAS41. We suggest that the relocalization of the transcription factor GAS41 may mediate the cell cycle arrest. Thus, this study has given new aspects in the interactions of NuMA, chromatin and the nuclear matrix.

Composition of Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) Fruits and Leaves and emblic Leafflower (Phyllanthus emblica) Fruits

Hawthorn (Crataegus sp.) is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere (Asia, Europe and North America). It has been used as a medicinal material and food for hundreds of years both in Europe and in China. Clinical investigations and other research suggest that extracts of hawthorn fruits and leaves have multiple health effects including hypolipidaemic, anti-atherosclerotic, hypotensive, cardioprotective and blood vessel relaxing activities. Hawthorn fruit extracts have also displayed antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. Emblic leafflower fruit (Phyllanthus emblica) is widely used in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine. It has been found to have anti-cancer, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic activities as well as cardioprotective effects and antioxidant activity. The fruit is currently used as a functional food targeted at obese people in China. Phenolic compounds, procyanidins (PCs), flavonols and C-glycosyl flavones in hawthorn and hydrolysable tannins in emblic leafflower fruits are considered among the major bioactive compounds in these berries. Moreover, hawthorn and emblic leafflower fruits are rich in vitamin C, triterpenoids, fruit acids, sugar alcohols and some other components with beneficial effects on the health of human beings. The aim of the thesis work was to characterise the major phenolic compounds in hawthorn fruits and leaves and emblic leafflower fruits as well as other components contributing to the nutritional profile and sensory properties of hawthorn fruits. Differences in the content and compositional profile of the major phenolic compounds, sugars, acids and sugar alcohols within various origins and species of hawthorn were also investigated. Acids, sugars and sugar alcohols in the fruits of different origins/cultivars belonging to three species (C. pinnatifida, C. brettschneideri and C. scabrifolia) of hawthorn were analysed by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and mass spectrometry (Publication I). Citric acid, quinic acid, malic acid, fructose, glucose, sorbitol and myo-inositol were found in all the subspecies. Sucrose was present only in C. scabrifolia and three cultivars of C. pinnatifida var. major. Forty-two phenolic compounds were identified/tentatively identified in fruits of C. pinnatifida var. major by polyamide column chromatography combined with high-performance liquid chromatograph-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) (Publication II). Ideain, chlorogenic acid, procyanidin (PC) B2, (-)-epicatechin, hyperoside and isoquercitrin were the major phenolic components identified. In addition, 35 phenolic compounds were tentatively identified based on UV and mass spectra. Eleven major phenolic compounds (hyperoside, isoquercitrin, chlorogenic acid, ideain, (-)-epicatechin, two PC dimers, three PC trimers and a PC dimer-hexoside) were quantified in the fruits of 22 cultivars/origins of three species of Chinese hawthorn by HPLC-ESI-MS with single ion recording function (SIR) (Publication III). The fruits of the hawthorn cultivars/origins investigated fell into two groups, one rich in sugars and flavonols, the other rich in acids and procyanidins. Based on the compositional features, different biological activities and sensory properties may be expected between cultivars/origins of the two groups. The results suggest that the contents of phenolic compounds, acids, sugars and sugar alcohols may be used as chemotaxonomic information distinguishing the hawthorn species from each other. Phenolic compounds in fruits and leaves of C. grayana and their changes during fruit ripening/harvesting were investigated using HPLC-UV-ESI-MS (Publication IV). (-)-Epicatechin, PC B2 and C1, hyperoside and a quercetin-pentoside were the major phenolic compounds in both fruits and leaves. Three C-glycosyl flavones (a luteolin-C-hexoside, a methyl luteolin-C-hexoside and an apigenin-C-hexoside) were present in leaves in abundance, but only at trace levels in fruits. Ideain and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid were found in fruits only. Additionally, eleven phenolic compounds were identified/tentatively identified in both leaves and fruits (three B-type PC trimers, two B-type PC tetramers, a quercetin-rhamnosylhexoside, a quercetin-pentoside, a methoxykaempferol-methylpentosylhexoside, a quercetin-hexoside acetate, a methoxykaempferol-pentoside, chlorogenic acid and an unknown hydroxycinnamic acid derivative). The total content of phenolic compounds reached the highest level by the end of August in fruits and by the end of September in leaves. The compositional profiles of phenolic compounds in fruits and leaves of C. grayana were different from those of C. pinnatifida, C. brettschneideri, C. scabrifolia, C. pinnatifida. var. major, C. monogyna, C. laevigata and C. pentagyna. Phenolic compounds in emblic leafflower fruits were characterised by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography combined with HPLC-ESI-MS (Publication V). A mucic acid gallate, three isomers of mucic acid lactone gallate, a galloylglucose, gallic acid, a digalloylglucose, putranjivain A, a galloyl-HHDP-glucose, elaeocarpusin and chebulagic acid represented the major phenolic compounds in fruits of emblic leafflower. In conclusion, results of this study significantly increase the current knowledge on the key bioactive and nutritional components of hawthorn and emblic leafflower fruits. These results provide important information for research on the mechanism responsible for the health benefits of these fruits.

The Evolution of Securities Lending and Risk Mitigation: A Finnish Market Case Study

Although securities lending is an important function of the financial markets, it has not received that much academic attention. This study examines the evolution of European securities lending and risk management with an emphasis on the development of collateral management, the function responsible for reducing credit risk. The effects of the recent financial instabilities are also considered. The evolution of the Finnish securities lending market is examined in more detail through a case-study. This study can be classified as a constructive qualitative case study. The initial practical knowledge comes from the author's own experience and additional insight and theoretical background is acquired through a literature review. The case study is based on research, semi-structured interviews and a brief analysis of numerical data. The main observation of this study was that securities lending is now recognized as more of an investment management discipline than an operational support function. The recent financial instabilities have resulted in an increased focus on risk and transparency. In securities lending this is directly reflected in collateral management guidelines and procedures. Collateral management has become increasingly technologically developed and automated. Collateral optimization initiatives have been started to make the process more efficient, liquid, and cost effective. Although securities lending is generally an OTC-market with no standard market place, centralized exchange-like models have been introduced. Finnish securities lending has now shifted towards the more common global OTC model. Although the Finnish securities lending industry has developed, and the main laws governing it (tax legislation) have changed, there is still need for development. There are still not many Finnish participants involved and due to legal issues most securities loans are collateralized with cash and not securities (e.g. government bonds).

Biosynthesis of pyranonaphthoquinone polyketides:characterization of the alnumycin pathway

Alnumycin A is an aromatic pyranonaphthoquinone (PNQ) polyketide closely related to the model compound actinorhodin. While some PNQ polyketides are glycosylated, alnumycin A contains a unique sugar-like dioxane moiety. This unusual structural feature made alnumycin A an interesting research target, since no information was available about its biosynthesis. Thus, the main objective of the thesis work became to identify the steps and the enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the dioxane moiety. Cloning, sequencing and heterologous expression of the complete alnumycin gene cluster from Streptomyces sp. CM020 enabled the inactivation of several alnumycin biosynthetic genes and preliminary identification of the gene products responsible for pyran ring formation, quinone formation and dioxane biosynthesis. The individual deletions of the genes resulted in the production of several novel metabolites, which in many cases turned out to be pathway intermediates and could be used for stepwise enzymatic reconstruction of the complete dioxane biosynthetic pathway in vitro. Furthermore, the in vitro reactions with purified alnumycin biosynthetic enzymes resulted in the production of other novel compounds, both pathway intermediates and side products. Identification and molecular level studies of the enzymes AlnA and AlnB catalyzing the first step of dioxane biosynthesis – an unusual C-ribosylation step – led to a mechanistic proposal for the C-ribosylation of the polyketide aglycone. The next step on the dioxane biosynthetic pathway was found to be the oxidative conversion of the attached ribose into a highly unusual dioxolane unit by Aln6 belonging to an uncharacterized protein family, which unexpectedly occurred without any apparent cofactors. Finally, the last step of the pathway was found to be catalyzed by the NADPH-dependent reductase Aln4, which is able to catalyze the conversion of the formed dioxolane into a dioxane moiety. The work presented here and the knowledge gained of the enzymes involved in dioxane biosynthesis enables their use in the rational design of novel compounds containing C–C bound ribose, dioxolane and dioxane moieties.

Sport-based corporate social responsibility in European professional football

In the past few decades, sport has become a major business with remarkable international reach. As part of the commercial sector of sport, professional sport is said to be intrinsically different from other businesses due to its unique characteristics, such as the peculiar economics and the intense loyalty of fans. Simultaneously with the growing business aspect, sport continues to have great social and cultural impacts on our society. Sport has also become an increasingly popular means of attending social problems due to its alleged suitability for such purposes and its popular appeal. A great number of actors in the professional sport industry have long been involved in socially responsible activities, many of which have been sport-related. While Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been extensively studied in general, its role in the professional sport industry has received less attention in the academic research until recently. It has been argued that due to the unique characteristics of professional sport, CSR should also be studied in this particular context. The objective of this study was to contribute to filling the research gap and increase the understanding of CSR in the context of professional sport by examining sport-related CSR realized by professional football clubs in Europe. The theoretical part of this study leaned on previous literature about using sport as a means of attending social issues and the role of CSR in professional sport industry. The empirical part of the study was carried out through web site analyses and interviews. The clubs to be examined were chosen by using purposive sampling technique and taking into consideration the accessibility and suitability of information the clubs could offer. The method used for analyzing the data was qualitative content analysis. The empirical findings were largely in line with the theoretical framework of the study. The sportrelated CSR of the clubs was concentrated on teaching the participants diverse skills and values, improving their health, encouraging social inclusion, supporting disabled people, and promoting overall participation in sport. The clubs also emphasized the importance of local communities as targets of their CSR. CSR had been an integral part of the clubs’ activities from the beginning, but there were remarkable differences between large and small clubs in terms of structured organization and realization of their CSR. Measuring and evaluation of CSR appeared to be a challenge for most clubs regardless of their size and resources. The motives for the clubs to engage in CSR seemed to be related to the clubs’ values or to their stakeholders’ interests. In general, the clubs’ CSR went beyond what the society is likely to expect from them in legal or ethical sense.

Key factors in transforming university internationalization into commercial activity in Finland. Case of University of Turku

Globalization, developments in ICT, emergence of knowledge society and other changes have reformed the environment for international higher education during the past few decades. Consequently, higher education sector has moved towards more marketing-oriented system, and universities have started to undertake commercial activities as part of their internationalization. This development has emerged to Finland as well, which forms the basis for this study. The purpose is to examine commercialization in Finnish university landscape and to investigate the ways Finnish university could capitalize its international activities and educational knowledge for export. The research question of the study is: What are the key factors in transforming university internationalization into commercial activity in the Finnish university landscape? The main problem is further divided into three sub-questions: 1) How can a university internationalize; 2) what are the motivational factors behind university internationalization and commercialization; and 3) how can higher education be developed into export services and products? The research was conducted as a qualitative case study of University of Turku. Methods used for gathering and examining data were interviewing and document analysis. Primary data was collected through four individual semi-structured interviews, which were conducted face-to-face. Secondary data that included reports, articles and electronic materials such as university web pages, was used to complement the primary data. The results were analyzed by theming the data into three broader categories of internationalization activities; drivers and motivations and; education export activities. After the data was organized in themes, analysis continued by comparing different parts of data and finding patterns that would explain the phenomenon in Finnish universities. According to the empirical data, University of Turku is currently on the growth state of internationalization with strategies such as internationalization of curriculum, establishment of international research groups, mobility of students and academics, international networking and support services. Commercialization phenomenon is still rather new to the case university, but it has already developed educational products and services for export. The study concludes that university internationalization cannot be directly transformed into commercial activities in the Finnish context, but the universities need to be active in actually creating educational products. The key factors found in this study include: 1) the Finnish government policies behind the current hype of export education; 2) the potential and knowledge capacity of universities for exports; 3) need for additional profits; 4) further internationalization through commercial activities; 5) recognizing and exploiting the specific areas of strength and 6) establishing of cooperative partnerships for better products.

European luxury brands made in China: the effect of low-cost country manufacturing on brand image and purchase decisions

European luxury brands have an image of manufacturing their products in the same country where the brands originate. However, in the past years many luxury brands have shifted their manufacturing to countries outside Europe. China is now a common manufacturing country for European luxury brands despite the country’s poor image as a manufacturer. Chinese manufacturing is often associated with bad quality, bad labour conditions, mass production, and counterfeits. The image of China does not quite match the image luxury brands enjoy including characteristics such as high end quality, craftsmanship, details, design, or premium price. A negatively perceived country-of-manufacture may have an effect on a brand’s image and consumers’ purchase decisions. This thesis is focused on European luxury brands manufacturing in China, and how this effects the brand image and purchase decisions among luxury consumers. The empirical part of this thesis is based on focus group research, which is a popular method in the field of qualitative research. The main focus group is female luxury consumers in Finland. This main group has been divided into three categories: 1) the university students, 2) the young career women, 3) the experienced luxury consumers. This categorization has been done based on their different stages in luxury consumption. All in all, the empirical research consisted of 11 interviews and 29 participants. The main contribution of this thesis was that there is a difference between the opinions of the younger groups (university students and young career women) and the experienced luxury consumers when discussing the effect of country-of-manufacture on brand image and purchase decisions of luxury brands. The younger participants thought that manufacturing luxury products in China might affect the brand image, but their purchase decisions would not be that much affected by the country-of-origin. The experienced luxury consumers had quite a different view on the country-of-origin of luxury brands – they found it an important decisive factor prior making purchases. The majority of experienced luxury consumers would not buy luxury products made in China, and they would always check where these products are made in.

Energiatehokkuuden huomioiminen julkisissa rakennushankkeissa

Hanke tähtää Lappeenrannan julkisen rakennuskannan energiatehokkuuden ja kokonaistaloudellisuuden parantamiseen. Energiatehokkuutta ja kokonaistaloudellisuutta kunnallisessa rakentamisessa kannustavat mm. kansainvälisten ja kansallisten sopimusten energiansäästötavoitteet, sekä kuntien tiukka budjettitilanne. Hankkeen yhteydessä on laadittu arviointikriteeristö rakennusinvestoinneista vastaavien viranomaisten käyttöön, mikä helpottaa tunnistamaan energiatehokkaita, kokonaistaloudellisia sekä laadukasta sisäilmastoa tukevia rakennusinvestointien toteutuskäytäntöjä. Kriteeristö on suunniteltu erityisesti kasvatus- ja opetustarkoituksiin suunnattuja rakennuksia varten. Jotta kokonaistaloudellisuustavoitteet täyttyisivät, työssä käytettiin hyväksi elinkaariajattelutapaa. Kriteerit laadittiin rakennuksen kolmelle tavoitteiden toteutumisen kannalta merkittävälle elinkaaren vaiheelle, eli suunnittelu-, toteutus- ja käyttövaiheelle. Kriteeristö on laadittu kirjallisuuden ja ammattilaisten haastattelujen tarjoaman tiedon pohjalta. Laadittua kriteeristöä koekäytettiin Myllymäen päiväkoti -hankkeen yhteydessä, jotta voitaisiin tunnistaa kriteeristön kehitystarpeita. Koekäytön yhteydessä toteutettiin myös mielipidekysely, jonka avulla kerättiin kriteeristön kehitysehdotuksia rakennushankkeen eri osapuolilta. Koekäytön tarjoaman tiedon nojalla kriteeristöä jatkokehitettiin vastaamaan paremmin käytännön tarpeita. Koekäyttö kohdistui kohteen suunnitteluvaiheeseen. Hankkeessa saavutettiin asetetut tavoitteet. Voidaan kuitenkin todeta, että kriteeristön jatkokehittämistä on syytä jatkaa. Koekäytön ulottaminen toteutus ja käyttövaiheeseen on tärkeää. Kriteeristön käsittelyalueen laajentamiselle korjausrakentamiseen sekä alueellisen tarkastelutavan käyttöönotolle olisi myös tarvetta.

Identification of characteristics for successful university-company partnership development

The importance of university-company collaboration has increased during the last decades. The drivers for that are, on the one hand, changes in business logic of companies and on the other hand the decreased state funding of universities. Many companies emphasize joint research with universities as an enabling input to their development processes, which aim at creating new innovations, products and wealth. These factors have changed universities’ operations and they have adopted several practices of dynamic business organizations, such as strategic planning, monitoring and controlling methods of internal processes etc. The objective of this thesis is to combine different characteristics of successful university-company partnership and its development. The development process starts with identifying potential partners in the university’s interest group, which requires understanding the role of different partners in the innovation system. Next, in order to find a common development basis, matching the policy and strategy between partners is needed. The third phase is to combine the academic and industrial objectives of a joint project, which is a typical form of university-company collaboration. The optimum is a win-win situation where both partners, universities and companies, can get addedvalue. For the companies added value typically means access to new research results before their competitors. For the universities added value offers a possibility to carry on high level scientific work. The research output in the form of published scientific articles is evaluated by the international science community. Because the university-company partnership is often executed by joint projects, the different forms of this kind of projects is discussed in this study. The most challenging form of collaboration is a semi-open project model, which is not based on bilateral activities between universities and companies but on a consortium of several universities, research institutes and companies. The universities and companies are core actors in the innovation system. Thus the discussion of their roles and relations to public operators like publicly funded financiers is important. In the Finnish innovation system there are at least the following doers executing strategies and policies: EU, Academy of Finland and TEKES. In addition to these, Strategic Centres for Science, Technology and Innovation which are owned jointly by companies, universities and research organizations have a very important role in their fields of business. They transfer research results into commercial actions to generate wealth. The thesis comprises two parts. The first part consists of an overview of the study including introduction, literature review, research design, synthesis of findings and conclusions. The second part introduces four original research publications.

Genetic, prenatal and postnatal determinants of weight gain and obesity in young children – The STEPS Study

Genetic, Prenatal and Postnatal Determinants of Weight Gain and Obesity in Young Children – The STEPS Study University of Turku, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku Doctoral Program of Clinical Investigation (CLIPD), Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research. Conditions of being overweight and obese in childhood are common health problems with longlasting effects into adulthood. Currently 22% of Finnish boys and 12% of Finnish girls are overweight and 4% of Finnish boys and 2% of Finnish girls are obese. The foundation for later health is formed early, even before birth, and the importance of prenatal growth on later health outcomes is widely acknowledged. When the mother is overweight, had high gestational weight gain and disturbances in glucose metabolism during pregnancy, an increased risk of obesity in children is present. On the other hand, breastfeeding and later introduction of complementary foods are associated with a decreased obesity risk. In addition to these, many genetic and environmental factors have an effect on obesity risk, but the clustering of these factors is not extensively studied. The main objective of this thesis was to provide comprehensive information on prenatal and early postnatal factors associated with weight gain and obesity in infancy up to two years of age. The study was part of the STEPS Study (Steps to Healthy Development), which is a follow-up study consisting of 1797 families. This thesis focused on children up to 24 months of age. Altogether 26% of boys and 17% of girls were overweight and 5% of boys and 4% of girls were obese at 24 months of age according to New Finnish Growth references for Children BMI-for-age criteria. Compared to children who remained normal weight, the children who became overweight or obese showed different growth trajectories already at 13 months of age. The mother being overweight had an impact on children’s birth weight and early growth from birth to 24 months of age. The mean duration of breastfeeding was almost 2 months shorter in overweight women in comparison to normal weight women. A longer duration of breastfeeding was protective against excessive weight gain, high BMI, high body weight and high weight-for-length SDS during the first 24 months of life. Breast milk fatty acid composition differed between overweight and normal weight mothers, and overweight women had more saturated fatty acids and less n-3 fatty acids in breast milk. Overweight women also introduced complementary foods to their infants earlier than normal weight mothers. Genetic risk score calculated from 83 obesogenic- and adiposity-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showed that infants with a high genetic risk for being overweight and obese were heavier at 13 months and 24 months of age than infants with a low genetic risk, thus possibly predisposing to later obesity in obesogenic environment. Obesity Risk Score showed that children with highest number of risk factors had almost 6-fold risk of being overweight and obese at 24 months compared to children with lowest number of risk factors. The accuracy of the Obesity Risk Score in predicting overweight and obesity at 24 months was 82%. This study showed that many of the obesogenic risk factors tend to cluster within children and families and that children who later became overweight or obese show different growth trajectories already at a young age. These results highlight the importance of early detection of children with higher obesity risk as well as the importance of prevention measures focused on parents. Keywords: Breastfeeding, Child, Complementary Feeding, Genes, Glucose metabolism, Growth, Infant Nutrition Physiology, Nutrition, Obesity, Overweight, Programming

University students’ regulation of learning and text processing – examples from medical and teacher education

The general aim of the thesis was to study university students’ learning from the perspective of regulation of learning and text processing. The data were collected from the two academic disciplines of medical and teacher education, which share the features of highly scheduled study, a multidisciplinary character, a complex relationship between theory and practice and a professional nature. Contemporary information society poses new challenges for learning, as it is not possible to learn all the information needed in a profession during a study programme. Therefore, it is increasingly important to learn how to think and learn independently, how to recognise gaps in and update one’s knowledge and how to deal with the huge amount of constantly changing information. In other words, it is critical to regulate one’s learning and to process text effectively. The thesis comprises five sub-studies that employed cross-sectional, longitudinal and experimental designs and multiple methods, from surveys to eye tracking. Study I examined the connections between students’ study orientations and the ways they regulate their learning. In total, 410 second-, fourth- and sixth-year medical students from two Finnish medical schools participated in the study by completing a questionnaire measuring both general study orientations and regulation strategies. The students were generally deeply oriented towards their studies. However, they regulated their studying externally. Several interesting and theoretically reasonable connections between the variables were found. For instance, self-regulation was positively correlated with deep orientation and achievement orientation and was negatively correlated with non-commitment. However, external regulation was likewise positively correlated with deep orientation and achievement orientation but also with surface orientation and systematic orientation. It is argued that external regulation might function as an effective coping strategy in the cognitively loaded medical curriculum. Study II focused on medical students’ regulation of learning and their conceptions of the learning environment in an innovative medical course where traditional lectures were combined wth problem-based learning (PBL) group work. First-year medical and dental students (N = 153) completed a questionnaire assessing their regulation strategies of learning and views about the PBL group work. The results indicated that external regulation and self-regulation of the learning content were the most typical regulation strategies among the participants. In line with previous studies, self-regulation wasconnected with study success. Strictly organised PBL sessions were not considered as useful as lectures, although the students’ views of the teacher/tutor and the group were mainly positive. Therefore, developers of teaching methods are challenged to think of new solutions that facilitate reflection of one’s learning and that improve the development of self-regulation. In Study III, a person-centred approach to studying regulation strategies was employed, in contrast to the traditional variable-centred approach used in Study I and Study II. The aim of Study III was to identify different regulation strategy profiles among medical students (N = 162) across time and to examine to what extent these profiles predict study success in preclinical studies. Four regulation strategy profiles were identified, and connections with study success were found. Students with the lowest self-regulation and with an increasing lack of regulation performed worse than the other groups. As the person-centred approach enables us to individualise students with diverse regulation patterns, it could be used in supporting student learning and in facilitating the early diagnosis of learning difficulties. In Study IV, 91 student teachers participated in a pre-test/post-test design where they answered open-ended questions about a complex science concept both before and after reading either a traditional, expository science text or a refutational text that prompted the reader to change his/her beliefs according to scientific beliefs about the phenomenon. The student teachers completed a questionnaire concerning their regulation and processing strategies. The results showed that the students’ understanding improved after text reading intervention and that refutational text promoted understanding better than the traditional text. Additionally, regulation and processing strategies were found to be connected with understanding the science phenomenon. A weak trend showed that weaker learners would benefit more from the refutational text. It seems that learners with effective learning strategies are able to pick out the relevant content regardless of the text type, whereas weaker learners might benefit from refutational parts that contrast the most typical misconceptions with scientific views. The purpose of Study V was to use eye tracking to determine how third-year medical studets (n = 39) and internal medicine residents (n = 13) read and solve patient case texts. The results revealed differences between medical students and residents in processing patient case texts; compared to the students, the residents were more accurate in their diagnoses and processed the texts significantly faster and with a lower number of fixations. Different reading patterns were also found. The observed differences between medical students and residents in processing patient case texts could be used in medical education to model expert reasoning and to teach how a good medical text should be constructed. The main findings of the thesis indicate that even among very selected student populations, such as high-achieving medical students or student teachers, there seems to be a lot of variation in regulation strategies of learning and text processing. As these learning strategies are related to successful studying, students enter educational programmes with rather different chances of managing and achieving success. Further, the ways of engaging in learning seldom centre on a single strategy or approach; rather, students seem to combine several strategies to a certain degree. Sometimes, it can be a matter of perspective of which way of learning can be considered best; therefore, the reality of studying in higher education is often more complicated than the simplistic view of self-regulation as a good quality and external regulation as a harmful quality. The beginning of university studies may be stressful for many, as the gap between high school and university studies is huge and those strategies that were adequate during high school might not work as well in higher education. Therefore, it is important to map students’ learning strategies and to encourage them to engage in using high-quality learning strategies from the beginning. Instead of separate courses on learning skills, the integration of these skills into course contents should be considered. Furthermore, learning complex scientific phenomena could be facilitated by paying attention to high-quality learning materials and texts and other support from the learning environment also in the university. Eye tracking seems to have great potential in evaluating performance and growing diagnostic expertise in text processing, although more research using texts as stimulus is needed. Both medical and teacher education programmes and the professions themselves are challenging in terms of their multidisciplinary nature and increasing amounts of information and therefore require good lifelong learning skills during the study period and later in work life.