Neuvontaprosessin kehittäminen maatilojen sukupolvenvaihdoksissa ProAgria Hämeen alueella

Tutkielman tavoitteena oli kehittää maatilojen sukupolvenvaihdosneuvontaa ja siihen läheisesti liittyvää Likwi- laskelmaa ProAgria Hämeen alueella. Myös alueen sukupolvenvaihdostilojen ominaispiirteistä ja niiden investoinneista oltiin kiinnostuneita. Tutkielman teoriaosiossa tarkasteltiin ensiksi maatilan sukupolvenvaihdoksiin liittyviä lakeja, säädöksiä, avustuksia sekä toteuttamistapoja. Tämän jälkeen tarkasteltiin sukupolvenvaihdosta investointina, erityisesti sukupolvenvaihdoskauppaa. Lisäksi lueteltiin lyhyesti investointeihin liittyvät riskit. Lopuksi teoriaosiossa käsiteltiin neuvonnan roolia ja sen tarjoamia palveluita sukupolvenvaihdoksen tukena. Tutkimusaineistona käytettiin viljelijöille kesäkuussa 2011 lähetettyjä kyselylomakkeita. Lomake lähetettiin kaikille ProAgria Hämeen toimialueella nuoren viljelijän aloitustukea vuosien 2003 – 2007 välisenä aikana hakeneille viljelijöille. Aloitustukea hakeneita tiloja oli ajanjaksolla yhteensä 436, joista kyselyyn vastasi yhteensä 77. Vastausprosentti oli siten 17,6 %. Todellisuudessa vastausprosentti on korkeampi, koska kaikki tilat eivät olleet tehneet sukupolvenvaihdosta. Todellinen vastausprosentti vaihtelee luultavasti 20 – 40 %:n välillä. Tutkimustulosten mukaan sukupolvenvaihdosneuvonta oli asiantuntevaa ja vastasi asiakkaiden tarpeita ProAgria Hämeen alueella. Neuvoja valittiin yleisimmin, koska hänet tunnettiin entuudestaan ja tiedettiin luotettavaksi. Parasta neuvonnassa viljelijöiden mielestä oli neuvojan ammattitaito ja suurimpana heikkoutena liika kaavamaisuus. Likwi- laskelma oli viljelijöiden mielestä kohtalaisen hyvä apuväline päätöksiä tehtäessä. Sen käyttö kuitenkin väheni sitä mukaa kun sukupolven-vaihdoksesta kuluu aikaa. Viljelijät kokivat laskelman vain välttämättömäksi tarvittavien tukien ja avustusten saamiseksi. Eniten kehittämistä viljelijöiden mielestä laskelmassa oli luotettavuudessa, käyttökelpoisuudessa ja päivitettävyydessä. Sukupolvenvaihdoskaupoissa tilojen keskimääräinen kauppahinta oli ProAgria Hämeen alueella 178 000 €. Yleisin tapa toteuttaa kauppa oli yhdellä kertaa yhdelle jatkajalle lahjanluontoisella kaupalla. Lähes kaikki nuoret viljelijät myös investoivat tiloillaan sukupolvenvaihdoksen jälkeisinä vuosina. Merkittävimmät investointikohteet olivat koneet ja kalusto sekä tuotantorakennukset. Uusi traktori oli yleisin yksittäinen investointikohde tiloilla. Investointihalukkuus säilyi sukupolven-vaihdoksen jälkeen, koska lähes kaikki aloittaneet viljelijät suunnittelevat tekevänsä lisää investointeja lähivuosien aikana. Myös lähes 50 % sukupolvenvaihdoksen tehneistä oli kiinnostunut itsensä kouluttamisesta jatkossa.

SU-8-Based Microchips for Capillary Electrophoresis and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Miniaturization of analytical instrumentation is attracting growing interest in response to the explosive demand for rapid, yet sensitive analytical methods and low-cost, highly automated instruments for pharmaceutical and bioanalyses and environmental monitoring. Microfabrication technology in particular, has enabled fabrication of low-cost microdevices with a high degree of integrated functions, such as sample preparation, chemical reaction, separation, and detection, on a single microchip. These miniaturized total chemical analysis systems (microTAS or lab-on-a-chip) can also be arrayed for parallel analyses in order to accelerate the sample throughput. Other motivations include reduced sample consumption and waste production as well as increased speed of analysis. One of the most promising hyphenated techniques in analytical chemistry is the combination of a microfluidic separation chip and mass spectrometer (MS). In this work, the emerging polymer microfabrication techniques, ultraviolet lithography in particular, were exploited to develop a capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation chip which incorporates a monolithically integrated electrospray ionization (ESI) emitter for efficient coupling with MS. An epoxy photoresist SU-8 was adopted as structural material and characterized with respect to its physicochemical properties relevant to chip-based CE and ESI/MS, namely surface charge, surface interactions, heat transfer, and solvent compatibility. As a result, SU-8 was found to be a favorable material to substitute for the more commonly used glass and silicon in microfluidic applications. In addition, an infrared (IR) thermography was introduced as direct, non-intrusive method to examine the heat transfer and thermal gradients during microchip-CE. The IR data was validated through numerical modeling. The analytical performance of SU-8-based microchips was established for qualitative and quantitative CE-ESI/MS analysis of small drug compounds, peptides, and proteins. The CE separation efficiency was found to be similar to that of commercial glass microchips and conventional CE systems. Typical analysis times were only 30-90 s per sample indicating feasibility for high-throughput analysis. Moreover, a mass detection limit at the low-attomole level, as low as 10E+5 molecules, was achieved utilizing MS detection. The SU-8 microchips developed in this work could also be mass produced at low cost and with nearly identical performance from chip to chip. Until this work, the attempts to combine CE separation with ESI in a chip-based system, amenable to batch fabrication and capable of high, reproducible analytical performance, have not been successful. Thus, the CE-ESI chip developed in this work is a substantial step toward lab-on-a-chip technology.

Process Analytical Technology Approach on Fluid Bed Granulation and Drying : Identifying Critical Relationships and Constructing the Design Space

Fluid bed granulation is a key pharmaceutical process which improves many of the powder properties for tablet compression. Dry mixing, wetting and drying phases are included in the fluid bed granulation process. Granules of high quality can be obtained by understanding and controlling the critical process parameters by timely measurements. Physical process measurements and particle size data of a fluid bed granulator that are analysed in an integrated manner are included in process analytical technologies (PAT). Recent regulatory guidelines strongly encourage the pharmaceutical industry to apply scientific and risk management approaches to the development of a product and its manufacturing process. The aim of this study was to utilise PAT tools to increase the process understanding of fluid bed granulation and drying. Inlet air humidity levels and granulation liquid feed affect powder moisture during fluid bed granulation. Moisture influences on many process, granule and tablet qualities. The approach in this thesis was to identify sources of variation that are mainly related to moisture. The aim was to determine correlations and relationships, and utilise the PAT and design space concepts for the fluid bed granulation and drying. Monitoring the material behaviour in a fluidised bed has traditionally relied on the observational ability and experience of an operator. There has been a lack of good criteria for characterising material behaviour during spraying and drying phases, even though the entire performance of a process and end product quality are dependent on it. The granules were produced in an instrumented bench-scale Glatt WSG5 fluid bed granulator. The effect of inlet air humidity and granulation liquid feed on the temperature measurements at different locations of a fluid bed granulator system were determined. This revealed dynamic changes in the measurements and enabled finding the most optimal sites for process control. The moisture originating from the granulation liquid and inlet air affected the temperature of the mass and pressure difference over granules. Moreover, the effects of inlet air humidity and granulation liquid feed rate on granule size were evaluated and compensatory techniques used to optimize particle size. Various end-point indication techniques of drying were compared. The ∆T method, which is based on thermodynamic principles, eliminated the effects of humidity variations and resulted in the most precise estimation of the drying end-point. The influence of fluidisation behaviour on drying end-point detection was determined. The feasibility of the ∆T method and thus the similarities of end-point moisture contents were found to be dependent on the variation in fluidisation between manufacturing batches. A novel parameter that describes behaviour of material in a fluid bed was developed. Flow rate of the process air and turbine fan speed were used to calculate this parameter and it was compared to the fluidisation behaviour and the particle size results. The design space process trajectories for smooth fluidisation based on the fluidisation parameters were determined. With this design space it is possible to avoid excessive fluidisation and improper fluidisation and bed collapse. Furthermore, various process phenomena and failure modes were observed with the in-line particle size analyser. Both rapid increase and a decrease in granule size could be monitored in a timely manner. The fluidisation parameter and the pressure difference over filters were also discovered to express particle size when the granules had been formed. The various physical parameters evaluated in this thesis give valuable information of fluid bed process performance and increase the process understanding.

Lebanese Plants and Plant-Derived Compounds Against Colon Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health concern and demands long-term efforts in developing strategies for screening and prevention. CRC has become a preventable disease as a consequence of a better understanding of colorectal carcinogenesis. However, current therapy is unsatisfactory and necessitates the exploration of other approaches for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Plant based products have been recognized as preventive with regard to the development of colon cancer. Therefore, the potential chemopreventive use and mechanism of action of Lebanese natural product were evaluated. Towards this aim the antitumor activity of Onopordum cynarocephalum and Centaurea ainetensis has been studied using in vitro and in vivo models. In vitro, both crude extracts were non cytotoxic to normal intestinal cells and inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, both crude extracts reduced the number of tumors by an average of 65% at weeks 20 (adenomas stage) and 30 (adenocarcinomas stage). The activity of the C. ainetensis extract was attributed to Salograviolide A, a guaianolide-type sesquiterpene lactone, which was isolated and identified through bio-guided fractionation. The mechanism of action of thymoquinone (TQ), the active component of Nigella sativa, was established in colon cancer cells using in vitro models. By the use of N-acetyl cysteine, a radical scavenger, the direct involvement of reactive oxygen species in TQ-induced apoptotic cells was established. The analytical detection of TQ from spiked serum and its protein binding were evaluated. The average recovery of TQ from spiked serum subjected to several extraction procedures was 2.5% proving the inability of conventional methods to analyze TQ from serum. This has been explained by the extensive binding (>98%) of TQ to serum and major serum components such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). Using mass spectrometry analysis, TQ was confirmed to bind covalently to the free cysteine in position 34 and 147 of the amino acid sequence of BSA and AGP, respectively. The results of this work put at the disposal for future development new plants with anti-cancer activities and enhance the understanding of the pharmaceutical properties of TQ, a prerequisite for its future clinical development.

Thin-Layer Chromatography with Ultraviolet and Mass Spectrometric Detection: From Preparative-Layer to Miniaturized Ultra-Thin-Layer Technique

The present challenge in drug discovery is to synthesize new compounds efficiently in minimal time. The trend is towards carefully designed and well-characterized compound libraries because fast and effective synthesis methods easily produce thousands of new compounds. The need for rapid and reliable analysis methods is increased at the same time. Quality assessment, including the identification and purity tests, is highly important since false (negative or positive) results, for instance in tests of biological activity or determination of early-ADME parameters in vitro (the pharmacokinetic study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), must be avoided. This thesis summarizes the principles of classical planar chromatographic separation combined with ultraviolet (UV) and mass spectrometric (MS) detection, and introduces powerful, rapid, easy, low-cost, and alternative tools and techniques for qualitative and quantitative analysis of small drug or drug-like molecules. High performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) was introduced and evaluated for fast semi-quantitative assessment of the purity of synthesis target compounds. HPTLC methods were compared with the liquid chromatography (LC) methods. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) and atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization MS (AP MALDI MS) were used to identify and confirm the product zones on the plate. AP MALDI MS was rapid, and easy to carry out directly on the plate without scraping. The PLC method was used to isolate target compounds from crude synthesized products and purify them for bioactivity and preliminary ADME tests. Ultra-thin-layer chromatography (UTLC) with AP MALDI MS and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI MS) was introduced and studied for the first time. Because of the thinner adsorbent layer, the monolithic UTLC plate provided 10 100 times better sensitivity in MALDI analysis than did HPTLC plates. The limits of detection (LODs) down to low picomole range were demonstrated for UTLC AP MALDI and UTLC DESI MS. In a comparison of AP and vacuum MALDI MS detection for UTLC plates, desorption from the irregular surface of the plates with the combination of an external AP MALDI ion source and an ion trap instrument provided clearly less variation in mass accuracy than the vacuum MALDI time-of-flight (TOF) instrument. The performance of the two-dimensional (2D) UTLC separation with AP MALDI MS method was studied for the first time. The influence of the urine matrix on the separation and the repeatability was evaluated with benzodiazepines as model substances in human urine. The applicability of 2D UTLC AP MALDI MS was demonstrated in the detection of metabolites in an authentic urine sample.

Characterisation and processing of amorphous binary mixtures with low glass transition temperature

The number of drug substances in formulation development in the pharmaceutical industry is increasing. Some of these are amorphous drugs and have glass transition below ambient temperature, and thus they are usually difficult to formulate and handle. One reason for this is the reduced viscosity, related to the stickiness of the drug, that makes them complicated to handle in unit operations. Thus, the aim in this thesis was to develop a new processing method for a sticky amorphous model material. Furthermore, model materials were characterised before and after formulation, using several characterisation methods, to understand more precisely the prerequisites for physical stability of amorphous state against crystallisation. The model materials used were monoclinic paracetamol and citric acid anhydrate. Amorphous materials were prepared by melt quenching or by ethanol evaporation methods. The melt blends were found to have slightly higher viscosity than the ethanol evaporated materials. However, melt produced materials crystallised more easily upon consecutive shearing than ethanol evaporated materials. The only material that did not crystallise during shearing was a 50/50 (w/w, %) blend regardless of the preparation method and it was physically stable at least two years in dry conditions. Shearing at varying temperatures was established to measure the physical stability of amorphous materials in processing and storage conditions. The actual physical stability of the blends was better than the pure amorphous materials at ambient temperature. Molecular mobility was not related to the physical stability of the amorphous blends, observed as crystallisation. Molecular mobility of the 50/50 blend derived from a spectral linewidth as a function of temperature using solid state NMR correlated better with the molecular mobility derived from a rheometer than that of differential scanning calorimetry data. Based on the results obtained, the effect of molecular interactions, thermodynamic driving force and miscibility of the blends are discussed as the key factors to stabilise the blends. The stickiness was found to be affected glass transition and viscosity. Ultrasound extrusion and cutting were successfully tested to increase the processability of sticky material. Furthermore, it was found to be possible to process the physically stable 50/50 blend in a supercooled liquid state instead of a glassy state. The method was not found to accelerate the crystallisation. This may open up new possibilities to process amorphous materials that are otherwise impossible to manufacture into solid dosage forms.

Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Studies of Drug Metabolism and Permeability

Poor pharmacokinetics is one of the reasons for the withdrawal of drug candidates from clinical trials. There is an urgent need for investigating in vitro ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) properties and recognising unsuitable drug candidates as early as possible in the drug development process. Current throughput of in vitro ADME profiling is insufficient because effective new synthesis techniques, such as drug design in silico and combinatorial synthesis, have vastly increased the number of drug candidates. Assay technologies for larger sets of compounds than are currently feasible are critically needed. The first part of this work focused on the evaluation of cocktail strategy in studies of drug permeability and metabolic stability. N-in-one liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods were developed and validated for the multiple component analysis of samples in cocktail experiments. Together, cocktail dosing and LC/MS/MS were found to form an effective tool for increasing throughput. First, cocktail dosing, i.e. the use of a mixture of many test compounds, was applied in permeability experiments with Caco-2 cell culture, which is a widely used in vitro model for small intestinal absorption. A cocktail of 7-10 reference compounds was successfully evaluated for standardization and routine testing of the performance of Caco-2 cell cultures. Secondly, cocktail strategy was used in metabolic stability studies of drugs with UGT isoenzymes, which are one of the most important phase II drug metabolizing enzymes. The study confirmed that the determination of intrinsic clearance (Clint) as a cocktail of seven substrates is possible. The LC/MS/MS methods that were developed were fast and reliable for the quantitative analysis of a heterogenous set of drugs from Caco-2 permeability experiments and the set of glucuronides from in vitro stability experiments. The performance of a new ionization technique, atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), was evaluated through comparison with electrospray ionization (ESI), where both techniques were used for the analysis of Caco-2 samples. Like ESI, also APPI proved to be a reliable technique for the analysis of Caco-2 samples and even more flexible than ESI because of the wider dynamic linear range. The second part of the experimental study focused on metabolite profiling. Different mass spectrometric instruments and commercially available software tools were investigated for profiling metabolites in urine and hepatocyte samples. All the instruments tested (triple quadrupole, quadrupole time-of-flight, ion trap) exhibited some good and some bad features in searching for and identifying of expected and non-expected metabolites. Although, current profiling software is helpful, it is still insufficient. Thus a time-consuming largely manual approach is still required for metabolite profiling from complex biological matrices.

The Phraseology and Structure of Latin Building Inscriptions in Roman North Africa

This study analyses the diction of Latin building inscriptions. Despite its importance, this topic has rarely been discussed before: the most substantial contribution on the subject is a short dissertation by Klaus Gast (1965) that focuses on 100 inscriptions dating mostly from the Republican period. Marietta Horster (2001) also touched upon this theme in her thesis on imperial building inscriptions. I have collected my source material in North Africa because more Latin building inscriptions dating from the Imperial period have survived there than in any other area of the Roman Empire. By means of a thorough and independent survey, I have assembled all relevant African Latin building inscriptions datable to the Roman period (between 146 BC and AD 425), 1002 texts, into a corpus. These inscriptions are all fully edited in Appendix 1; Appendix 2 contains references to earlier editions. To facilitate search operations, both are also available in electronic form. They are downloadable from the address http://www.helsinki.fi/hum/kla/htm/jatkoopinnot.htm. Chapter one is an introduction dealing with the nature of building inscriptions as source material. Chapter two offers a statistical overview of the material. The following main section of the work falls into five chapters, each of which analyses one main part of a building inscription. An average building inscription can be divided into five parts: the starting phrase opens the inscription (a dedication to gods, for example), the subject part identifies the builder, the object part describes the constructed or repaired building, the predicate part records the building activity and the supplement part offers additional information on the project (it can specify the funding, for instance). These chapters are systematic and chronological and their purpose is to register and interpret the phrases used, to analyse reasons for their use and for their popularity among the different groups of builders. Chapter eight, which follows the main section of the work, creates a typology of building inscriptions based on their structure. It also presents the most frequently attested types of building inscriptions. The conclusion describes, on a general level, how the diction of building inscriptions developed during the period of study and how this striking development resulted from socio-economic changes that took place in Romano-African society during Antiquity. This study shows that the phraseology of building inscriptions had a clear correlation both with the type of builder and with the date of carving. Private builders tended to accentuate their participation (especially its financial side) in the project; honouring the emperor received more emphasis in the building inscriptions set up by communities; the texts produced by the army were concise. The chronological development is so clear that it enables stylistic dating. At the beginning of the imperial period the phrases were clear, concrete, formal and stereotyped but by Late Antiquity they have become vague, subjective, flexible, varied and even rhetorically or poetically coloured.

Il mundus muliebris nelle fonti latine e nei contesti Pompeiani

The subject of the study is the classical Latin concept 'mundus muliebris', usually translated simply as women’s toiletry items. The task of the research is, on one hand, to find a more accurate and comprehensive literary definition for the concept as used in the early Imperial period, and on the other, to examine whether it is possible to find corresponding groupings of material objects among the finds from Pompeian houses destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. The study is based on two different bodies of evidence, literary and material, and consequently uses two independent methods of research. In the philological part of the study, all occurrences of the concept 'mundus muliebris' in classical Latin texts were identified and analysed in their proper literary context, paying special attention to information about the nature of the objects included (name, owner, quantity, value, location in the house). On the basis of this analysis, mirrors were chosen as the key elements of the archaeological research, being ̶ hypothetically ̶ the most probable objects to be found among any extant 'mundus muliebris' contexts in Pompeian houses. In the archaeological part of the study, all mirrors deposited in the Archaeological Storerooms of Pompeii, mostly unpublished, were examined, together with their original find contexts. For more detailed documentation, classification, as well as quantitative and functional analysis, the fifty-nine best preserved household or shop contexts were chosen. Among these contexts, only a few ‘ideal’ groups closely corresponding to the literary definitions were found. However, in most cases a functional artifact pattern of toiletry items could indeed be found grouped together with the mirror. The arrangement of the contexts in the domestic space also revealed a clear pattern. Firstly, the contexts consistently seem to be found in the place of storage, inside locked boxes, not in the place of use. Secondly, they show that for the storage of such objects small closed rooms flanking the main entrance of the house were preferred. Culturally, 'mundus muliebris' can be described as a very complex multi-layered concept intimately interrelated with the female gender, an instrument of its bodily creation and a symbol of its nature. Concretely, it has at its core mirrors and instruments for the care of skin and hair, and includes, in more technical definitions, washing equipment as well. In the Roman domus, lacking specific women’s quarters, this box containing toiletries and other personal objects could be defined as the true, although mobile, private space of the household’s female members.

Mapinduzi Daima – Revolution Forever : Using the 1964 Revolution in Nationalistic Political Discourses in Zanzibar

This Master's thesis examines two opposite nationalistic discourses on the revolution of Zanzibar. Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM), the party in power since the 1964 revolution defends its revolutionary and "African" heritage in the current multi-party system. New nationalists, including among others the main opposition party Civic United Front (CUF), question both the 1964 revolution and the post-revolution period and blame CCM for empty promises, corruption and ethnic discrimination. This study analyzes the role of a significant historical event in the creation of nationalistic ideology and national identity. The 1964 revolution forms the nucleus of various debates related to the history of Zanzibar: slavery, colonialism, racial discrimination and political violence. Representations of these Social constructivist principles form the basis of this study, and central concepts in the theoretical framework are nationalism, national identity, ethnicity and race. I use critical discourse analysis as my research method, lean on the work by Teun A. van Dijk and Norman Fairclough as the most significant researchers in this field. I examine particularly the ways in which linguistic methods, such as stereotypes and metaphors are used to form in- and out-groups ("us" vs. "others"). My material, both in Swahili and English, was collected mainly in Tanzania in the fall of 2007 and from online sources in the spring of 2009. It includes publications by the Zanzibari government between the years of 1964-2000 (12), official speeches for the Revolution Day or the Union Day (12), articles from Tanzanian newspapers from the 1990s until the year of 2009 (15), memoirs and political pamphlets (10), blog posts and opinion pieces from four different websites (8), and interviews or personal communication in Zanzibar, Dar es Salaam and Uppsala (8). Nationalistic rhetoric often creates enemy images by using binary good-bad oppositions. Both discourses in this study build identities on the basis of "otherness" and exclusion, with the intent of emphasizing the particularity of the own group and excluding "evilness" outside the own reference group. These opposite views on the 1964 revolution as the main axis of the history of Zanzibar build different portraits of the nation and Zanzibari-ness (Uzanzibari). CCM still relies on the pre-revolutionary enemy images of Arabs as selfish rulers and cruel slave traders. For CCM, Zanzibar is primarily an "African" nation and a part of Tanzania which is threatened by "Arabs", the outsiders. In contrast, the new nationalists stress the long history of Zanzibar as multi-racial, cosmopolitan and formerly independent country which has its own, separate culture and identity from mainland Tanzanians. Heshima, honour/respect, one of the basic values of Swahili culture, occupies a central role in both discourses: the main party emphasizes that the revolution returned "heshima" to the Zanzibari Africans after centuries of humiliation, whereas the new nationalists claim that ever since the revolution all "non-Africans" have been humiliated and lost their "heshima". According to the new nationalists, true Zanzibari values which include tolerance and harmony between different "races" were lost when the "foreign" revolutionaries arrived from the mainland. Consequently, they see the 1964 revolution as Tanganyikan colonialism which began with the help of Western countries, and maintain that this "colonialism" still continues in the violent multi-party elections.

Cubicula diurna, nocturna : cubiculum-makuutila latinankielisessä kirjallisuudessa

Tutkielma käsittelee cubiculum-nimistä huonetilaa roomalaisessa kirjallisuudessa. Cubiculum-termin määrittelyn pohjana on antiikin latinankielinen kirjallisuus ja työn tarkoituksena on selvittää perinpohjaisesti cubiculum-huoneen olemus sellaisena kuin se voidaan teksteissä nähdä. Tekstikohdat on valittu pääasiallisesti Thesaurus linguae Latinae -hakuteosta käyttäen. Tekstien perusteella on tarkoitus selvittää huoneen fyysinen olemus sekä sen erilaiset käyttötavat. Tarkastelun kohteena on myös cubiculum-nimityksen käyttö arkeologisissa kohteissa, eli voiko tätä nimitystä käyttää mm. pompejilaistalojen keskushallin tai peristyylin sivustalla sijaitsevista huoneista. Oman käsittelynsä saavat myös huoneeseen suuntautuneen liikkeen kuvaus sekä huoneen käyttäjien selvittäminen. Työ liittyy laajemmin roomalaisten yksityistalojen (domus) tutkimukseen, jonka taustalla on ajatus siitä, että tilankäyttö kertoo yhteisöjen arvoista ja rakenteista. Roomalaistaloissa nähtävissä oleva huonetilojen kaavamainen asettelu heijastaa yhteisön ajatusmaailmaa. Käsitellyt tekstit paljastavat, että cubiculum on joustava tilanimitys, jota voidaan käyttää paitsi eliitin edustajien yksityistalojen, myös huviloiden, keisarillisten asumusten ja vaatimattomampien talojen makuutiloista. Nukkuminen on tilan keskeinen funktio ja tämä merkitys sanalla esiintyy vielä keskiaikaisissa ja moderneissakin teksteissä. Myöhäisantiikin tekstit antavat sanalle myös kuvaannollisia merkityksiä. Tekstien perusteella cubiculum on selkeästi rauhallinen, pimeä ja suljettava tila, joka antoi mahdollisuuden yksityisyyteen. Cubiculum todisti useita funktioita, joita tunnetaan osin jo varhaisemmasta tutkimuksesta: tilassa mm. viihdytettiin ystäviä ja hoidettiin yksityisasioita. Huoneeseen suuntautuneen liikkeen kuvaus paljastaa, että varsin usein tilaan pääsy vaati kutsun. Kutsumattomat vieraat pääsivät sisään usein lähinnä voimaa käyttäen. Cubiculum-huoneen käyttäjät olivat pääasiassa vapaita, aikuisia roomalaisia, niin miehiä kuin naisiakin. Lapset mainitaan cubiculum-huoneen yhteydessä harvoin, eikä sanaa käytetä palveluskunnan makuutiloista, vaan palvelijat kuvataan usein nukkumassa cubiculum-huoneen ulkopuolella. Tekstit antavat vain viitteitä huoneen sijoittelusta yksityistaloissa, joten arkeologinen jatkotutkimus onkin välttämätöntä pompejilaistalojen makuuhuonejärjestelyiden selvittämiseksi.

Women and their Agency in the Neo-Assyrian Empire

Tämä pro gradu-työ käsittelee naisten toimijuutta uusassyrialaisessa imperiumissa. Toisin sanoen työssä tutkitaan naisten vaikutusmahdollisuuksia assyrialaisessa, patriarkaalisessa yhteiskunnassa – aihe, johon ei aiemmin ole juurikaan kiinnitetty huomiota. Täydennän työssä assyriologista näkökantaa kulttuuritieteiden ja antropologian käsitteistöllä ja teorioilla. Työn teoreettinen viitekehys liittyy yksilön, yhteiskunnan ja vallan välisiin suhteisiin, jotka kohtaavat toimijuuden käsitteessä. Vaikka työssä esittelen toimijuuden käsitettä laajemminkin, päädyin aineiston asettamien rajoitusten takia määrittelemään toimijuuden seuraavasti: toimijoita ovat ne naiset, jotka toimivat aktiivisina subjekteina yhteiskunnassa. Näin määritellyt toimijat jaoin vielä kahteen ryhmään, eksplisiittisiin (explicit agents) ja implisiittisiin (implicit agents) toimijoihin. Ensimmäisen ryhmän jäsenet selkeästi toimivat teksteissä jollain tavalla, jälkimmäisen ryhmän jäsenten toimijuus on pääteltävä asiayhteydestä. Pro graduni perustuu laajan tekstiaineiston analyysiin. Jaan imperiumin toimijanaiset kolmeen laajaan ryhmään: palatsissa, temppelissä ja niiden ulkopuolella toimineisiin naisiin. Jokaisen näistä kolmesta ryhmästä jaan vielä useisiin alaryhmiin, useimmiten ammattinimikkeen tai arvonimen mukaan. Suurimmaksi ryhmäksi osoittautuivat palatsissa toimineet naiset. Heistä erityisen aktiivisia olivat šakintut, jotka hoitivat vastuullisia hallinnollisia tehtäviä palatseissa. Myös kuningatarten ja muiden kuninkaallisten naisten rooli toimijoina oli uusassyrialaisella kaudella merkittävä. Temppeleissä toimineista naisista merkittävin ryhmä toimijuuden kannalta olivat naispuoliset profeetat, jotka toimivat aktiivisissa rooleissa ainakin toimittaessaan jumalallisia sanomia. Palatsien ja temppelien ulkopuolelle jäi vain vähän naistoimijoita: omaksi selkeäksi ryhmäkseen erottuivat ainoastaan harimtut, prostituoidut. Lopuksi pohdin jokaisen ryhmän toimijuutta ensin taulukkomuodossa (taulukot 9, 10 ja 11) sitten lyhyessä analyysikappaleessa.

Moraalinen mahdottomuus : Nicaraguan terveydenhuollon työntekijät katolisen kirkon seksuaalietiikan ja oman ammattietiikkansa välissä

Tarkastelen tässä pro gradu –tutkielmassa kirkon ja uskonnon vaikutusta seksuaali- ja lisääntymisterveyteen Nicaraguassa. Työn viitekehyksenä on Suomen rahoittama seksuaali- ja lisääntymisterveyttä, tasa-arvoa sekä naisten vaikutusmahdollisuuksia edistävä kehitysyhteistyöhanke Nicaraguassa. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostuu kahdestakymmenestäkahdesta haastattelusta, jotka keräsin Nicaraguassa maalis-huhtikuussa 2007. Haastattelumetodiksi valitsin teemahaastattelun, jota muotoilin feministisen haastatteluperinteen mukaisesti. Selvitän tutkimuksessani Nicaraguassa keräämäni haastatteluaineistoni kautta katolisen naisen toimijuutta eli sitä, miten katolisten naisten on mahdollista irtautua niin konservatiivisten katolisten kuin maallistuneiden feministien uskovalle naiselle antamasta perinteisestä asemasta. Teoreettisena viitekehyksenä tutkimuksessa on Susan Starr Seredin luoma uskonnollisen naisen jatkumo, jonka ääripäissä ovat symbolinen nainen ja toimijanainen. Seredin mallin avulla tulkitsin haastattelemieni uskonnollisten naisten sekä heidän kertomustensa kautta heidän asiakkaittensa toimijuutta seksuaali- ja lisääntymisterveyteen liittyvissä kysymyksissä. Analysoin haastateltavieni kertomuksia työnsä ja uskontonsa välisistä ristiriitatilanteista tai tilanteista, joissa ristiriitaa ei ollut syntynyt kirkon virallisesta opetuksesta huolimatta. Muovasin lopulta Seredin jatkumosta ympyränmallisen uskonnollisuuden kentän, jossa symbolinen nainen on ympyrän keskellä ja naisten toimijuus ympyrän kehällä. Haastattelemani terveydenhuollon työntekijät sijoittuivat lähelle toimijuuden kehää, tasapainotellen kuitenkin ainakin puheen tasolla katolisen kirkon virallisen opin ja sitä kautta symbolisen naisen position ja oman ammattietiikkansa välissä. Aineistostani näkyi, että katolisen kirkon seksuaalimoraali vaikutti niin terveydenhuollon työntekijöiden kuin asiakkaidenkin elämään. Kirkon oppi ei kuitenkaan analyysini mukaan rajoittanut haastateltavieni toimijuutta, vaan asetti nämä uskonnolliset naiset tilanteeseen, jossa he joutuivat käymään vuoropuhelua työnsä ja uskontonsa välisten ristiriitaa synnyttävien ohjeiden ja velvoitteiden kanssa. Useimmiten haastateltavat erottautuivat kirkon virallisesta opista ja samaistuivat terveydenhuollon vaatimuksiin. Muutama haastateltava identifioi itsensä vahvasti kirkkoon, mutta erottautui kuitenkin sen virallisesta opista vedoten ammattietiikkaansa. Kirkosta ei kuitenkaan haluttu erottautua kokonaan, vaan toivottiin yhteistyötä kirkon kanssa seksuaali- ja lisääntymisterveyden parantamiseksi. Haastattelemani terveydenhuollon työntekijät olivat kaikki aktiivisia toimijoita. Heidän uskonnollisuutensa näkyi heidän moraalisissa pohdinnoissaan, mikä samalla vahvisti heidän toimijuuttansa: he tulkitsivat haastatteluissa uskontoa ja kristillistä oppia omien moraalikäsityksiensä mukaisesti uudestaan ja oikeuttivat näin eettisesti nekin työtehtävänsä, jotka eivät ole linjassa katolisen kirkon virallisen opin kanssa. Osa haastateltavista muodosti oman uskonnontulkintansa oman moraalikäsityksensä pohjalta, osa taas vieraannutti työnsä ja uskontonsa välisen ristiriidan käsittelemällä esimerkiksi terveydellisistä syistä tehtävää aborttia vain lääketieteellisenä toimenpiteenä. Ehkäisymenetelmien käyttöön vaikutti kirkkoa ja uskontoa enemmän kulttuuri, jonka mukaan miehellä on oikeus päättää perheen asioista – ja myös puolisonsa lisääntymisestä. Useat naiset käyttävätkin ehkäisymenetelmiä salaa perheeltään. Seksuaalikasvatusta pidettiin merkittävänä kansallisen seksuaali- ja lisääntymisterveysstrategian tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi. Tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi haastateltavat toivoivat laajempaa yhteistyötä niin kirkkojen kuin opetusministeriönkin kanssa. Kirkolla ja uskonnolla on vaikutusta yhteiskunnan arvoihin, moraalikäsityksiin ja hyväksyttäviin käyttäytymismalleihin. Naisen yhteiskunnallinen asema, mahdollisuus päättää itse omasta seksuaalisuudestaan ja lisääntymisestään ja hänen taloudelliset mahdollisuutensa elää näiden valintojen mukaisesti vaikuttavat kaikki lisääntymis- ja seksuaalioikeuksien toteutumiseen. Vaikka useimmat haastateltavani erottautuivatkin kirkon virallisesta opista, kirkon ja uskonnon vaikutuksella on merkitystä seksuaali- ja lisääntymisterveydenhuoltoa edistävien kehitysyhteistyöhankkeiden tavoitteiden toteutumiseen.

Untersuchungen zur Fachsprache der Ökologie und des Umweltschutzes im Deutschen und Finnischen : Bezeichnungsvarianten unter einem geschichtlichen, lexikographischen, morphologischen und linguistisch-pragmatischen Aspekt

The work integrates research in the language and terminology of various fields with lexicography, etymology, semantics, word formation, and pragmatics. Additionally, examination of German and Finnish provides the work with perspective of contrastive linguistics and the translation of texts in specialized fields. The work is an attempt to chart the language, vocabulary, different textual types, and essential communication-connected features of this special field. The study is primary concerned with internal communication within the field of ecology, but it also provides a comparison of the public discussion of environmental issues in Germany and Finland. The work attempts to use textual signs to provide a picture of the literary communication used on the different vertical levels in the central text types within the field. The dictionaries in the fields of environmental issues and ecology for the individual text types are examined primarily from the perspective of their quantity and diversity. One central point of the work is to clarify and collect all of the dictionaries in the field that have been compiled thus far in which German and/or Finnish ware included. Ecology and environmental protection are closely linked not only to each other but also to many other scientific fields. Consequently, the language of the environmental field has acquired an abundance of influences and vocabulary from the language of the special fields close to it as well as from that of politics and various areas of public administration. The work also demonstrates how the popularization of environmental terminology often leads to semantic distortion. Traditionally, scientific texts have used the smallest number of expressions, the purpose of which is to appeal to or influence the behavior of the text recipient. Particularly in Germany, those who support or oppose measures to protect the environment have long been making concerted efforts to represent their own views in the language that they use. When discussing controversial issues competing designations for the same referent or concept are used in accordance with the interest group to which the speaker belongs. One of the objectives of the study is to sensitize recipients of texts to notice the euphemistic expressions that occur in German and Finnish texts dealing with issues that are sensitive from the standpoint of environmental policy. One particular feature of the field is the wealth and large number of variants designating the same entry or concept. The terminological doublets formed by words of foreign origin and their German or Finnish language equivalents are quite typical of the field. Methods of corpus linguistics are used to determine the reasons for the large number of variant designations as well as their functionality.

Zur Sättigung der Valenz in den Kleinen Meldungen des Typus Notiz : Eine pragmatisch fundierte Analyse

Valency Realization in Short Excerpts of News Text. A Pragmatics-funded analysis This dissertation is a study of the so-called pragmatic valency. The aim of the study is to examine the phenomenon both theoretically by discussing the research literature and empirically based on evidence from a text corpus consisting of 218 short excerpts of news text from the German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. In the theoretical part of the study, the central concepts of the valency and the pragmatic valency are discussed. In the research literature, the valency denotes the relation among the verb and its obligatory and optional complements. The pragmatic valency can be defined as modification of the so-called system valency in the parole, including non-realization of an obligatory complement, non- realization of an optional complement and realization of an optional complement. Furthermore, the investigation of the pragmatic valency includes the role of the adjuncts, elements that are not defined by the valency, in the concrete valency realization. The corpus study investigates the valency behaviour of German verbs in a corpus of about 1500 sentences combining the methodology and concepts of valency theory, semantics and text linguistics. The analysis is focused on the about 600 sentences which show deviations from the system valency, providing over 800 examples for the modification of the system valency as codified in the (valency) dictionaries. The study attempts to answer the following primary question: Why is the system valency modified in the parole? To answer the question, the concept of modification types is entered. The modification types are recognized using distinctive feature bundles in which each feature with a negative or a positive value refers to one reason for the modification treated in the research literature. For example, the features of irrelevance and relevance, focus, world and text type knowledge, text theme, theme-rheme structure and cohesive chains are applied. The valency approach appears in a new light when explored through corpus-based investigation; both the optionality of complements and the distinction between complements and adjuncts as defined in the present valency approach seem in some respects defective. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that the adjuncts outside the valency domain play a central role in the concrete realization of the valency. Finally, the study suggests a definition of pragmatic valency, based on the modification types introduced in the study and tested in the corpus analysis.