El significado de la prosopopeya de las Leyes en el "Crit��n" de Platon

El objeto de este trabajo es realizar un estudio iusfilos��fico sobre la aparici��n de las Leyes (n��moi) personificadas de Atenas en el Crit��n de Plat��n. La prosopopeya de las Leyes resulta ser un aspecto central para poder comprender la obra, ya que ��stas entablan un di��logo imaginario con S��crates en el cual instalan diversos argumentos filos��ficos para fundamentar la autoridad de la p��lis. A los fines de identificar el valor argumentativo de este recurso en la obra, analizar�� el significado del n��mos en la Atenas del siglo V a. C. y la naturaleza de las Leyes en el contexto general del di��logo. Se busca demostrar la importancia que tienen aqu��llas para explicar la decisi��n de S��crates de beber la cicuta.

Fossil associations from the middle and upper Eocene strata of the Pamplona Basin and surrounding areas (Navarre, western Pyrenees)

Fossil associations from the middle and upper Eocene (Bartonian and Priabonian) sedimentary succession of the Pamplona Basin are described. This succession was accumulated in the western part of the South Pyrenean peripheral foreland basin and extends from deep-marine turbiditic (Ezkaba Sandstone Formation) to deltaic (Pamplona Marl, Ardanatz Sandstone and Ilundain Marl formations) and marginal marine deposits (Gendulain Formation). The micropalaeontological content is high. It is dominated by foraminifera, and common ostracods and other microfossils are also present. The fossil ichnoasssemblages include at least 23 ichnogenera and 28 ichnospecies indicative of Nereites, Cruziana, Glossifungites and ?Scoyenia-Mermia ichnofacies. Body macrofossils of 78 taxa corresponding to macroforaminifera, sponges, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms and vertebrates have been identified. Both the number of ichnotaxa and of species (e. g. bryozoans, molluscs and condrichthyans) may be considerably higher. Body fossil assemblages are comparable to those from the Eocene of the Nord Pyrenean area (Basque Coast), and also to those from the Eocene of the west-central and eastern part of South Pyrenean area (Aragon and Catalonia). At the European scale, the molluscs assemblages seem endemic from the Pyrenean area, although several Tethyan (Italy and Alps) and Northern elements (Paris basin and Normandy) have been recorded. Palaeontological data of studied sedimentary units fit well with the shallowing process that throughout the middle and late Eocene occurs in the area, according to the sedimentological and stratigraphical data.

Revisiting the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous of the NW South Iberian Basin: new ages and sedimentary environments

The study of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous deposits (Higueruelas, Villar del Arzobispo and Aldea de Cort��s Formations) of the South Iberian Basin (NW Valencia, Spain) reveals new stratigraphic and sedimentological data, which have significant implications on the stratigraphic framework, depositional environments and age of these units. The Higueruelas Fm was deposited in a mid-inner carbonate platform where oncolitic bars migrated by the action of storms and where oncoid production progressively decreased towards the uppermost part of the unit. The overlying Villar del Arzobispo Fm has been traditionally interpreted as an inner platform-lagoon evolving into a tidal-flat. Here it is interpreted as an inner-carbonate platform affected by storms, where oolitic shoals protected a lagoon, which had siliciclastic inputs from the continent. The Aldea de Cort��s Fm has been previously interpreted as a lagoon surrounded by tidal-flats and fluvial-deltaic plains. Here it is reinterpreted as a coastal wetland where siliciclastic muddy deposits interacted with shallow fresh to marine water bodies, aeolian dunes and continental siliciclastic inputs. The contact between the Higueruelas and Villar del Arzobispo Fms, classically defined as gradual, is also interpreted here as rapid. More importantly, the contact between the Villar del Arzobispo and Aldea de Cort��s Fms, previously considered as unconformable, is here interpreted as gradual. The presence of Alveosepta in the Villar del Arzobispo Fm suggests that at least part of this unit is Kimmeridgian, unlike the previously assigned Late Tithonian-Middle Berriasian age. Consequently, the underlying Higueruelas Fm, previously considered Tithonian, should not be younger than Kimmeridgian. Accordingly, sedimentation of the Aldea de Cort��s Fm, previously considered Valangian-Hauterivian, probably started during the Tithonian and it may be considered part of the regressive trend of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous cycle. This is consistent with the dinosaur faunas, typically Jurassic, described in the Villar del Arzobispo and Aldea de Cort��s Fms.

Systematic review of Late Jurassic sauropods from the Museu Geol��gico collections (Lisboa, Portugal)

The Museu Geol��gico collections house some of the first sauropod references of the Lusitanian Basin Upper Jurassic record, including the Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis and Lusotitan atalaiensis lectotypes, previously considered as new species of the Apatosaurus and Brachiosaurus genera, respectively. Several fragmentary specimens have been classical referred to those taxa, but the most part of these systematic attributions are not supported herein, excluding a caudal vertebra from Maceira (MG 8804) considered as cf. Lusotitan atalaiensis. From the material housed in the Museu Geol��gico were identified basal eusauropods (indeterminate eusauropods and turiasaurs) and neosauropods (indeterminate neosauropods, diplodods and camarasaurids and basal titanosauriforms). Middle caudal vertebrae with lateral fossae, ventral hollow border by pronounced ventrolateral crests and quadrangular cross-section suggest for the presence of diplodocine diplodocids in north area of the Lusitanian Basin Central Sector during the Late Jurassic. A humerus collected from Praia dos Frades (MG 4976) is attributed to cf. Duriatitan humerocristatus suggesting the presence of shared sauropod forms between the Portugal and United Kingdom during the Late Jurassic. Duriatitan is an indeterminate member of Eusauropoda and the discovery of new material in both territories is necessary to confirm this systematic approach. The studied material is in according with the previous recorded paleobiodiversity for the sauropod clade during the Portuguese Late Jurassic, which includes basal eusauropods (including turiasaurs), diplodocids and macronarians (including camarasaurids and basal titanosauriforms).

Le ���brigand lusitanien��� reconsid��r��. Analyse du probl��me de la terre chez Appien

L�����tude du ���brigandage lusitanien��� a donn�� lieu �� une importante activit�� de recherche depuis la fin du XIXe si��cle. Pour autant, et malgr�� une inflexion progressive de l���historiographie moderne vers une approche plus nuanc��e de l���origine du ph��nom��ne, le probl��me de la terre reste encore aujourd���hui au centre des pr��occupations de nombre d���historiens et arch��ologiques. �� partir d���une discussion serr��e des principaux passages de Tite-Live, Diodore et surtout Appien, relatifs �� la relation que d���aucuns ont voulu ��tablir entre manque et/ou pauvret�� de la terre et d��veloppement du brigandage chez les Lusitaniens, il est propos�� une critique de l���interpr��tation socio-��conomique.

Diversity of functional groups in the vegetation sandy seashore of the Grande, Anclitas and Caguamas Cays (Jardines de la Reina Archipelago, Cuba)

Sandy shores are known to be extreme ecosystems where the vegetation has evolved many morphological and physiological adaptations for its survival. With the aim of identify possible relationships between the vegetation��s functional diversity with abiotic factors and its corresponding quantification, we collected data on the abundance and richness of the sandy coast vegetation complex in Grande, Anclitas and Caguamas keys. Its flora is largely characterized by the dominance of hemicryptophytes and chamaephytes plants with nanophyllous leaves and displaying dispersal syndromes such as zoochory and anemochory. However, the functional groups�� richness, in the present study, varies from one key to another. Functional diversity is similar between the wet and dry seasons, and its spatial variation is influenced by the interplay of the set of abiotic factors herein studied.

La existencia de necesidades de informaci��n y comportamiento informativo en los entrenadores en deportes de combate

Este trabajo tiene como prop��sito esencial, realizar un acercamiento para detectar e identificar las necesidades de informaci��n y el comportamiento informativo de entrenadores en deportes de combate. Para ello se aplic�� un cuestionario a instructores de aikido, boxeo, esgrima, judo, karate, kendo, lima lama, lucha y taekwondo seleccionados mediante un muestreo no probabil��stico por causalidad. En general encontramos que los principales temas de inter��s entre los instructores son: los programas de entrenamiento, nutrici��n y dietas de entrenamiento. Por otra parte, los entrenadores son m��s propensos a utilizar su experiencia, internet y cursos para obtener informaci��n. En contraste se nota que la biblioteca y los libros son poco usados.

Welfare Effort and Poverty from the Monetary and Capabilities Approach: A Cross-Country Analysis in Latin American and the Caribbean (1990-2010)

There is abundant empirical evidence on the negative relationship between welfare effort and poverty. However, poverty indicators traditionally used have been representative of the monetary approach, excluding its multidimensional reality from the analysis. Using three regression techniques for the period 1990-2010 and controlling for demographic and cyclical factors, this paper examines the relationship between social spending per capita ���as the indicator of welfare effort��� and poverty in up to 21 countries of the region. The proportion of the population with an income below its national basic basket of goods and services (PM1) and the proportion of population with an income below 50% of the median income per capita (PM2) were the two poverty indicators considered from the monetarist approach to measure poverty. From the capability approach the proportion of the population with food inadequacy (PC1) and the proportion of the population without access to improved water sources or sanitation facilities (PC2) were used. The fi ndings confi rm that social spending is actually useful to explain changes in poverty (PM1, PC1 and PC2), as there is a high negative and signifi cant correlation between the variables before and after controlling for demographic and cyclical factors. In two regression techniques, social spending per capita did not show a negative relationship with the PM2. Countries with greater welfare effort for the period 1990-2010 were not necessarily those with the lowest level of poverty. Ultimately social spending per capita was more useful to explain changes in poverty from the capability approach.

Pupil participation in school life: an approach from the educational community

The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC, 1989) is currently the most ratified international treaty. Several authors have highlighted its potential for both a moral education and citizenship. However, paradoxically, different studies report its limited or occasional incorporation into school practices. This article explores experiences of participation in schools,the third P of the CRC, from the plurality of voices and actors of the educational community,by means of 14 discussion groups in 11 autonomous communities in Spain. Discourse analysis evidence low levels of student participation in school life. But, at the same time, a favorable educational environment for the development of projects that contribute to child participation is found, as well as for the incorporation of the CRC as a mover and a referential integrator of the different schools projects. However, it is also an educational background conductive to projects for its development, such as the incorporation of the CRC as a referential integrator of the schools projects.

La evoluci��n de destinos tur��sticos litorales consolidados. An��lisis comparado de Balneario Camnori�� (Brasil) y Benidorm (Espa��a)

El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en estudiar la evoluci��n de los destinos tur��sticos litorales consolidados a partir del an��lisis comparado entre Balneario Cambori�� y Benidorm. Se trata de dos destinos localizados en contextos territoriales y tur��sticos diferentes, en los que se contrastan de manera emp��rica los indicadores de evoluci��n de los destinos y se vinculan las din��micas evolutivas con el modelo territorial-tur��stico resultante en cada destino. El an��lisis realizado permite contrastar los postulados de los modelos evolutivos cl��sicos (Butler, 1980) e incorporar los nuevos planteamientos de la geograf��a econ��mica evolutiva. La investigaci��n delimita cronol��gicamente los periodos de desarrollo de ambos destinos para identificar los factores con mayor incidencia en la evoluci��n de los mismos. Una evoluci��n marcada, fundamentalmente, por la ubicaci��n geogr��fica, la planificaci��n y gesti��n urbanotur��stica a diferentes escalas, la dependencia de determinados mercados emisores y la influencia de factores macroecon��micos. Un conjunto de factores interrelacionados que dibujan trayectorias dispares para los destinos analizados.