Aineellista ja aineetonta turvaa : Ruokakunnat, ekologis-taloudelliset resurssit ja kontaktinmuodostus Valkealassa 1630 1750

Material and immaterial security. Households, ecological and economic resources and formation of contacts in Valkeala parish from the 1630s to the 1750s. The geographical area of the thesis, Valkeala parish in the region of Kymenlaakso, is a very interesting area owing to its diversity, both in terms of natural setting and economic and cultural structure. The study begins by outlining the ecological and economic features of Valkeala and by analysing household structures. The main focus of the research lies in the contacts of the households with the outside world. The following types of contacts are chosen as indicators of the interaction: trade and credit relations, guarantees, co-operation, marriages and godparentage. The main theme of the contact analysis is to observe the significance of three factors, namely geographical extent, affluence level and kinship, to the formation of contacts. It is also essential to chart the interdependencies between ecological and economic resources, changes in the structure of households and the formation of contacts during the period studied. The time between the 1630s and the 1750s was characterized by wars, crop losses and population changes, which had an effect on the economic framework and on the structural variation of households and contact fields. In the 17th and 18th centuries Valkeala could be divided, economically, into two sections according to the predominant cultivation technique. The western area formed the field area and the eastern and northern villages the swidden area. Multiple family households were dominant in the latter part of the 17th century, and for most of the study period, the majority of people lived in the more complex households rather than in simple families. Economic resources had only a moderate impact on the structure of contacts. There was a clear connection between bigger household size and the extent and intensity of contacts. The jurisdictional boundary that ran across Valkeala from the northwest to the southeast and divided the parish into two areas influenced the formation of contacts more than the parish boundaries. Support and security were offered largely by the primary contacts with one s immediate family, neighbours and friends. Economic support was channelled from the wealthier to the less well off by credits. Cross-marriages, cross-godparentage and marital networks could be seen as manifestations of an aim towards stability and the joining of resources. It was essential for households both to secure the workforce needed for a minimum level of subsistence and to ensure the continuation of the family line. These goals could best be reached by complex households that could adapt to the prevailing circumstances and also had wider and more multi-layered contacts offering material and immaterial security.

Society by Numbers : Studies on Model-Based Explanations in the Social Sciences

The aim of this dissertation is to provide conceptual tools for the social scientist for clarifying, evaluating and comparing explanations of social phenomena based on formal mathematical models. The focus is on relatively simple theoretical models and simulations, not statistical models. These studies apply a theory of explanation according to which explanation is about tracing objective relations of dependence, knowledge of which enables answers to contrastive why and how-questions. This theory is developed further by delineating criteria for evaluating competing explanations and by applying the theory to social scientific modelling practices and to the key concepts of equilibrium and mechanism. The dissertation is comprised of an introductory essay and six published original research articles. The main theses about model-based explanations in the social sciences argued for in the articles are the following. 1) The concept of explanatory power, often used to argue for the superiority of one explanation over another, compasses five dimensions which are partially independent and involve some systematic trade-offs. 2) All equilibrium explanations do not causally explain the obtaining of the end equilibrium state with the multiple possible initial states. Instead, they often constitutively explain the macro property of the system with the micro properties of the parts (together with their organization). 3) There is an important ambivalence in the concept mechanism used in many model-based explanations and this difference corresponds to a difference between two alternative research heuristics. 4) Whether unrealistic assumptions in a model (such as a rational choice model) are detrimental to an explanation provided by the model depends on whether the representation of the explanatory dependency in the model is itself dependent on the particular unrealistic assumptions. Thus evaluating whether a literally false assumption in a model is problematic requires specifying exactly what is supposed to be explained and by what. 5) The question of whether an explanatory relationship depends on particular false assumptions can be explored with the process of derivational robustness analysis and the importance of robustness analysis accounts for some of the puzzling features of the tradition of model-building in economics. 6) The fact that economists have been relatively reluctant to use true agent-based simulations to formulate explanations can partially be explained by the specific ideal of scientific understanding implicit in the practise of orthodox economics.

Teatteri liikkeessä : Työväenteatterit Suomen teatterikentällä ja työväenliikkeessä kaksiteatterijärjestelmän syntyyn asti vuonna 1922

Workers' theatres in Finland until 1922 The topic of this dissertation is the workers' theatres in Finland before the year 1922. The main question is: why did these amateur theatres within the workers' associations become part of the professional theatre field in the 1910s by getting state subsidy as local theatre institutions? How is it possible that they received this status even after the civil war in 1918 when new professional theatres were founded all over the country? The study also asks, what kind of position did workers' theatres have in the workers' associations and in the workers' movement, what did the Social Democrats and Communists think of theatre and in particular of workers' theatre, and what kind of repertoire did the workers' theatres perform? It is a particular feature of Finland that the professional theatre field was not organised and that the workers’ movement had a relatively strong political position. The study concludes that some workers' theatres were the only steady theatre institutions in their surroundings, and thus functioned as local popular theatres performing to all social groups. Although amateur-based, they started to resemble professional theatres. Even though the Social Democratic Party did not have a specific theatre policy, the leaders of the Party appreciated and supported the workers' theatres as educational institutions and worked for their artistic improvement. The workers' theatres were also largely approved of and seen as people's theatres thought to unite and educate the nation and the working class. This reveals the need for national consensus, in the 1910s against the Russian government who worked to dissolve the autonomous position of the Finnish state, and after the civil war (1918) against the threat of a communist revolution. A wave of agitating proletarian theatre was felt in Finland in the early 1920s but it was marginalised by the large anti-communist majority.

Sijaissotilasjärjestelmä ja väenotot : Taloudellis-sosiaalinen tutkimus sijaissotilaiden käytöstä Ala-Satakunnan väenotoissa vuosina 1631-1648

The dissertation describes the conscription of Finnish soldiers into the Swedish army during the Thirty Years' War. The work concentrates on so-called substitute soldiers, who were hired for conscription by wealthier peasants, who thus avoided the draft. The substitutes were the largest group recruited by the Swedish army in Sweden. The substitutes made up approximately 25-80% of the total number of soldiers. They recieved a significant sum of money from the peasants: about 50-250 Swedish copper dalers, corresponding to the price of a little peasant house. The practice of using substitutes was managed by the local village council. The recruits were normally from the landless population. However, when there was an urgent need of men, even the yeoman had to leave their homes for the distant garrisons across the Baltic. Conscription and its devastating effect on agricultural production also reduced the flow of state revenues. One of the tasks of the dissertation is the correlation between the custom of using substitutes and the abandonment of farmsteds (= in to the first place, to the non-ability to pay taxes). In areas where there were no substitutes available the peasants had to join the army themselves, which normally led to abandonment and financial ruin because agricultural production was based on physical labour. This led to rise of large farms at the cost of smaller ones. Hence, the system of substitutes was a factor that transformed the mode of settlement.

Teollisuuden ja yhteiskunnan palveluksessa : Arkkitehti Bertel Liljequist (1885 - 1954) tuotantolaitosten suunnittelijana maailmansotien välisenä aikana

My thesis concerns the plans drawn up by architect Bertel Liljequist (1885 1954) for an industrial corporation and a city in Finland during the interwar years. These were two quite different clients: the Kymi Company operating in Kuusankoski and the City of Helsinki. My study includes the micro-examination of the wider social issues involved. That the industrial community and factories in Kuusankoski be constructed correctly in a way supporting corporate strategy was of primary importance for the company s operations. Through the planning process for Helsinki s abattoirs, I show how a city dealt with the twin problems of hygiene and increasing demand for food resulting from a growth in population. I clarify how society and its economic, political and class structures affected the practice of architecture and its expression in the built environment. I analyse how the different backgrounds and starting points of the clients affected the construction projects under study and architect Bertel Liljequist s work. In studying Liljequist as an industrial designer, I have considered it vital to ascertain the client s intentions and objectives within the framework of the prevailing social situation. I examine the meanings the client wished the architecture to express and also to communicate to those working in the factory and the area as well as to the workers living on company land. The social outlook of the owners and management of Kymi Company implicitly affected the appearance of the factory. A brick fairface for the factories was a safe and natural material at the beginning of the 1920s when taking into consideration the events of the 1918 Civil War. To have built a White factory in the style of a defence building would have been provocative. Outside the factory gates, however, the company supported White architecture. The company used the factory buildings to manifest its power and the dwellings to bind the workers and make them loyal to the company. Architecture was thus one way in which the company manifested its position as the higher and undisputed authority. The role of the City of Helsinki within the planning process was for its officials to provide expert opinions but also to arrange study trips for the architect and the abattoir s general manager. The city also decided on the standard of the design. The city s responsibility for the health of its inhabitants and the requirements of modern meat production can be seen in the minimal architecture and clear functionality of the plant. The architecture left no doubt about the trustworthiness of the modern city. Translation: Michael Wynne-Ellis

Kansanomainen moraali : Tutkimus savolaisista ja pohjalaisista uskomustarinoista

In my research I discuss belief legends as representations of folk morals. Doing wrong is not one s private affair because it can have consequences for the life of a whole community, and therefore, it is in a community s interest to control the conduct of its members. Belief legends have served as a means of instruction for proper behaviour. In this way a community has contributed to the socialization of its members so as to make them comply with common norms and morals. My study is focused on belief legends relating to some type of offence (a crime, an infringement or another kind of misdeed) and its consequences. I try to find out whether there are regional differences and similarities. The material consists of 3120 warning legends that have been recorded in the years 1881‒1981, mainly in Southern Savo and Southern Ostrobothnia, partly in Northern Savo and Northern Ostrobothnia. I have collected the material at the Folklore Archives of the Finnish Literature Society. As a research method I apply discourse analysis to outline the schematic model of the legends, the superstructure, and the substance of the legends, the semantic macrostructure. Also I apply quantitative methods such as cross tabulations in order to establish regional differences and similarities in the concentrated and far abstracted semantic macrostructure of the legends. I look for explanations for the perceptions made in, above all, the cultural context but also with the view of the development of judicial history. Warning legends relating to what is wrong or right are clearly an expression of peasant folklore. The most common types of offences are violations of law and transgressions of Christian traditions and of social conduct. Transgression of Christian traditions is the most frequently committed offence in all geographical areas surveyed. Warning legends have an explicit focus on offence committed by a single person. The most common punishing figure in Southern Savo is the Devil, in Southern Ostrobothnia the Dead, in Northern Savo God, and in Northern Ostrobothnia the Dead or God. The most rigid folk morals are manifested in legends from Northern Savo, where narratives of mortal sin are more frequent than in other areas. The influence of the revivalist movements may be alleged in explanation of this phenomenon. According to these legends people living in Southern Savo are the most tolerant of those included in the study, presumably because of a more liberal revivalist movement in this area, called the Friendship movement. In folk morals women are treated more severely than men. Characteristic of the legends from Ostrobothnia is the emphasis on community, while the legends from Savo lay stress on individuality. The legends from Ostrobothnia manifest a more explicit distinction between the offence committed by a woman and one committed by a man than do legends from Savo. An explanation may be found in the prevailing industries, adherent in the division of labour between the sexes, in this region. The legends are man-centric. Women s occupations are connected with home and family, whereas men s fields of activities are wider. Women moralise each other harsher than do men. Folk morals advise people to be moderate in every sense. Through belief legends people are taught to respect human beings and the rest of creation, to obey the Christian religion and God, and to be moderate in search of wealth.

Vikuroivia vilkaisuja : Ruumis, sukupuoli, seksuaalisuus ja visuaalisen kulttuurin tutkimus

The PhD dissertation "Bucking Glances: On Body, Gender, Sexuality and Visual Culture Research" consists of theoretical introduction and five articles published between 2002-2005. The articles analyze the position of visual representations in the processes of knowledge production on acceptable genders, bodies, and sexualities in contemporary Wes¬tern societies. The research material is heterogeneous, consisting of representations of contemporary art, advertisements, and fashion images. The ideological starting point of the PhD dissertation is the politics of the gaze and the methods used to expose this are the concepts of oppositional gaze, close reading, and resisting reading. The study situates visual representations in dialogue with the concepts of the grotesque and androgyny, as well as with queer-theory and theories of the gaze. The research challenges normative meanings of visual representations and opens up space for more non-conventional readings attached to femininity and masculinity. The visual material is read as troubling the prevailing heteronormative gender system. The dissertation also indicates how visual culture research utilizing the approach of queer theory can be fruitful in opposing and re-visioning changes in the repressive gender system. The article "A Heroic Male and A Beautiful Woman. Teemu Mäki, Orlan and the Ambivalence of the Grotesque Body" problematizes the concept of heroic masculinity through the analysis of the Finnish artist Teemu Mäki's masochistic performance The Good Friday (1989). It also analyzes cosmetic surgery, undertaken by the French artist Orlan, as a cultural tool in constructing and visualizing the contemporary, com¬mercial ideals of female beauty. The article "Boys Will Be Girls Will Be Boys Will Be Girls. The Ambivalence of Androgyny in Calvin Klein' Advertisements" is a close reading of the Calvin Klein perfume advertisement One (1998) in reference to the concept of androgyny. The critical point of the article is that androgynous male bodies allow the extension of the categorical boundaries of masculinity and homosexuality, whereas representations of androgynous women feed into the prevailing stereotypes of femininity, namely the fear of fat. The article "See-through Closet: Female Androgyny in the 1990s Fashion Images, New Woman and Lesbian Chic" analyzes the late 1990s fashion advertisements through the concept of female androgyny. The article argues that the figures of the masculine female androgynes in the late 1990s fashion magazines do not problematize the dichotomous gender binary. The women do not pass as men but produce a variation of heterosexual desirability. At the same time, the representations open up space for lesbian gazing and desiring. The article "Why are there no lesbian advertisements?" addresses the issue of femme gaze and desire in relation to heterosexual fashion advertisements from the British edition of the mainstream fashion magazine Vogue. The article considers possibilities for resistant femme visibility, identification, and desire. The article "Woman, Food, Home. Pirjetta Brander's and Heidi Romo's Works as Bucking Representations of Femininity" analyses the production and queering of heteronormative femininity and family through the analysis of art works. The article discusses how the term queer has been translated into Finnish. The article also introduces a new translation for the term queer: the noun vikuuri, i.e. faulty form and the verb vikuroida, i.e. to buck. In Finnish, the term vikuuri is the vernacular or broken form of the term figure, i.e. figuuri. Vikuuri represents all forms situated outside the norm and the normative.

Salaiset aseveljet : Suomen ja Saksan turvallisuuspoliisiyhteistyö 1933-1944

Salaiset aseveljet deals with the relations and co-operation between Finnish and German security police authorities, the Finnish valtiollinen poliisi and the German Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) and its predecessors. The timeframe for the research stretches from the Nazi seizure of power in 1933 to the end of German-Finnish co-belligerency in 1944. The Finnish Security Police was founded in 1919 to protect the young Finnish Republic from the Communists both in Finland and in Soviet Russia. Professional ties to German colleagues were maintained during the 1920 s, and quickly re-established after the Nazis rose to power in Germany. Typical forms of co-operation concentrated on the fight against both domestic and international Communism, a concern particularly acute in Finland because of her exposed position as a neighbour to the Soviet Union. The common enemy proved to be a powerful unifying concept. During the 1930 s the forms of co-operation developed from regular and routine exchanges of information into personal acquaintancies between the Finnish Security Police top personnel and the highest SS-leadership. The critical period of German-Finnish security police co-operation began in 1941, as Finland joined the German assault on the Soviet Union. Together with the Finnish Security Police, the RSHA set up a previously unknown special unit, the Einsatzkommando Finnland, entrusted with the destruction of the perceived ideological and racial enemies on the northernmost part of the German Eastern Front. Joint actions in northern Finland led also members of the Finnish Security Police to become participants in mass murders of Communists and Jews. Post-war criminal investigations into war crimes cases involving former security police personnel were invariably stymied because of the absence of usually both the suspects and the evidence. In my research I have sought to combine the evidence gathered through an exhaustive study of Finnish Security Police archival material with a wide selection of foreign sources. Important new evidence has been gathered from archives in Germany, Estonia, Latvia, Sweden and the United States. Piece by piece, it has become possible to draw a comprehensive picture of the ultimately fateful relationship of the Finnish Security Police to its mighty German colleague.

Kansakunnan parhaaksi. : Suomalaiset naisten- ja lastensairaalat 1920 1940-luvulla arkkitehtonisena, lääketieteellisenä ja yhteiskunnallisena suunnittelukohteena

This dissertation addresses the modernization process of Finnish hospital architecture between the First and Second World War, with focus on facilities explicitly designed for women and children, which as special hospitals reflect specialization, a distinct feature of the modern era. The facilities considered in the study are the Salus hospital, Dr. Länsimäki s women s hospital, the Folkhälsan in Svenska Finland association s child-care institute, the Helsinki Women s Clinic, the Viipuri Women s Hospital, the Helsinki Children s Clinic and the Children's Castle (Lastenlinna) in Helsinki. The study considers hospital architecture as an architectural, medical and social object of design. The theoretical starting point and perspective are the views of the French philosopher and historian Michel Foucault (1925 1983) concerning the relationship of bio-power and architecture. Underlying the construction of health-care facilities for women and children were not only the desire to help but also issues of population policy, social policies, training and professionalization. In this study, hospital architecture is interpreted as reflecting developments in medicine, while also producing and reinforcing discourses associated with the ideologies of the time of design and construction. The results of the present research provide new information on the field of hospital design. The design of hospitals was no longer the sole prerogative of architects. Instead, modern hospital design involved the collaboration and networking of experts in various fields. During the period studied, the pavilion system was incorporated in hospital architecture in the block system, which was regarded as a rational. Rationalization was implemented upon the conditions of medical work. This led to spatial design in accordance with medical practices, through which norms were reinforced and created. An important aspect of the material is that the requirements of light, air, openness and hygiene created architecture in glass of an x-ray character, strongly associated with the element of discipline. The alliance of hygiene and architecture became a strategy for controlling the behaviour and encounters of people, for producing pedagogical and moral hygiene, and for reinforcing class hygiene. The modern hospital building also had to meet the requirements of aesthetic hygiene. Health-care facilities designed for women and children became production-oriented machinery, instruments for producing a healthy population and for reinforcing medical discourses.

Maaseutuopistoista Yliopistoon : Maatalous- ja metsätieteiden tutkimus- ja opetustoiminnan akatemisoitumisprosessi Helsingin Yliopistossa vuoteen 1945

From Provincial Institutes to the University. The Academisation Process of the Research and Teaching of Agricultural and Forest Sciences at the University of Helsinki before 1945. This study focuses on the teaching and research conducted in the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry at the University of Helsinki, as well as in its predecessor, the Section of Agriculture and Economics before 1945. The study falls into the field of university history. Its key research question is the academisation process, an example of which is the academisation process of the teaching and research of agricultural and forest sciences in Finland. From a perspective of university history, the study looks at academisation as the beginning of university-level teaching and research in these fields, or their relocation to a university or another institute of university standing. In addition to the above, the academisation process also includes the establishment of the position of the subjects and their acceptance as part of university activity. Academic closure, on the other hand, prevents the academisation of new subjects. In Finland, the preliminary stage of the academisation of the research and teaching of the agriculture and forestry was the Age of Utility, when questions concerning the subjects became part of clerical and civil service training at the Royal Academy of Turku in the mid-18th century. In the mid-19th century, as a result of social and economic development, agricultural and forestry professionals needed more theoretical professional training. At that time, the Imperial Alexander University was focused on traditional professional training and theoretical education, so, because of this academic closure, practical training for agronomists and foresters was organised at first outside the University at the Mustiala Agricultural Institute and the Evo Forest Institute. In the late 19th century, discussion began on the reform of higher agricultural and forestry education. This led, from the 1890s, to the academisation of higher agricultural and forestry education and research at the Alexander University. Academisation was followed by a transitional stage, during which the work of the Section of Agriculture and Economics, which had begun in 1902, became more established in about 1910. The position of the agricultural and forest sciences was, however, largely temporary, because of the planned Agricultural University. A sign of this establishment and of the rise in scientific status of the subjects was the commencement of operations of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry in 1924. Furthermore, as a consequence of the development of the subjects and the collapse of the Agricultural University project, agricultural and forest sciences gradually began to be accepted at the University of Helsinki from the end of the 1920s. This led to the allocation of sites for the faculty buildings and research farms, and to the building of ‘Metsätalo’ before the Second World War. Key words: academisation, academisation process, academic closure, university history, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, agricultural sciences, forest sciences, agronomy training, forestry training

Valinnan vapautta kulttuurin kehyksissä : Saviastian valmistusprosessi ja sen muutos Rääkkylän Vihin kampakeraamisen ajan asuinpaikalla

Tutkimuksessa kuvaillaan Rääkkylän Vihi 1:n kampakeraamisen ajan asuinpaikan saviastia-aineistossa havaittavaa vaihtelua ja pohditaan vaihtelun syitä. Astioissa havaittavan vaihtelun katsotaan syntyneen valmistajien valmistusprosessin aikana teke¬mistä valinnoista. Työssä selvitetään, millaisia vaihtoehtoisia tapoja valmistusvaiheiden toteuttamisessa on ollut ja mikä valmistajan tekemiä valintoja on ohjannut. Tulkintaa aineistosta syvennetään etsimällä muuttujien välistä yhteisvaihtelua ja tarkastelemalla astioiden ominaisuuksien yhteyttä polton tulokseen, käytöstä kertoviin jälkiin, korjaukseen ja astioiden levintään. Tutkimusaineistona ovat 130 Vihin asuinpaikan keramiikka-aineistosta määriteltyä astiaa. Käsitys saviastian valmistajan tiedossa olleista ja käyttämistä vaihtoehdoista luotiin teknisten valintojen attribuuttianalyysilla. Koristelun luokittelussa käytettiin apuna tilastollisia moni¬muuttujamenetelmiä (ryhmittely- ja erotteluanalyysi, moniulotteinen skaalaus). Levintää analysoitiin aineistosta erotetun neljän levintätyypin avulla. Astioiden ominaisuuksissa esiintyvä vaihtelu osoittaa astian valmistajilla olleen useita vaihtoehtoisia tapoja toteuttaa jokainen val¬mistusvaihe. Tästä huolimatta on havaittavissa toistuvia yhteyksiä koristelun, sekoitteen, seinämän paksuuden, reunan muodon ja astian levinnän välillä. Talkkisekoitteisten astioiden seinämät ovat ohuemmat ja kyljen koristelu yksinkertaisempaa kuin hiekka- tai murskasekoitteisten astioiden. Talkkisekoitteisten astioiden polton tulos on parempi ja niitä on korjattu harvemmin kuin hiekka- tai murskasekoitteisia astioita. Erisekoitteisten astioiden välillä on eroa myös reunan muodossa. Astioiden levintään pohjautuvan suhteellisen kronologian perusteella erilaisia sekoitteita, koristelutapoja ja reunatyyppejä on käytetty rinnan suurimman osaa asuinpaikan käytön ajasta. Astioiden ominaisuuksissa kuitenkin tapahtuu muutoksia asuinpaikan käytön aikana: seinämät ohenevat, tasapaksu ja tasainen reuna sekä yksinkertaisempi koristelutapa yleistyvät ja talkinkäyttö sekoitteena lisääntyy. Tutkimustulokset tukevat siten tuoreimman tutkimuksen tuloksia kampakeraamisissa aineistoissa esiintyvästä samanaikaisesta vaihtelusta, joka on suurempaa kuin perinteisessä Aarne Äyräpään typologis-kronologisessa mallissa esitetään. Työssä pohditaan erilaisia selitysvaihtoehtoja astian valmistajien valintoihin ja niissä ja siten valmistusprosessissa tapahtuviin muutoksiin, mutta täsmällisiä syitä niihin ei vielä voida antaa.

Suomalaisten nuorten historiakulttuuri : Historian kohtaaminen ja käyttö 8.-luokkalaisten nuorten arkipäivän elämässä

Tutkimuskohteenani on vuonna 1988 syntyneiden suomenkielisten suomalaisten nuorten historiakulttuuri ja historiatietoisuus. Tutkimustehtävä kiteytyi kolmeen pääkysymykseen: mitkä historian välittäjäkanavat vaikuttavat eniten nuorten käsityksiin menneisyydestä, millä tavoin ja kuinka usein nuoret törmäävät historiaan arkielämässään ja millaiset historialliset tapahtumat ovat nuorille merkityksellisiä. Tutkimusjoukko muodostui 1093 kahdeksasluokkalaisesta, jotka vastasivat lomakekyselyyn kevätlukukaudella 2003. Menetelmänä käytettiin ryväsotantaa. Kyselylomake sisälsi pääosin suljettuja kysymyksiä. Tutkimuksen metodit ovat pääosin kvantitatiivisia. Analyysissa käytettiin frekvenssilaskentaa, keskiarvojen vertailua sekä havainnollistuksena taulukoita ja pylväsdiagrammeja. Kvantitatiivisilla menetelmillä kartoitettiin yleiskuvaa nuorten historiakulttuurista sekä eroja tyttöjen ja poikien välillä. Kvalitatiivista tutkimusotetta käytettiin avointen kysymysten kohdalla sekä analysoitaessa historian välittäjäkanavia julkisten ja kansanomaisten - oman, perheen ja suvun sisäisten sekä suvun ulkopuolisten - historian esityksinä. Nuorten historiatietoisuutta muokkaa eniten kouluopetus, jota vahvistaa median ylläpitämä julkinen historiakulttuuri. Viikoittaisissa historian kohtaamisissa poikien historiakulttuuria leimasivat tyttöjä enemmän julkiset historianesitykset - sanomalehdet ja visuaalinen eläytyminen television kautta - sekä historialliset roolipelit. Tyttöjen viikoittaisessa historian kohtaamisessa nousi voimakkaasti esille oman, henkilökohtaisen ja suvun historian käsittely päiväkirjan kirjoittamisen, muistoesineiden ja valokuvien kautta.Tytöt käyttävätkin historiaa oman elämänhistoriansa jäsentämisen sekä tradition siirtämisen tarkoituksessa. Nimenomaan heidän kauttaan näyttää elävän vahvana suvun muisteluperinne. Vaikka nuoret kohtaavat kansanomaisia historianesityksiä enemmän kuin julkista historiakulttuuria, heidän historiatietoisuutensa keskittyy jälkimmäiseen. He mieltävät tärkeäksi historiaksi lähinnä kansallisen menneisyyden ja historiakulttuurin julkiset muodot. Kouluopetuksen vaikutus näkyi nuorten vahvana uskona kansalliseen kertomukseen. Nuoret näkevät erityisen tärkeäksi Suomen itsenäisyyden ja Suomen sodat 1939-45 voitettuina itsenäisyyskamppailuina. Mannerheimia arvostettiin Suomen historian tärkeimpänä samaistumiskohteena ja Suomen sotien merkitys kulminoitui suvun jäsenten kohtaloiden ja kansallisen julkisen historian limittymiseen. Historian reseptiossa jatkotutkimuksen aiheita voisivat olla maaseudulla ja kaupungissa elävien nuorten historiakulttuurien erojen sekä erilaisten historiakulttuuristen alaryhmien hahmottaminen. Empiiristä kartoitusta ja vertailevaa tutkimusta voisi tehdä myös eri ikäryhmien historiakulttuurien välillä.

Svengi ja groove rytmimusiikissa : Rytmiikkaan ja hienorytmiikkaan keskittyvä vertaileva musiikkianalyysi

Käsitteillä svengi ja groove viitataan useimmiten kappaleen tietyn tulkinnan eli esityksen pääasiallisesti rytmisten ominaisuuksien laatuun. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on kehittää musiikin rytmiikkaan ja hienorytmiikkaan keskittyviä musiikkikognitiivisia analyysimetodeja, joita soveltamalla nämä ominaisuudet voitaisiin tavoittaa. Käsitteiden monitulkintaisuus, joka tuodaan esiin tutkimuksen alussa aiheuttaa tälle monenlaisia haasteita. -- Tutkimuksen rytmiikkaan keskittyviä analyysimetodeja sovellettaessa musiikkia tarkastellaan tietystä esityksestä tehdyn nuottiesityksen, transkription välityksellä. Hienorytmisiä analyysimetodeja käytettäessä musiikkia tarkastellaan esitysten instrumenttiosuuksien sävelten alukehetkien tarkkojen sijaintien kautta. Alukehetket poimitaan erilaisin automaattisin ja manuaalisin tietokoneavusteisin menetelmin äänitteiltä. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan musiikissa esiintyviä ilmiöitä myös laajemmalla, musiikin havaitsemiseen ja tuottamiseen yleisesti liittyvällä musiikkikognition tasolla. Tärkeänä näkökulmana musiikin rytmiikan esitetään jakautuvan kognitiivisesti karkeampaan tekstuaaliseen rytmiikkaan ja tätä hienoisesti varioivaan ei-tekstuaaliseen hienorytmiikkaan. Analyysiosuudessa kehitettyjä metodeja sovelletaan seuraavien kappaleiden soolo-osuuksiin: Miles Davis – 'Freddie Freeloader' (1959), James Brown – 'Doing it to Death' (1973) ja Led Zeppelin – 'Stairway to Heaven' (1971). Kappaleet edustavat tutkimuksessa jazz-, funk- ja rock-tyylilajeja. Analyysi tarkastelee ja vertailee kappaleiden metristä stabiiliutta, instrumenttiosuuksien suhdetta pulssin iskuihin, rytmiikan kolmimuunteisuutta, soolojen metrisiä painopisteitä, soolojen rytmistä tiheyttä sekä tempojen muutoksia. -- Kehitetyt menetelmät osoittautuvat kaikki käyttökelpoisiksi. Kappaleille yhteiseksi piirteeksi paljastuu instrumenttiosuuksien säännönmukainen sijoittuminen pulssin iskuihin nähden kappaleiden sisällä. Kappaleiden välillä eri instrumentit sijoittuvat kuitenkin pulssin ympärille eroavin tavoin, jonka oletetaan johtuvan ennen kaikkea tyylilajien eroista. Tempot pysyvät kappaleissa varsin muuttumattomina. Jatkotutkimuksen kannalta mielenkiintoisia näkymiä ovat muun muassa metodien laajempi soveltaminen, automaattisten menetelmien kehittäminen

Diasporinen tietoisuus, arjen kokemukset ja kansanperinne : Tulkintoja suomessa asuvien kurdien perinnesuhteesta

Tutkielmani tavoite on selvittää millainen suhde Suomessa asuvilla kurdeilla on omaan kansanperinteeseensä. Lisäksi valotetaan perinnesuhteiden taustaa, ja sitä millainen kurdien kansanperinne elää Suomessa. Metodologisesti ja epistemologisesti tukeudun tutkielmassa folkloristiseen muistitietotutkimukseen. Lainaan ajatuksia myös sosiaalipsykologian piirissä kehittyneestä laadullisesta asennetutkimuksesta. Taustalla vaikuttaa kansanperinteen ja nationalismien yhteyksien tutkimus – erityisesti teoriat kansanperinteiden käyttämisestä kansan embleemeinä. Edellä mainittujen ohella analyyttinen viitekehys rakentuu käsitteistä diasporinen tietoisuus; etninen identiteetti; identiteettimerkki ja identiteettityö sekä metafolklore. Nämä käsitteet tavoittavat sen, mitkä seikat sekä olosuhteet ja jaetut tulkinnat muokkaavat tutkittavien perinnesuhteita, ja miten. Tutkimusaineistona on käytetty kokoamaani väljästi strukturoituun teemahaastatteluun perustuvaa haastatteluaineistoa. Aineisto koostuu yksilö-, pari- ja perhehaastatteluista. Yhteensä haastattelunauhoja kertyi lähes 25 tuntia, mikä on litteroituna noin 400 liuskaa. Täydentävinä aineistoina on käytetty videoita kahdesta kurdikulttuuria esittelevästä tilaisuudesta sekä neljää populaaria tietoa kurdeista välittävää internetsivustoa. Repertoaari- ja teema-analyysin avulla luokittelemaani haastatteluaineistoa tulkitsen tutkielmassa kansanperinteeseen kohdistuvia asenteita ilmaisevia argumentteja jäljittävän lähiluennan kautta. Tutkimuksessa selvisi, että kansanperinteen ilmiöistä erityisesti kansantanssi, kurdivaatteet ja kulttuurinsisäinen huumori ovat identiteettimerkkejä, joiden kautta peilataan omaa suhdetta kurdiuteen ja selitetään kurdikulttuurin erityislaatua. Tutkielman tulokset vahvistavat, että Suomessa asuvien kurdien perinnesuhteita ja perinteenkannattajuutta muokkaavat yksityisellä tasolla äidinkielen taitotaso, maahantuloikä ja perheen harrastuneisuus kansanperinteeseen. Analyysissa kuitenkin avautuu myös se, että Suomessa asuvien kurdien perinnesuhteita muokkaa voimakkaasti tietoisuus kurdien diasporasta ja siihen johtaneista olosuhteista sekä niiden vaikutuksista omaan kulttuuriin ja kansanperinteeseen. Tämä kollektiivinen ja poliittinen ulottuvuus on erityisen merkityksellinen oman kansanperinteen tulkitsemisessa ulospäin. Kansanperinteeseen kohdistetaan voimakkaan positiivisia asenteita ja omaa kansanperinnettä arvostetaan kansallisena aarteena. Kansanperinteiden tulkitaan kertovan kansan historiasta ja luonteesta tavalla, joka haastaa virallisen kurdialueilla valtaapitävien valtioiden historiankirjoituksen ja monipuolistaa kuvaa Lähi-idän kulttuuripiiristä. Tämän arvostuksen kautta kansanperinne koetaan hedelmällisenä kansallisen itsetunnon lähteenä ja positiivisen kulttuurisen erottautumisen mahdollisuutena. Lisäksi kansanperinteeseen kohdistuu kuitenkin asenne, jossa tulkitaan kansanperinne katoavaksi tai vähintään katoamisvaarassa olevaksi aarteeksi. Tästä syntyy arvostavien asenteiden kanssa jännite, jossa katoamisen oletus tai pelko sävyttää ilmaistua arvostusta nostalgialla ja/ tai diasporan todellisuuden ja taustojen kritiikillä. Haastatteluaineistosta käy selville, ettei kansanperinteiden läsnäoloa omassa elämässä aina tiedosteta. Monet kansanperinteen ilmiöt ja tekstuaalisetkin sisällöt kuitenkin elävät Suomessa asuvien kurdien parissa yhä sekä kokoonnuttaessa juhlimaan että jokapäiväisessä arjessa.