Gender, Politics and Democratisation in Cameroon

Gender perceptions, religious belief systems, and political thought have excluded women from politics, for ages, around the world. Combining feminist and modernisation theorists in my theoretical framework, I examine the trends in patriarchal Europe and I highlight the gender-sensitive model of the Nordic countries. Retracing local gender patterns from precolonial to postcolonial eras in sub-Saharan Africa, I explore the links between perceptions, needs, resources, education and women's political participation in Cameroon. Democratisation is supposed to open up political participation, to grant equal opportunities to all adults. One ironic feature of the liberalisation process in Cameroon has been the decrease of women in parliamentarian representation (14% in 1988, 6% in 1992, 5% in 1997 and 10% in 2002). What social, cultural and institutional mechanisms produced this paradoxical outcome, the exclusion of half the population? The gender complementarity of the indigenous context has been lost to male prevalence privileged by education, church, law, employment, economy and politics in the public sphere; most women are marginalised in the private sphere. Nation building and development have failed; ethnicism and individualism are growing. Some hope lies in the growing civil society. From two surveys and 21 focus groups across Cameroon, in 2000 and 2002, some significant results of the processed empirical data reveal low electoral registration (34.5% women and 65.9% men), contrasted by the willingness to run for municipal elections (33.3 % women and 45.2% men). The co-existence of customary and statutory laws, the corrupt political system and fraudulent practices, contribute to the marginalisation of women and men who are interested in politics. A large majority of female respondents consider female politicians more trustworthy and capable than their male counterparts; they even foresee the appointment of a female Prime Minister. The Nordic countries have institutionalised gender equality in their legislation, policies and practices. France has improved women's political inclusion with the parity laws; Rwanda is another model of women's representation, thanks to its post-conflict constitution. From my analysis, Cameroonian institutions, men and more so women, may learn and borrow from these experiences, in order to design and implement a sustainable and gender-balanced democracy. Keywords: democratisation, politics, gender equality, feminism, citizenship, Cameroon, Nordic countries, Finland, France, United Kingdom, quotas, societal social psychology.

Growing Flowers in the Frost: Civic Activity, Citizenship and Gender in Russia

This study analyzes civic activity, citizenship and their gendered manifestations in contemporary Russia. It is based on a case study conducted in the city of Tver , located in the vicinity of Moscow, during 2001-2005. The data consists of interviews with civic activists and municipal and regional authorities; observations of civic organizations; and a quantitative survey conducted among local civic groups. The theoretical and methodological framework of the study draws upon a micro perspective on organization, discourse analysis, gender and citizenship theories and Pierre Bourdieu s theory of fields and capital. This study develops theoretical understanding of the characteristics and logic of civic organization in Russia. It shows that social class centrally structures the field of civic activity. Organizations can be seen as a vehicle of the educated class to advocate their interests, help themselves and seek both social and individual-level change. The study also argues that civic organizations founded during the post-Soviet era are often an institutionalized form of informal social networks. Networks, which were a central element of everyday interaction in Soviet society, are a resource and often the only resource available that can be made use of in contemporary organizational activities. The study argues that gender operates as a key structuring principle in the Russian socio-political community. Civic activity is often discursively associated with femininity and institutional politics with masculinity. Women tend to participate more than men in civic organizations, while men dominate the formal political domain. The study shows that civic organizations are important loci of communality. This communality, however, differs from the communality envisioned in the communitarian and social capital debates in the West. It is selective communality , as it is restricted to the members of the organizations and does not create generalized reciprocity and trust. Civic organizations tend to build upon and reproduce the traditional Russian organizational form of circles , kruzhki. Along with the analysis of civic activities, the study also examines the redefinition of the role and functions of the state. The authorities interviewed in this study understand civic organizations as serving those goals and interests determined by the authorities, instead of viewing them as sites of citizens self-organization around interests and problems citizens themselves deem important, or as a counterforce to the state. By contrast, civic activists understand the core of organizational activity to be advocacy of their interests and rights, tackling social problems, the pursuit of wider social change and self-help. Co-operation between authorities and organizations tends to be personified and based upon unequal, hierarchical patron-client arrangements, which inhibits the development of democratic governance. The study will be published in Routledge Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series later this year.

Personporträttet som tidningsgenre : En närläsningsstudie med fokus på innehållsliga teman, berättarkonventioner och kön

The thesis The portrait interview as a newspaper genre. A qualitative close reading focussing on topical motifs, conventions of narration, and gender defines the portrait interview as a newspaper genre and analyses how the personalities in the portraits are constructed textually. The main body of material consists of 107 portrait interviews in two morning newspapers, Dagens Nyheter (published in Stockholm, Sweden) and Hufvudstadsbladet (published in Swedish in Helsinki, Finland), during two one-week periods (week 46/1999 and week 38/2002). There is also complementary material of 59 portraits from four magazines. The study is carried out within the research traditions of journalistic genre studies, gender and journalism, and critical text analysis. It is comprised of a qualitative close reading focussing on content (topical motifs or themes), conventions of narration, and gender. The methods used to carry out the study are qualitative close reading and quantitative content analysis. The analysis identifies the stylistic elements that differentiate the portrait genre from other journalistic genres, as well as from the autobiographical genre, and explores what opportunities and limitations these elements present for the inclusion of even more women protagonists in the portrait genre. The portrait interview is an exception from the critical mission of journalism in general, with its position as a genre of politeness. Since a typical characteristic of the portrait interview genre is that it pays tribute to the protagonist, the genre reveals the kind of personalities and lives that are seen as admirable in society. Four levels of portrait interview are defined: the prototype portrait, the pure portrait, the hybrid portrait and the marginal portrait. The prototype is a raw version of a portrait that fulfils the criteria but may be lacking in content and stylistics. The pure portrait does not lack these qualities and resembles an ideal portrait. The hybrid is a borderline case which relates to another genre or is a mixture between the portrait and some other genre, most commonly the news genre. The marginal portrait does not fulfil the criteria, and can therefore be seen as an inadequate portrait. For example, obituaries and caricatures are excluded if the protagonist s voice is never quoted. The analysis resulted in three factors that in part help to explain why the portrait interview genre has somewhat more female protagonists than journalistic news texts do in general. The four main reasons why women are presented somewhat more in the portrait genre than in other journalistic genres are: (i) women are shown as exceptions to the female norm when, for example, taking a typical male job or managing in positions where there are few women; (ii) women are shown as representing female themes ; (iii) use of the double bind as a story-generating factor; and (iv) the intimisation of journalism. The double bind usually builds up the narration on female ambiguity in the contradiction between private and public life, for example family and career, personal desire and work. The intimisation of journalism and the double bind give women protagonists somewhat more publicity also because of the tendency of portrait interviews to create conflicts within the protagonist, as an exception to journalism in general where conflicts are created or seen as existing between, for example, persons, groupings or parties. Women protagonists and their lives create an optimal narration of inner conflicts originating in the double bind as men are usually not seen as suffering from these conflicts. The analysis also resulted in gendered portrait norms: The feminine portrait norm and the masculine portrait norm or more concretely, professional life and family life as expectation and exception. Women are expected to be responsible parents and mediocre professionals, while men are expected to be professionals and in their free time engaging fathers. Key words: journalism, genre, portrait interview, gender, interview, newspaper, women s magazine.

Stor Anna, Liten Anna och tio andra personporträtt : Om innehållsliga och språkliga mönster i en mediegenres kvinnobeskrivningar

The aim of this licentiate thesis is to analyse how femininity is constructed in twelve portrait interviews of women in the dailies Dagens Nyheter (Stockholm) and Hufvudstadsbladet (Helsinki) in September 1996, and to explore the portrait interview as a media genre. The qualitative analysis has a feminist and constructionist perspective and is connected to critical text analysis. It was carried out on two levels: first, femininity is identified on the linguistic level by choice of words, and second on the level of content (topical motifs/themes). The portrait interview as a genre constitutes a third dimension in the analysis: The aim is not towards the identification of femininity, but rather towards the identification of the portrait interview a relatively unexplored media genre. References (Swedish: omtal) to the principal character (or protagonist) are traced mainly through reference chains which consist of names, pronouns and substantive phrases. The interviewees were referred to by their full names in Dagens Nyheter (with the exception of the oldest and youngest interviewees, both of whom were mainly referred to by their first names), while the style of reference varied more in Hufvudstadsbladet. The position of the principal character was also analysed through her relation in the text to minor characters from her working life and from her private life. These minor characters maintained their subordinate positions in all of the portraits except that of the youngest principal character, in which the subsidiary voices became at least as strong as the voice of the principal character. Three frequently-recurring topical motifs occurred in the portraits: The first involved explanations for the principal character s success divided into three categories, agent, affect and ambition, the second concerned using journeys or trips as symbols for turning points in life, and the third referred to the ambiguity in the contradiction between private (family/other private life) and public (work) life. This ambiguity is connected to the portrait interview as a text type (genre) which features conclusions at the end of portraits, which in turn is characteristic of reportage. However, the analysis showed that the conclusions of the portrait interviews often also included elements of ambiguity. This was evident in the contradictions be14 tween private and public life that arose in the portrait interviews that focused on these two spheres. The portraits that focused on the principal character s public life showed ambiguity on a more general level concerning questions about being a woman and having a profession, and they often ended with a description of some details of her private life. The women in the portraits were all constructed as being successful, in terms of having achieved direct success, reflective success or success in the form of life wisdom. The women of direct success were described as ambitious individuals with no sidetracks on their life paths, while those of reflective success were described as active heroines who had received help from different agents, who could use their affects as enriching ingredients in life, but who in the end had control over their own lives (life stories). The elderly women were constructed as having achieved life wisdom and their portraits were focused upon the past. The portrait interview as a genre is characterised by journalistic freedom (in relation to the more strict news genre), by a now room (Swedish nurum ) where the journalist meets the principal character (usually via spoken dialogue that she or he transforms into written text to be read by a mass-media audience) and by the relatively closed structure of the portrait. The portrait is relatively independent in relation to the news genre and in relation to the context of what has previously been written, what is being written at the time and what will be written in the future the principal character does not need to belong to the newspaper s usual gallery of actors. Furthermore, the principal character is constructed as being independent in relation to the subsidiary characters and other media actors. The conflict is within the principal character herself and within her life story, unlike the news genre in which equal actors are in conflict with each other. The portrait is also independent in relation to the news lifespan; the publishing timetable is not as strict as in the news genre, but is still dependent on the factors initiating the portrait. The enclosures consist of a raw analysis of two of twelve portrait interviews and of copies of all portraits.

The significance of brittle reaction layers in fusing of dental ceramics to titanium

This thesis comprises four intercomplementary parts that introduce new approaches to brittle reaction layers and mechanical compatibility of metalloceramic joints created when fusing dental ceramics to titanium. Several different methods including atomic layer deposition (ALD), sessile drop contact angle measurements, scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM), three-point bending (TPB, DIN 13 927 / ISO 9693), cross-section microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were employed. The first part investigates the effects of TiO2 layer structure and thickness on the joint strength of the titanium-metalloceramic system. Samples with all tested TiO2 thicknesses displayed good ceramics adhesion to Ti, and uniform TPB results. The fracture mode was independent of oxide layer thickness and structure. Cracking occurred deeper inside titanium, in the oxygen-rich Ti[O]x solid solution surface layer. During dental ceramics firing TiO2 layers dissociate and joints become brittle with increased dissolution of oxygen into metallic Ti and consequent reduction in the metal plasticity. To accomplish an ideal metalloceramic joint this needs to be resolved. The second part introduces photoinduced superhydrophilicity of TiO2. Test samples with ALD deposited anatase TiO2 films were produced. Samples were irradiated with UV light to induce superhydrophilicity of the surfaces through a cascade leading to increased amount of surface hydroxyl groups. Superhydrophilicity (contact angle ~0˚) was achieved within 2 minutes of UV radiation. Partial recovery of the contact angle was observed during the first 10 minutes after UV exposure. Total recovery was not observed within 24h storage. Photoinduced ultrahydrophilicity can be used to enhance wettability of titanium surfaces, an important factor in dental ceramics veneering processes. The third part addresses interlayers designed to restrain oxygen dissolution into Ti during dental ceramics fusing. The main requirements for an ideal interlayer material are proposed. Based on these criteria and systematic exclusion of possible interlayer materials silver (Ag) interlayers were chosen. TPB results were significantly better in when 5 μm Ag interlayers were used compared to only Al2O3-blasted samples. In samples with these Ag interlayers multiple cracks occurred inside dental ceramics, none inside Ti structure. Ag interlayers of 5 μm on Al2O3-blasted samples can be efficiently used to retard formation of the brittle oxygen-rich Ti[O]x layer, thus enhancing metalloceramic joint integrity. The most brittle component in metalloceramic joints with 5 μm Ag interlayers was bulk dental ceramics instead of Ti[O]x. The fourth part investigates the importance of mechanical interlocking. According to the results, the significance of mechanical interlocking achieved by conventional surface treatments can be questioned as long as the formation of the brittle layers (mainly oxygen-rich Ti[O]x) cannot be sufficiently controlled. In summary in contrast to former impressions of thick titanium oxide layers this thesis clearly demonstrates diffusion of oxygen from sintering atmosphere and SiO2 to Ti structures during dental ceramics firing and the following formation of brittle Ti[O]x solid solution as the most important factors predisposing joints between Ti and SiO2-based dental ceramics to low strength. This among other predisposing factors such as residual stresses created by the coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch between dental ceramics and Ti frameworks can be avoided with Ag interlayers.

Att skapa en helhet av fragment Om översättningen av kohesiva element i Sjóns Stålnatt

Abstract (Creating a whole from fragments. On the translation of cohesive elements in Sjón's Steelnight): In this paper, I discuss the Swedish translation of the Icelandic writer Sjón’s debut novel Steelnight: a story (in Swedish Stålnatt – en berättelse). Steelnight is a fragmented novel which is located at the border between poetry and prose. At the beginning of the story, the writer introduces two main plots (with subplots). At first glance, it may seem as though the plots do not share much in common. However, a closer analysis of the text reveals that there are striking parallels between the plots which are created partly by the writer’s use of cohesive elements. Thus, despite the fragmented style, the writer creates cohesion in the text by using stylistic means such as repetition of certain nouns and adjectives and by a frequent use of personal and demonstrative pronouns. This use of cohesive elements creates a challenge for the translator.

¿Feminismo indígena? : Un análisis crítico del discurso sobre los textos de la mujer en el movimiento zapatista 1994-2009

This work analyses texts on indigenous women´s participation in the Mexican Zapatista Army, Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional. The EZLN came to public attention after ten years of clandestine organization in 1994 in Chiapas, a southern state of Mexico neighboring Guatemala. Along the invasion of various municipalities in Chiapas, the Zapatista Army published their own Revolutionary Laws, directed to the Mexican government that included a section on women´s own laws. The indigenous women´s participation in a guerrilla movement in the economically poorest area of Mexico raised many questions among Mexican feminists and some of them fiercely criticized the laws for not being liberating or feminist at all. The question is, did the indigenous women want the laws to be feminist? To answer the main research question How is the position of women constructed in the Zapatista discourse? I analyze texts by various actors in the discourse within the theoretical framework of critical discourse analysis and the feminist theories of intersectionality. The connecting point in this interdisciplinary framework is the question of power and hegemony. The actors in the discourse are the women commanders themselves, the men commanders, the Zapatista spokesperson, subcomandante Marcos and the Mexican feminists. The texts analyzed are the letters of the EZLN to the media and discourses in public reunions, first published in Mexican newspapers and international discussion lists on the Internet and after 2005, on the Zapatista´s own webpage. The results show that instead of discussing whether the Zapatista women´s participation is feminist or not, the action itself provoked such wide discussion of the diversity within the feminist movement that it is a contribution itself. The work also shows that the use of language can be one tool in the quite recent paradigm of intersectionality in feminist theories.

Klassisen poliittisen taloustieteen heijastuminen Intian koleratodellisuuteen 1817–1914

Tässä työssä tutkitaan sitä, heijastuiko Britanniassa vallinnut klassisen poliittisen taloustieteen ihannointi Intian koleratodellisuuteen Itä-Intian kauppakomppanian ja Englannin kruunun hallintokausilla vuosina 1817–1914. Klassinen poliittinen taloustiede oli Britanniassa eli emämaassa dominantti ideologia ja sen vaikutus etenkin Intiassa oli huomattava. Työn lähdeaineisto koostuu pääasiassa Intiassa ja Iso-Britanniassa julkaistuista koleraa käsittelevistä teoksista. Tutkimus tarjoaa oman pienen panoksensa sekä Intian siirtomaahistoriaa että siirtomaajärjestelmän toimintaa käsittelevään tutkimukseen. Työssä esitetään, miten Intian koleraepidemiat alkoivat ja levisivät kauppakomppanian kaudella, miten kruunun alaisuuteen siirryttäessä Intiaan rakennettiin omanlaisensa koleratodellisuus ja -teoria ja miten todellisuus vasta hieman ennen 1900-luvun vaihdetta alkoi yhdentyä muun maailman koleratodellisuuden kanssa. Tutkielmasta voidaan päätellä klassisen poliittisen taloustieteen ajatusten heijastuneen Intian koleratodellisuuteen. Intian rooli raaka-aineiden tuottajana ja myöhemmin myös valmiiden tuotteiden markkinakenttänä heijastui sekä karanteenien vastustamisena että Euroopassa hyviksi todettujen koleraa ehkäisevien keinojen soveltamatta jättämisenä. Investoiminen Intian sosiaali- ja terveyssektorille ei sopinut klassisen poliittisen taloustieteen ihanteisiin, jotka painottivat markkinoiden toimintaan puuttumattomuutta ja näkymättömän käden kaikille jakamaa hyvinvointia. Kauppakomppanian kaudella puuttumattomuutta voitiin perustella yritysmäisellä toiminnalla, johon ei kuulut valtiolle kuuluvien tehtävien hoitaminen. Kruunun alaisuuteen siirtymisen myötä tilanne kuitenkin muuttui. Valtiolla oli suuremmat velvollisuudet kansalaistensa hyvinvointia kohtaan, joten kruunu joutui perustelemaan toimimattomuuttaan painokkaammin. Suurten sosiaalisektorin investointien ja karanteenien välttämiseksi Intiaan luotiin aivan oma koleratodellisuutensa, jonka mukaan kolera ei tarttunut ihmisestä toiseen, eikä sen leviämistä voinut estää, sillä se syntyi maasta nousevista höyryistä ja kulki tuulten mukana. Vääristynyt teoriapohja johti vääristyneeseen todellisuuteen. Epätietoisuus kolerasta ja sen hoidosta säilyi Intiassa 1800-luvun lopulle asti. Britannia hyväksyi saksalaisen epidemiologin, Robert Kochin esittämän bakteeriteorian vasta, kun Koch ja muu maailma totesivat, etteivät merille asetetut karanteenit enää pystyneet ehkäisemään koleran leviämistä. Merten ja kaupankäynnin vapaus ei tällöin enää ollut uhattuna, eikä Britannian siis koskaan tarvinnut luopua siirtomaajärjestelmälle niin olennaisesta tavaroiden liikkumisen esteettömyydestä.

Participes présents et gérondifs en traduction finnoise : perte ou changement de valeur ?

Les participes présents apparaissent, entre autres, dans des constructions à prédication seconde détachées : (1) Intervenant hier soir à Ankara, […], Vladimir Poutine s’est risqué à […]. (Le Figaro 7.12.2004 : 4) Même si les gérondifs, formes adverbiales du verbe (« converbes », cf. Haspelmath & König 1995), n’ont pas d’incidence nominale, contrairement aux participes présents, formes adjectivales du verbe, et ne sont donc pas toujours comptés parmi les constructions à prédication seconde (p.ex. Neveu 1998), les deux ont des emplois assez proches : dans des énoncés du type (2a-b), le participe adjoint peut être paraphrasé par un gérondif, même si son statut fonctionnel n’est pas le même (Halmøy, 2003 : 156-157) : (2a) Arrivant à Paris, Emile a proposé à Léa de [...]. (2b) En arrivant à Paris, Emile a proposé à Léa de[...]. (Halmøy, 2003 : 157) Le finnois ne connaît ni ce genre de constructions détachés ni de forme appelée ‘gérondif’, et les deux participes présents finnois (actif et passif) ne correspondent jamais à un participe présent détaché français : en plus de subordonnées, on trouve à leur place le deuxième infinitif, soit à l’inessif, soit à l’instructif, formes nominales qu’on trouve également dans la traduction des gérondifs : (3a) […] ? me demanda-t-elle sèchement en me montrant l’une des lignes incriminées. (Nothomb, p. 62) […] : hän kysyi minulta kuivakkaasti näyttäen erästä Unajin moittimaa riviä. (Suni, p. 4) (3b) L’espace d’un instant, il sourit, croyant que […] je m’étais trompée de commodités. (Nothomb, p. 138-139) Hetken hän hymyili luullen, että minä […] olin erehtynyt mukavuuslaitoksesta. (Suni, p. 94) : Dans cette communication, nous examinerons quatre traductions littéraires en nous demandant dans quels cas et de quelle manière la différence entre le participe et le gérondif a éventuellement été prise en considération.

“En ole tyhjäpää turha julkku” – Julkkisehdokasdiskurssin hegemonisoituminen 1990-luvun eduskuntavaaleissa

Pro gradu-tutkimukseni käsittelee niin sanottuja julkkisehdokkaita ja heidän representaatiotaan mediassa 1990-luvun eduskuntavaalien aikaan. Nyky-yhteiskunnassa julkkisehdokkaat näyttäytyvät itsestään selvänä ilmiönä, jonka alkuperälle ei juuri uhrata ajatuksia. Ilmiön taustalla on poliittisen kulttuurin muuttuminen yhä viihteellisemmäksi ja henkilökeskeisemmäksi. Poliitikot käyttäytyvät kuin julkisuuden henkilöt ja samalla julkisuuden henkilöt ovat pyrkineet poliitikoiksi. Lisäksi suomalaisessa vaalijärjestelmässä ei käytetä niin sanottuja listavaaleja, vaan äänestetään yksittäisiä ehdokkaita. Niinpä vaaleissa päähuomio kiinnittyy ehdokkaiden henkilökohtaisiin ominaisuuksiin ja yksilöiden välisiin kamppailuihin. Näissä olosuhteissa julkkisehdokkaat ovat potentiaalinen keino saavuttaa lisää näkyvyyttä ja herättää myös politiikasta vähän kiinnostuneiden äänestäjien mielenkiinto. Tutkimukseni ajallinen viitekehys on 1990-luku, sillä halusin selvittää mitkä ovat julkkisehdokasilmiön juuret ja miten ilmiö on kehittynyt. Oman tutkimukseni valossa vuoden 1991 eduskuntavaalit olivat julkkisehdokkaiden läpimurto. Keskeinen hypoteesini on, että media ei anna julkkisehdokkailla tasavertaisia mahdollisuuksia muiden ehdokkaiden kanssa esiintyä vakavasti otettavina ja ”oikeina” poliittisina ehdokkaina. Media puhuu julkkisehdokkaista alentuvasti ja asenteellisesti sekä heidän poliittisia kykyjään epäillen. Tämän asenteellisuuden tutkimiseksi tarkastelin kuutta valtakunnallista sanomalehteä (Helsingin Sanomat, Iltalehti, Ilta-Sanomat, Demari, Nykypäivä ja Suomenmaa) kolmien eduskuntavaalien ajalta. Tarkoituksena oli saada selville onko olemassa jonkinlainen hegemoninen julkkisehdokasdiskurssi, jonka seurauksena kaikista julkkisehdokkaista puhutaan samalla tavalla alentuvasti. Ilmiön taustoitukseksi selvitin julkisuuden teoriaa, politiikan ja viihdeteollisuuden suhdetta, parasosiaalisia suhteita sekä julkkisehdokkaiden historiaa. Hegemonisen diskurssin piirteitä tutkin puolestaan kriittisen diskurssianalyysin keinoin. Aluksi tarkastelin millaisia representaatioita, identiteettejä ja suhteita diskurssissa luodaan. Tämän jälkeen tutkin diskurssin ideologisuutta ja hegemonisuutta. Julkkisehdokasdiskurssi näyttäytyi 1990-luvun sanomalehdissä vaihtoehdottomana ja sen sosiaalinen alkuperä pimittyi vuosikymmenen kuluessa. Näin ollen diskurssi hegemonisoitui ja 2000-luvulle tultaessa siitä on muodostunut hyvin itsestään selvä puhetapa, jota ei kyseenalaisteta. Julkkisehdokkaita paheksutaan yleisesti, vaikka puolueet saavat julkkisehdokkaiden kautta näkyvyyttä, media myy heidän avullaan tuotteitaan ja äänestäjät saavat eduskuntaan tuoreita ja ”ryvettymättömiä” kansanedustajia. Pro gradu -tutkimukseni tekee hegemonisen julkkisehdokasdiskurssin näkyväksi, mutta vain media kykenee haastamaan vallitsevan

Diccionario Enciclopédico de Música en Mexico

The work is the most extensive encyclopedic compilation on Mexican music published to the date, in the form of a dictionary. It includes composer's bios, list of works, musical institutions, instruments, performers, theatres, and many other categories about the music of Mexico. Most of entries include bibliography.

CAD Standardization in Construction – a Process View

There has been a demand for uniform CAD standards in the construction industry ever since the large-scale introduction of computer aided design systems in the late 1980s. While some standards have been widely adopted without much formal effort, other standards have failed to gain support even though considerable resources have been allocated for the purpose. Establishing a standard concerning building information modeling has been one particularly active area of industry development and scientific interest within recent years. In this paper, four different standards are discussed as cases: the IGES and DXF/DWG standards for representing the graphics in 2D drawings, the ISO 13567 standard for the structuring of building information on layers, and the IFC standard for building product models. Based on a literature study combined with two qualitative interview studies with domain experts, a process model is proposed to describe and interpret the contrasting histories of past CAD standardisation processes.

Spam – Spim – Spit. En marknadsrättslig undersökning av marknadsföring via nya kommunikationstekniker

I boken behandlas nya kommunikationstekniker och olika marknadsföringsmetoder som har uppkommit till följd av den tekniska utvecklingen. Marknadsföring via de nya kommunikationskanalerna har givit upphov till vissa olägenheter för mottagarna. Olägenheterna som mottagarna förorsakas vid marknadsföring via de nya teknikerna kan delas in i tre kategorier; 1) meddelandet förorsakar kostnader för mottagaren, 2) meddelandet hindrar mottagaren samt 3) meddelandet upplevs vara påträngande och utgöra ett intrång i mottagarens privatliv. Under de senaste åren har det förekommit hektiska lagstiftningsåtgärder på många håll i världen. Såväl enskilda stater, nationella myndigheter samt internationella organisationer har utarbetat regler om marknadsföring via de nya teknikerna. En av kärnfrågorna i regleringen är huruvida man skall ha ett system med ”opt-in” eller ”opt-out”. En opt-in-lösning innebär att marknadsföraren måste inhämta mottagarens samtycke på förhand, medan en opt-out-lösning innebär att det är tillåtet att sända marknadsföring om inte mottagaren motsatt sig detta. Enligt gällande lagstiftning faller marknadsföring via följande tre tekniker under opt-in: automatiserade uppringningssystem, telefax samt e-post. Det huvudsakliga syftet med avhandlingen är att utreda om nuvarande opt-in-lista är tillräckligt omfattande med beaktande av de olägenheter som marknadsföring via de nya teknikerna förorsakar, eller om den bör utvidgas. I genomgången av marknadsföring via nya tekniker har marknadsföring via bl.a. följande tekniker undersökts: Internet (www-sidor), reklamfönster, reklambanner, e-post, mobiltelefon, telefax, bloggar, RSS, Instant Messaging samt Internettelefoni. Vid sidan av nya tekniker har även vissa ”traditionella” marknadsföringsmetoder undersökts, i syfte att utreda huruvida även de bör falla in under en opt-in-lösning. De traditionella marknadsföringsmetoder som ingår i avhandlingen är hemförsäljning, telemarketing, TV- och radioreklam samt adresserad och oadresserad direktreklam. En annan central del i avhandlingen är frågan hur påföljdssystemet vid överträdelser av opt-in-bestämmelserna bör utformas. Hur skall de enskilda mottagarna få ersättning för de kostnader de åsamkats av marknadsföringen? Är det dags att införa straffskadestånd i Finland? Hög tid att även Finland får grupptalan? Kan tvisterna avgöras virtuellt via domstolar on-line eller ODR?

Hur höra tyst kunskap? Utveckling av en metod för studier av tyst kunnande

Det tysta kunnandet utgör en stor del av kunskapsresursen både hos oss som individer och i arbetsorganisationerna. Trots att vi omger oss med böcker, manualer och databaser, som alla är exempel på explicit kunskap, så är det ”den rätta känslan”, erfarenheten och våra färdigheter som avgör om och hur vi klarar av våra uppgifter. Dessa begrepp är alla relaterade till den tysta dimensionen av kunskap. En dimension som traditionellt karaktäriserats som abstrakt, individuell, omedveten, praktisk, erfarenhetsbaserad och framför allt svår att uttrycka. Alla dessa är karaktärsdrag som ställt speciella krav inom kunskapsforskning och -ledning. Resultatet av detta är att både forskning och ledning av det tysta kunnandet har åsidosatts till förmån för forskning och ledning av explicit kunskap. Ett bidragande problem har varit bristen på lämpliga metoder för att ur ett företagsekonomiskt perspektiv studera och leda tyst kunnande. Ett annat problem har varit oklarhet i begreppet tyst kunskap. Detta har lett till brist på förståelse och/eller missförstånd. För att råda bot på svårigheten att uttrycka vårt tysta kunnande har människan utvecklat olika begrepp som i vår vardagskommunikation symboliserar tyst kunnande. Begrepp som intuition, människokännedom, förhandlingsförmåga och kultur används vanligt och med dem uttrycker vi den tysta dimensionen av kunnande. Dessa begrepp utgör även grunden för den intervjumetod som utvecklats för att empiriskt studera eller i ledningssyfte kartlägga tyst kunnande. Metoden använder dessa ”Epitet för Tyst Kunskap” (ETK) som bas för stimuluskort-intervjuer. Intervjuer som visat sig öka möjligheten att utforska och kartlägga tyst kunnande i organisationer oberoende av om man är forskare eller företagsledare.