12 resultados para Leis e legislação
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais Área de especialização: Globalização e Ambiente
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The concept of soft power offers the opportunity for the States, under the current power shifts, to thrive, in a competitive and globalised scene, shaping o t hers' preference in accordance with their goals. Portugal, though it i s a small country, has soft power skills, according with specialized rankings, due to i t s geography and climate, main economic activities, historical role, legal framework, culture and language. Therefore, we can and we should develop public policies to optimize our resources, converting them in planned outcomes. On the other hand, public entities engaged with foreign trade, investment and tour ism, aid f or development, promotion of culture and language should be structured in or-der to strengthen the performance of Portugal in this area. Being a member of the European Union or of the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries is, at last, essential to expand our global presence. In this Master's work project, I decided to make a critical analysis of legislation related with public diplomacy i n Portugal, together wi th research about the approach of two other countries (United Kingdom and Finland) to the same topic, for the sake of improvement.
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The public consultation is a methodology for the interaction between the bodies responsible for drafting the law and the parties likely to be affected or to be interested in normative acts in question. This work seeks to encourage the use of public consultation in the process of elaboration of the Brazilian law. Therefore, some aspect of the knowledge area called Science of Legislation, with attention to the concept of “quality of the law” and to of the public consultation tool are addressed. We present the advantages of preparing public consultation mainly in the case of proposals that impose costs or benefits relevant to the economic agents involved in or promoting major change in the distribution of resources in society. Finally, it discusses the Brazilian legislative procedure and what the Brazilian law requires from legislative projects forwarded to the National Congress, as well as build a synthesis of the tools and the exiting possibilities of participation in the Brazilian context of elaboration of norms.
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The experimental legislation follows the development of legislative evaluation practices. Being a legislative technique used not only with the aim of gathering political and social consensus, but also, especially in controversial matters, to provide data and information that will serve as basis for a clarified and justified legislative decision. The characteristic features of the experimental laws are its limited application in time and/or in territory and the prediction, in the law itself, of an evaluation after the experimental period. The application of an experimental law just in a specific geographic area raises constitutional issues because of the implications of the principle of equality. Indeed, the principle of equality, despite admitting some treatment differences between people, commands that these differences have to be legitimate, reasonable and proportional, namely, not arbitrary. Besides the constitutionality problem for the violation of the principle of equality, the experimental laws may also consist of laws restricting fundamental rights and be the cause of the liability of the State, within its legislative function.
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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente
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Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Sociologia do Território, da Cidade e do Ambiente
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A comunicação interlinguística constitui, por imperativos da socialização e da mobilidade dos povos, um dos factores determinantes da própria evolução dos idiomas. A língua latina, associada, pelo menos, à fundação de Roma (753 a. C), ainda que desde sempre em contacto com o osco e o úmbrico, viu-se, desde o século VII, confrontada com a colonização grega, ao Sul do território itálico, na zona chamada, por tal motivo Magna Grécia. Na bagagem, traziam os habitantes do Egeu e do Jónio a sua língua polidialectal, juntamente com a sua economia, a sua cultura e a sua civilização. Mas é, sobretudo, a expansão romana que, com a tomada de Cápua e Nápoles (c. de 340), de Tarento (272) e de Siracusa, na Sicília (212), já no decorrer da I Guerra Púnica, permite à nova potência militar e marítima assimilar novas informações, novos conhecimentos e novas posturas reflexivas perante a Vida, a Natureza e a condição humana. As Ciências Matemáticas e Físicas, integradas na matriz questionadora da Filosofia grega, desempenharam, desde os Pré-Socráticos, papel preponderante na formação de um corpus lexical que paulatinamente se foi impondo entre os cidadãos mais ilustres de Roma. O próprio Direito Romano, tão importante na mentalidade e na legislação que dirigia o comportamento colectivo e dirimia as questões conflituais, está estruturado sobre a chamada Lei das Doze Tábuas, inspirada na consulta de três cidadãos, no século V, a Atenas, sobre as leis de Sólon e dos costumes de outras cidades gregas.
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Tese de Doutoramento em História Contemporânea
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O sector da comunicação social português sofreu importantes transformações nas últimas décadas, destacando-se a intensificação dos níveis de concentração, a ancoragem nas tecnologias e a maior orientação para a maximização dos lucros. Neste trabalho, são analisadas as tendências acima mencionadas, com destaque para as causas e efeitos associados à criação de grupos de Media fortemente integrados horizontalmente, verticalmente e diagonalmente. A constituição de grandes grupos empresariais no mercado português é o objecto de estudo central, mas o enquadramento económico e político europeu é um ponto de referência permanente. Os mercados de imprensa (jornais de cobertura nacional) são alvo de uma atenção especial. O estudo das políticas dos Media na União Europeia coloca em relevo a inacção da Comissão Europeia ao nível das leis anti concentração. As políticas (ou as não-políticas) supranacionais da UE contribuíram para a liberalização dos mercados dos Media europeus, abrindo as portas a importantes movimentos de concentração. Nas Indústrias dos Media, mas também no campo político, o modelo do Mercado assumiu predominância sobre o modelo do Espaço Público. Os outputs dos Media são frequentemente vistos como meros bens de consumo privados. Mas existem argumentos sólidos para considerar os conteúdos informativos como bens-de-mérito. Em Portugal, o sector dos Media revela sinais de vulnerabilidade económica. A imprensa atravessa uma grave crise, que é revelada por uma deterioração financeira acentuada, mas também por um conjunto de sinais de alarme do ponto de vista da protecção do pluralismo. Um primeiro desses sinais de alarme é a inexistência de uma legislação específica sobre concentração dos meios de comunicação social. Este tipo de legislação pode ser uma forma eficaz de articular objectivos microeconómicos com diversidade de projectos e outputs. Um segundo sinal de alarme é a integração progressiva dos principais títulos da imprensa de cobertura nacional num número reduzido de grupos, nomeadamente Cofina, Controlinveste e Impresa. Os grandes grupos presentes no segmento dos jornais têm hoje participações muito relevantes noutros mercados de Media ou Telecomunicações. Um terceiro sinal de alarme prende-se com as importantes ameaças à viabilidade económico-financeira dos jornais. A austeridade e a grave recessão económica amplificaram as dificuldades estruturais do sector.
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Images have gained a never before seen importance. Technological changes have given the Information Society extraordinary means to capture, treat and transmit images, wheter your own or those of others, with or without a commercial purpose, with no boundaries of time or country, without “any kind of eraser”. From the several different ways natural persons may engage in image processing with no commercial purpose, the cases of sharing pictures through social networks and video surveillance assume particular relevance. Consequently there are growing legitimate concerns with the protection of one's image, since its processing may sometimes generate situations of privacy invasion or put at risk other fundamental rights. With this in mind, the present thesis arises from the question: what are the existent legal instruments in Portuguese Law that enable citizens to protect themselves from the abusive usage of their own pictures, whether because that image have been captured by a smartphone or some video surveillance camera, whether because it was massively shared through a blog or some social network? There is no question the one's right to not having his or her image used in an abusive way is protected by the Portuguese constitution, through the article 26th CRP, as well as personally right, under the article 79th of the Civil Code, and finally through criminal law, articles 192nd and 193rd of the Criminal Code. The question arises in the personal data protection context, considering that one's picture, given certain conditions, is personal data. Both the Directive 95/46/CE dated from 1995 as well as the LPD from 1998 are applicable to the processing of personal data, but both exclude situations of natural persons doing so in the pursuit of activities strictly personal or family-related. These laws demand complex procedures to natural persons, such as the preemptive formal authorisation request to the Data Protection National Commission. Failing to do so a natural person may result in the application of fines as high as €2.500,00 or even criminal charges. Consequently, the present thesis aims to study if the image processing with no commercial purposes by a natural person in the context of social networks or through video surveillance belongs to the domain of the existent personal data protection law. To that effect, it was made general considerations regarding the concept of video surveillance, what is its regimen, in a way that it may be distinguishable from Steve Mann's definition of sousveillance, and what are the associated obligations in order to better understand the concept's essence. The application of the existent laws on personal data protection to images processing by natural persons has been analysed taking into account the Directive 95/46/CE, the LPD and the General Regulation. From this analysis it is concluded that the regimen from 1995 to 1998 is out of touch with reality creating an absence of legal shielding in the personal data protection law, a flaw that doesn't exist because compensated by the right to image as a right to personality, that anyway reveals the inability of the Portuguese legislator to face the new technological challenges. It is urgent to legislate. A contrary interpretation will evidence the unconstitutionality of several rules on the LPD due to the obligations natural persons are bound to that violate the right to the freedom of speech and information, which would be inadequate and disproportionate. Considering the recently approved General Regulation and in the case it becomes the final version, the use for natural person of video surveillance of private spaces, Google Glass (in public and private places) and other similar gadgets used to recreational purposes, as well as social networks are subject to its regulation only if the images are shared without limits or existing commercial purposes. Video surveillance of public spaces in all situations is subject to General Regulation provisions.