Kuinka lähellä on lähellä? Ostosmatkojen autoriippuvuus osana kulutuskäsitystä pääkaupunkiseudulla

Tutkielman aiheena on ostosmatkojen autoriippuvuus pääkaupunkiseudulla. Autoriippuvuudella tässä yhteydessä tarkoitetaan auton käytön kokemista vaihtoehdottomaksi talouksissa, joissa auto on vähintäänkin käytettävissä. Autoilun ja autojärjestelmän ongelmat ovat viime vuosina nousseet entistä laajemmin yleiseen tietoisuuteen etenkin ilmastonmuutoskeskustelun myötä. Kaupan kontekstissa asia on noussut Suomessa esille ympäristöministeriön ajaessa tiukempaa sijainninohjausta, mitä monet kaupan edustajat ovat esimerkiksi autoilun välttämättömyyteen vedoten vastustaneet. Autoriippuvuus ja kulkumuodon valinta ovat myös kansainvälisessä tutkimuskeskustelussa ajankohtaisia aiheita. Liikennetekniikassa ihmisten kulkutapoja on selitetty perinteisesti matka-ajan ja -hinnan avulla, mutta viimeisten parin vuosikymmenen aikana maankäytön ja fyysisen ympäristön mahdollista vaikutusta on tutkittu yhä laajemmin. Psykologiseen teoriaperinteeseen nojaavassa tutkimuksessa on havaittu myös asenteilla, normeilla ja muilla psykologisilla tekijöillä olevan yhteys liikkumisvalintoihin. Vakiintuneet liikennettä tutkivat tieteet tarkastelevat liikennettä suljettuna järjestelmänä, joka on altis vaikutusyrityksille. Sosiologiassa näkemys suljetusta järjestelmästä on vieraampi, ja pyrkimykset vaikuttaa ihmisten liikkumiskäyttäytymisen esimerkiksi kaupan sijainninohjauksella asettuvat epävarmempaan valoon. Tutkielman teoreettisena viitekehyksenä toimivat Pierre Bourdieun kulutustutkimukset, joissa kuluttaja ja kulutus nähdään taloudellisen ja kulttuurisen pääoman vuorovaikutuksen kautta. Tilastollisen tutkimuksen aineistona toimii Kauppakeskukset osana kestävää kulutusta ja kaupunkirakennetta (KOKKKA) –tutkimushankkeessa toteutetun kuluttajakyselyn pääkaupunkiseudun aineisto, josta analyysiin valittiin taloudet, jotka omistavat tai muuten aktiivisesti käyttävät autoa (N = 3351). Analyysissa selvitettiin autonomistuksen, fyysisen ympäristön, kulutusdispositioiden, sosioekonomisen aseman ja demografisen tilanteen yhteyttä auton käyttöön ostosmatkoilla. Pääasiallisina analyysimenetelminä käytettiin faktorianalyysia ja logistista regressioanalyysia, jotka ovat vakiintuneita menetelmiä eri tieteenaloilla. Toisaalta tulosten tulkinnan apuna käytettiin Bourdieun teoriaan läheisesti liittyvää usean muuttujan korrespondenssianalyysia. Tulosten mukaan autonomistuksella, asuinpaikalla ja sen lähiympäristön kaupoilla sekä kulutusdispositioilla on selvä ja merkittävä yhteys siihen, käyttävätkö autolliset taloudet ostosmatkoilla myös autolle vaihtoehtoisia kulkumuotoja. Myös muilla tekijöillä, kuten tulotasolla ja iällä, oli yhteys autoriippuvuuteen, mutta erityisesti koulutustason yhteys niin autoriippuvuuteen kuin yhteisvaikutuksessa muihin selittäjiin oli merkittävä. Aikaisemman tutkimuksen valossa suurin osa tuloksista oli odotettuja, joskin kotitaloustyypin yhteyden peittyminen muiden muuttujien alle poikkesi oletuksista. Sen sijaan koulutustason merkitystä kulkumuodon valinnassa ja autoriippuvuudessa on toistaiseksi tutkittu hyvin vähän. Tutkimuksen perusteella Bourdieun taloudellisen ja kulttuurisen pääoman vuorovaikutuksen huomioiva lähestymistapa tuo uusia näkökulmia liikennetutkimukseen. Kuluttajien liikkumisvalinnat ovat järkeviä, mutta toiminta voi silti vaihdella yksilöllisten tekijöiden ja sosiaalisen rakenteen vaikutuksen perusteella. Kauppojen sijainnilla on yhteys auton käyttöön ja autoriippuvuuteen, mutta yleiset ohjaustoimet vaikuttavat eri ryhmiin eri tavalla. Monessa tapauksessa kulkumuoto jäsentyy osaksi käsitystä kuluttamisesta, ei siitä erillisenä tehtäväksi valinnaksi.

Common past, divided memories: historical memory of the Polish minority members in Lithuania

The Master’s thesis examines historical memory of the Polish minority members in Lithuania with regard to how their interpretation of the common Polish-Lithuanian history reiterates or differs from the official Polish and Lithuanian narratives conveyed by the school textbooks. History teaching in high schools carries a crucial state-supported role of “identity building policies” – it maintains a national narrative of memory, which might be exclusive to minorities and their peculiar understanding of history. Lithuanians Poles, in this regard, represent a national minority, which is exposed to two conflicting national narratives of the common past – Polish and Lithuanian. As members of the Polish nation, their understanding of the common Polish-Lithuanian history is conditioned by the Polish historical narrative, acquired as part of the collective memory of the family and/or different minority organizations. On the other hand, they encounter Lithuanian historical narrative of the Polish-Lithuanian past throughout the secondary school history education, where the curriculum, even if taught in Polish, largely represents the Lithuanian point of view. The concept of collective memory is utilized to refer to collective representations of national memory (i.e. publicly articulated narratives and images of collective past in history textbooks) as well as to socially framed individual memories (i.e. historical memory of minority members, where individual remembering is framed by the social context of their identity). The thesis compares the official national historical narratives in Lithuania and Poland, as conveyed by the Polish and Lithuanian history textbooks. The consequent analysis of qualitative interviews with the Polish minority members in Lithuania offers insights into historical memory of Lithuanian Poles and its relation to the official Polish and Lithuanian national narratives of the common past. Qualitative content analysis is applied in both parts of the analysis. The narratives which emerge from the interview data could be broadly grouped into two segments. First, a more pronounced view on the past combines the following elements: i) emphasis on the value of multicultural and diverse past of Lithuania, ii) contestation of “Lithuanocentricity” of the Lithuanian narrative and iii) rejection of the term “occupation”, based on the cultural presuppositions – the dominant position of Polish culture and language in the Vilnius region, symbolic belonging and “Lithuanianness” of the local Poles. While the opposition to the term of “occupation” is in accord with the official Polish narrative conveyed by the textbooks, the former two elements do not neatly adhere to either Polish or Lithuanian textbook narratives. They should rather be considered as an expression of claims for inclusion of plural pasts into Lithuanian collective memory and hence as claims for symbolic enfranchisement into the Lithuanian “imagined community”. The second strand of views, on the other hand, does not exclude assertions about the historically dominant position of Polish culture in Lithuania, but at the same time places more emphasis on the political and historical continuity of the Lithuanian state and highlights a long-standing symbolic connectedness of Vilnius and Lithuania, thus, striking a middle way between the Polish and Lithuanian interpretations of the past.

Sosiaalialan ammattilaiset kunnian, häpeän ja kunniaväkivallan jäljillä

Pro gradu -tutkielmassani tarkastelen kunnian ja häpeän käsitteitä sekä kunniaväkivallan ilmiötä sosiaalialan ammattilaisten näkökulmasta käsin. Samalla vertailen suomalaisen ja kunniakulttuurin eroja suhtautumisessa kunnian ja häpeän käsitteisiin. Tutkielmani empiirinen aineisto koostuu kymmenestä sosiaalialan ammattilaisen puolistrukturoidusta teemahaastattelusta. Haastatelluista kuusi työskenteli sosiaalityöntekijänä, kaksi perhetyöntekijänä, yksi ohjaajana ja yksi maahanmuuttajatyöntekijänä. Kolme haastateltavista on maahanmuuttajataustaisia. Haastatteluiden rakenne on kaksijakoinen: alkuosuus keskittyi kunnian ja kunniallisuuden sekä häpeän ja kunniattomuuden käsitteisiin, kun taas loppuosuuksissa painottui kunniaväkivallan ja maahanmuuttajien kanssa tehtävän yhteistyön teema. Laadullisena tutkimusmenetelmänä olen käyttänyt haastatteluiden sisällönanalyysia. Tutkielmassani avaan ja vertailen kunnian ja häpeän käsitteiden merkityksiä, paikannuksia ja sisältöjä suomalaisessa ja kunniakeskeisessä kulttuurissa. Haastatteluaineistoni analyysin pohjalta syntyi kunnian ja häpeän nelikenttä, jota halkaisevat horisontaalinen valta-akseli ja vertikaalinen vaikutusakseli. Nelikentän neljä vyöhykettä kuvaavat kunnian ja häpeän teemoja yksilöllisyyden ja yhteisöllisyyden, yksityisyyden ja julkisuuden sekä vallan ja vaikutuksen ulottuvuuksien kautta. Tutkielmassani avaan sitä, miten nämä nelikentän vyöhykkeet näyttäytyivät haastatteluissa sisällöllisesti sekä suhteessa toisiinsa. Samalla vertailen löydöksiä kunniakulttuurin käsityksiin kunniasta ja häpeästä. Kunnian ja häpeän kysymysten kautta lähestyn kunniaväkivaltateemaa ja suomalaisen monikulttuurisuustyön haasteita ja mahdollisuuksia. Sosiaalialan työ maahanmuuttajien parissa sisältää erityispiirteitä ja elementtejä, jotka lisäävät käytännön työn haastavuutta ja luovat mahdollisia karikkoja ja esteitä toimivalle ja asiakaslähtöiselle yhteistyölle. Kulttuurituntemus, yhteisöjen sisältä tuleva tuki ja kulttuuritulkkien käyttö koettiin haastateltavien parissa tarpeellisena kunniaväkivaltatyöskentelyssä. Kunniaväkivaltatyöskentely tarvitsee myös monien toimijatahojen yhteistyötä, joka tuo mukanaan omia ulottuvuuksia, sekä mahdollisten toiminta- ja yhteistyömallien hahmottamista että vastuun koordinoinnin kysymyksiä. Haastatteluissa tuli esille toiveita ja tarvetta kunniaväkivaltakysymyksiin liittyvän yhteistyön koordinoinnin parantamisesta ja työskentelyn mallintamisesta. Naiset voidaan nähdä kunnian ja perheen ytimessä, mutta myös yksityisyyden ja julkisuuden rajojen rikkojina. Kunniakulttuurissa naisten tasavertaisuuden yhtenä riskitekijänä ja hidasteena voidaan nähdä myös yksilöllisyyden ja yhteisöllisyyden välisen rajan huokoisuus; erityisesti tyttöjen ja naisten kunniaan ja samalla integriteettiin puuttuminen ja sen hallitseminen vaarantaa pyrkimykset tasa-arvoisempaan yhteiskunnalliseen kehitykseen. Naisten yhteiskunnallinen asema ja oikeudet ovatkin kunniaväkivallan torjumisen kulmakiviä sekä länsimaissa että perinteisissä kunniakulttuureissa.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy and post-infarct ventricular remodelling : Effects of levosimendan in a rodent model of type II diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Recently, the term diabetic cardiomyopathy has been proposed to describe the changes in the heart that occur in response to chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Ventricular remodelling in diabetic cardiomyopathy includes left ventricular hypertrophy, increased interstitial fibrosis, apoptosis and diastolic dysfunction. Mechanisms behind these changes are increased oxidative stress and renin-angiotensin system activation. The diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rat is a non-obese model of type 2 diabetes that exhibits defective insulin signalling. Recently two interconnected stress response pathways have been discovered that link insulin signalling, longevity, apoptosis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. The insulin-receptor PI3K/Ak pathway inhibits proapoptotic FOXO3a in response to insulin signalling and the nuclear Sirt1 deacetylase inhibits proapoptotic p53 and modulates FOXO3a in favour of survival and growth. --- Levosimendan is a calcium sensitizing agent used for the management of acute decompensated heart failure. Levosimendan acts as a positive inotrope by sensitizing cardiac troponin C to calcium and exerts vasodilation by opening mitochondrial and sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Levosimendan has been described to have beneficial effects in ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction. The aims of the study were to characterize whether diabetic cardiomyopathy associates with cardiac dysfunction, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, hypertrophy and fibrosis in spontaneously diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, which were used to model type 2 diabetes. Protein expression and activation of the Akt FOXO3a and Sirt1 p53 pathways were examined in the development of ventricular remodelling in GK rats with and without myocardial infarction (MI). The third and fourth studies examined the effects of levosimendan on ventricular remodelling and gene expression in post-MI GK rats. The results demonstrated that diabetic GK rats develop both modest hypertension and features similar to diabetic cardiomyopathy including cardiac dysfunction, LV hypertrophy and fibrosis and increased apoptotic signalling. MI induced a sustained increase in cardiomyocyte apoptosis in GK rats together with aggravated LV hypertrophy and fibrosis. The GK rat myocardium exhibited decreased Akt- FOXO3a phosphorylation and increased nuclear translocation of FOXO3a and overproduction of the Sirt1 protein. Treatment with levosimendan decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis, senescence and LV hypertrophy and altered the gene expression profile in GK rat myocardium. The findings indicate that impaired cardioprotection via Akt FOXO3a and p38 MAPK is associated with increased apoptosis, whereas Sirt1 functions in counteracting apoptosis and the development of LV hypertrophy in the GK rat myocardium. Overall, levosimendan treatment protects against post-MI ventricular remodelling and alters the gene expression profile in the GK rat myocardium.

Kotimaisen 2000-luvun draamaelokuvan ja yhteiskunnallisen todellisuuden suhteesta

Pro gradu -työni käsittelee kotimaisen 2000-luvun draamaelokuvan ja suomalaisen henkisen tilan suhdetta. Lähden liikkeelle Pekka Himasen pohtimasta 2010-luvun suomalaisesta näkymästä ja tarkastelen, millä tavoin kotimainen elokuva suhteutuu siihen: heijasteleeko elokuva sitä todellisuutta, jossa nykyajan kollektiivinen suomalaisuus tulee rakennetuksi? Tarkoitukseni on selvittää, millaiset mahdollisuudet kotimaisella elokuvatarinalla on projektissa, johon Himanen viittaa käsitteellään hyvinvointiyhteiskunta versio 2. Tässä mallissa keskeisellä sijalla on yhteiskunnallinen hyvinvointi korkean kulttuurisen kukoistuksen voimin. Tutkielmassani pohjaan Aristoteleen tarina-analyysiin, jota laajennan uudemman amerikkalaisen perinteen valossa. Dramaturgisten elementtien erittelyn lisäksi hahmotan suuremman kokonaisuuden suomalaisen henkisen kulttuurin tilasta. Sovellan sekä aristoteelisuutta että nykyfilosofien ja -psykologien käsityksiä ajan hengestä kotimaiseen elokuvaan tarina-analyysin keinoin. Analyysissa hahmotan kotimaisesta nykydraamasta yhteiskunnallisesta tilasta kertovia suuntaviivoja. Pohdin, millä tavoin koettu todellisuus tulee elokuvatarinoissa hyödynnetyksi ja millaisia ratkaisumalleja tarinat tarjoavat todellisuuteen kiinnittyvälle katsojalle. Johtopäätöksissä esittelen klassisen kaavan potentiaalia voimauttavan elokuvakokemuksen aikaansaamiseksi. Keskusteluosassa palaan henkisen tilan pohdintaan. Käyn läpi yhteiskunnallisten vaikuttajien arvioita elokuvataiteen nykytilasta ja tulevaisuudesta sekä nostan esiin ajatuksia ydintarinasta. Lopuksi painotan omaa näkemystäni tarinan mahdollisuuksista Himasen visioiman uudenlaisen hyvinvointiyhteiskunnan synnyttämiseksi.

Position-sensitive silicon strip detector characterization using particle beams

Silicon strip detectors are fast, cost-effective and have an excellent spatial resolution. They are widely used in many high-energy physics experiments. Modern high energy physics experiments impose harsh operation conditions on the detectors, e.g., of LHC experiments. The high radiation doses cause the detectors to eventually fail as a result of excessive radiation damage. This has led to a need to study radiation tolerance using various techniques. At the same time, a need to operate sensors approaching the end their lifetimes has arisen. The goal of this work is to demonstrate that novel detectors can survive the environment that is foreseen for future high-energy physics experiments. To reach this goal, measurement apparatuses are built. The devices are then used to measure the properties of irradiated detectors. The measurement data are analyzed, and conclusions are drawn. Three measurement apparatuses built as a part of this work are described: two telescopes measuring the tracks of the beam of a particle accelerator and one telescope measuring the tracks of cosmic particles. The telescopes comprise layers of reference detectors providing the reference track, slots for the devices under test, the supporting mechanics, electronics, software, and the trigger system. All three devices work. The differences between these devices are discussed. The reconstruction of the reference tracks and analysis of the device under test are presented. Traditionally, silicon detectors have produced a very clear response to the particles being measured. In the case of detectors nearing the end of their lifefimes, this is no longer true. A new method benefitting from the reference tracks to form clusters is presented. The method provides less biased results compared to the traditional analysis, especially when studying the response of heavily irradiated detectors. Means to avoid false results in demonstrating the particle-finding capabilities of a detector are also discussed. The devices and analysis methods are primarily used to study strip detectors made of Magnetic Czochralski silicon. The detectors studied were irradiated to various fluences prior to measurement. The results show that Magnetic Czochralski silicon has a good radiation tolerance and is suitable for future high-energy physics experiments.

"Miksi lehmät pitää tappaa?" : Etnografinen tutkimus 2000-luvun alun huumemarkkinoista Helsingissä

The present study focuses on the drug market in Helsinki in the early 2000s, mainly on the dealing in and use of amphetamines, cannabis and the pharmaceutical Subutex. The drug market is usually analysed into upper, middle and lower level markets. These levels are very different in terms of their operating practices, although there may be some mingling. The present study is mainly concerned with drug dealers and users in the lower and middle level markets. Operations also differ depending on whether the dealing involves just one drug or several. Dealing in and using Subutex is a very different business from dealing and using home grown cannabis, for instance: both the customers and the dealers are mostly quite different. The study material was mostly collected through ethnographical field work, including observations and interviews. Interviews with officials and minutes of pre-trial investigations concerning aggravated drug crimes are also included. The study discusses the roles of dealers on the various levels of the drug market in Helsinki and traces activities at various levels. Ethnographical methods are employed to observe day-to-day drug dealing and use and leisure pursuits in private homes and in public premises. The study takes note of the risks inherent in drug dealing and estimates what kind of drug dealers can last the longest on the market without the authorities intervening. At the same time, the study discusses how small groups on the middle and lower levels of the drug market avoid control measures undertaken by the authorities and how the authorities address these groups. Moreover, the study discusses what the drug market is like in prison from the perspective of a drug dealer sent to prison, what their everyday lives are like after release, and how much money dealers on various levels of the drug market make. The study demonstrates that drug dealing in Helsinki, whether we consider the very top or the very bottom of the pyramid, is a far from rational pursuit. The undertakings are not very systematic; they are more a reaction to intoxicant addiction( s) and other problems caused by other dealers, the dealers own actions and the actions of the police. The everyday lives of drug dealers are often chaos only alleviated by drug use in the company of buyers or alone. If a drug dealer uses drugs himself/herself, things become even more complicated and a vicious circle develops. At the same time, everyday life is certainly exciting, and a drug dealer often has a highly eventful if brief life. Drug dealing is a very masculine pursuit, and there is a sort of macho code governing it, although this does not nearly always work as it should. This macho code, typically for illegal activities, involves the threat of violence as a control measure. Hence the untranslatable slang expression Kill the cows : the Finnish word for calf has the slang meaning snitch or police informant . No more cows, no more calves. But informing on others to the authorities is a fact of life in the drug-dealing world. Contributing factors to being reported to the authorities are the dealer s own mistakes and the actions of other dealers and the police. A determined drug dealer will not be deterred from drug dealing by a prison sentence. However, following time in prison only few dealers manage to gain an income from drug dealing commensurate with its risks.

Examining effectiveness of an immigrant labor market integration intervention. The role of acculturation, discrimination, self-efficacy, outcome expectances, action and coping planning.

The designing of effective intervention tools to improve immigrants’ labor market integration remains an important topic in contemporary Western societies. This study examines whether and how a new intervention tool, Working Life Certificate (WLC), helps unemployed immigrants to find employment and strengthen their belief of their vocational skills. The study is based on quantitative longitudinal survey data from 174 unemployed immigrants of various origins who participated in the pilot phase of WLC examinations in 2009. Surveys were administered in three waves: before the test, right after it, and three months later. Although it is often argued that the unemployment among immigrants is due either to their lack of skills and cultural differences or to discrimination in recruitment, scholars within social psychology of behavior change argue that the best way of helping people to achieve their goals (e.g. finding employment) is to build up their sense of self-efficacy, alter their outcome expectances in a more positive direction or to help them to construct more detailed action and coping plans. This study aims to shed light on the role of these concepts in immigrants’ labor market integration. The results support the theories of behavior change moderately. Having positive expectances regarding the outcomes of various job search behaviors was found to predict employment in the future. Together with action and coping planning it also predicted increase in job search behavior. The intervention, WLC, was able to affect participants’ self-efficacy, but contrary to expectations, self-efficacy was found not to be related to either job search behavior or future labor market status. Also, perceived discrimination did not explain problems in finding employment, but hints of subtle or structural discrimination were found. Adoption of Finnish work culture together with strong family culture was found to predict future employment. Hence, in this thesis I argue that awarding people diplomas should be preferred in immigrant integration training as it strengthens people’s sense of self-efficacy. Instead of teaching new information, more attention should be directed at changing people’s outcome expectances in a more positive direction and helping them to construct detailed plans on how to achieve their goals.

Hyvinvoinnin ja edistymisen kuvaaminen yhdistelmäindikaattorilla : Suomen kestävän yhteiskunnan indeksin laskenta

Hyvinvointi koostuu paitsi taloudellisista tekijöistä, myös monista muista ulottuvuuksista. Terveyden, koulutuksen, tasa-arvon sekä yhteiskunnan tarjoaman vapauden ja turvan lisäksi pitkän tähtäimen hyvinvointiin vaikuttavat erityisesti ympäristön tila ja se kuinka kestävän kehityksen mukaista on talouden toiminta. Hyvinvoinnin ollessa näinkin moniulotteinen ilmiö on sen mittaaminen hyvin haastavaa ja siksi hyvinvoinnin mittaaminen on ollut pitkään varsin kehittymätöntä. Taloustieteen teoriapohjan kehittyminen, länsimaisten yhteiskuntien uudet haasteet ja politiikan teon painopisteen siirtyminen kansalaisten hyvinvoinnin lisäämiseen ovat nostaneet hyvinvoinnin mittaamisen kehittämisen erääksi lähivuosien tärkeimmäksi painopisteeksi Euroopan unionissa. Tässä tutkimuksessa käsitellään hyvinvoinnin mittaamista erityisesti taloustieteen näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksessa esitellään erilaisia hyvinvoinnin mittaamisen menetelmiä ja syvennytään tarkemmin varsinkin niin sanottuihin yhdistelmäindikaattoreihin. Erityisesti pohditaan yhdistelmäindikaattoreiden taloustieteellistä teoriapohjaa, tutustutaan yhdistelmäindikaattoreiden käytössä ilmeneviin haasteisiin ja testataan yhdistelmäindikaattorin soveltamista käytännössä. Hyvinvoinnin mittarina on käytetty Sustainable Society Index –yhdistelmäindikaattoria (SSI), joka aggregoi yhteen 24 eri ihmisten hyvinvointiin, ympäristön tilaan ja taloudelliseen hyvinvointiin liittyvää muuttujaa. Indikaattori on laskettu tutkimuksessa Suomelle ensimmäistä kertaa vuosille 1975 – 2008. Samaan aikaan tämän tutkimuksen kanssa SSI:n kehittäjät ovat laskeneet SSI:n Hollannille samoille vuosille. Tutkimuksen mukaan yhdistelmäindikaattoreiden teoriapohja on varsin vajavainen. Niiden soveltamisessa suurimmat haasteet liittyvät riittävän ajantasaisen ja luotettavan tilastotiedon saatavuuteen. Toisaalta yhdistelmäindikaattoreiden etuna on, että niihin on monia muita hyvinvoinnin mittareita helpompi sisällyttää laaja kirjo erilaisia hyvinvoinnin osa-alueiden kehitystä kuvaavia muuttujia, kun yhteistä mittayksikköä ei tarvita. Näin ne pystyvät ottamaan muita seurantavälineitä kattavammin huomioon hyvinvoinnin eri osa-alueita. SSI:n mukaan Suomessa hyvinvointi on kaiken kaikkiaan hieman laskenut tarkasteluajanjaksolla. Hyvinvointi kasvoi 1990-luvun alun lamaan asti, jolloin hyvinvoinnissa tapahtui suuri notkahdus. Tämän jälkeen suunta on ollut taas kasvava, joskaan ennen lamaa vallinnutta hyvinvoinnin tasoa ei ole vieläkään saavutettu. Tulosten mukaan Suomessa hyvinvointi on paremmalla tasolla kuin Hollannissa. Kuitenkin hyvinvoinnin kasvu on Hollannissa ollut tarkasteluajanjaksolla nopeampaa ja ero maiden välillä on koko ajan kaventunut. Tutkimuksen lopussa tehdään ehdotuksia kuinka hyvinvoinnin mittareita ja etenkin SSI:ä tulisi jatkossa kehittää, jotta ne soveltuisivat paremmin juuri Suomen hyvinvoinnin mittaamiseen.

Modification of ventricular repolarization in silent long QT syndrome mutation carriers

Congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a familial disorder characterized by ventricular repolarization that makes carriers vulnerable to malignant ventricular tachycardia and sudden cardiac death. The three main subtypes (LQT1, LQT2 and LQT3) constitute 95% of cases. The disorder is characterized by a prolonged QT interval in electrocardiograms (ECG), but a considerable portion are silent carriers presenting normal (QTc < 440 ms) or borderline (QTc < 470 ms) QT interval. Genetic testing is available only for 60-70% of patients. A number of pharmaceutical compounds also affect ventricular repolarization, causing a clinically similar disorder called acquired long QT syndrome. LQTS carriers - who already have impaired ventricular repolarization - are especially vulnerable. In this thesis, asymptomatic genotyped LQTS mutation carriers with non-diagnostic resting ECG were studied. The body surface potential mapping (BSPM) system was utilized for ECG recording, and signals were analyzed with an automated analysis program. QT interval length, and the end part of the T wave, the Tpe interval, was studied during exercise stress testing and an epinephrine bolus test. In the latter, T wave morphology was also analyzed. The effect of cetirizine was studied in LQTS carriers and also with supra- therapeutic dose in healthy volunteers. At rest, LQTS mutation carriers had a slightly longer heart rate adjusted QTc interval than healthy subjects (427 ± 31 ms and 379 ± 26 ms; p<0.001), but significant overlapping existed. LQT2 mutation carriers had a conspicuously long Tpe-interval (113 ± 24 ms; compared to 79 ± 11 ms in LQT1, 81 ± 17 ms in LQT3 and 78 ± 10 ms in controls; p<0.001). In exercise stress tests, LQT1 mutation carriers exhibit a long QT interval at high heart rates and during recovery, whereas LQT2 mutation carriers have a long Tpe interval at the beginning of exercise and at the end of recovery at low heart rates. LQT3 mutation carriers exhibit prominent shortening of both QT and Tpe intervals during exercise. A small epinephrine bolus revealed disturbed repolarization, especially in LQT2 mutation carriers, who developed prolonged Tpe intervals. A higher epinephrine bolus caused abnormal T waves with a different T wave profile in LQTS mutation carriers compared to healthy controls. These effects were seen in LQT3 as well, a group that may easily escape other provocative tests. In the cetirizine test, the QT and Tpe intervals were not prolonged in LQTS mutation carriers or in healthy controls. Subtype-specific findings in exercise test and epinephrine bolus test help to diagnose silent LQTS mutation carriers and to guide subtype-specific treatments. The Tpe interval, which signifies the repolarization process, seems to be a sensitive marker of disturbed repolarization along with the QT interval, which signifies the end of repolarization. This method may be used in studying compounds that are suspected to affect repolarization. Cetirizine did not adversely alter ventricular repolarization and would not be pro-arrhythmic in common LQT1 and LQT2 subtypes when used at its recommended doses.

Pre-eclampsia : The role of soluble VEGF receptor-1 and related anti-angiogenic factors beyond

Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy complication that affects about 5% of all pregnancies. It is known to be associated with alterations in angiogenesis -related factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). An excess of antiangiogenic substances, especially the soluble receptor-1 of VEGF (sVEGFR-1), has been observed in maternal circulation after the onset of the disease, probably reflecting their increased placental production. Smoking reduces circulating concentrations of sVEGFR-1 in non-pregnant women, and in pregnant women it reduces the risk of pre-eclampsia. Soluble VEGFR-1 acts as a natural antagonist of VEGF and placental growth factor (PlGF) in human circulation, holding a promise for potential therapeutic use. In fact, it has been used as a model to generate a fusion protein, VEGF Trap , which has been found effective in anti-angiogenic treatment of certain tumors and ocular diseases. In the present study, we evaluated the potential use of maternal serum sVEGFR-1, Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and endostatin, three central anti-angiogenic markers, in early prediction of subsequent pre-eclampsia. We also studied whether smoking affects circulating sVEGFR-1 concentrations in pregnant women or their first trimester placental secretion and expression in vitro. Last, in order to allow future discussion on the potential therapy based on sVEGFR-1, we determined the biological half-life of endogenous sVEGFR-1 in human circulation, and measured the concomitant changes in free VEGF concentrations. Blood or placental samples were collected from a total of 268 pregnant women between the years 2001 2007 in Helsinki University Central Hospital for the purposes above. The biomarkers were measured using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). For the analyses of sVEGFR-1, Ang-2 and endostatin, a total of 3 240 pregnant women in the Helsinki area were admitted to blood sample collection during two routine ultrasoundscreening visits at 13.7 ± 0.5 (mean ± SD) and 19.2 ± 0.6 weeks of gestation. Of them, 49 women later developing pre-eclampsia were included in the study. Their disease was further classified as mild in 29 and severe in 20 patients. Isolated early-onset intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) was diagnosed in 16 women with otherwise normal medical histories and uncomplicated pregnancies. Fifty-nine women remaining normotensive, non-proteinuric and finally giving birth to normal-weight infants were picked to serve as the control population of the study. Maternal serum concentrations of Ang-2, endostatin and sVEGFR-1, were increased already at 16 20 weeks of pregnancy, about 13 weeks before the clinical manifestation of preeclampsia. In addition, these biomarkers could be used to identify women at risk with a moderate precision. However, larger patient series are needed to determine whether these markers could be applied for clinical use to predict preeclampsia. Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), especially if noted at early stages of pregnancy and not secondary to any other pregnancy complication, has been suggested to be a form of preeclampsia compromising only the placental sufficiency and the fetus, but not affecting the maternal endothelium. In fact, IUGR and preeclampsia have been proposed to share a common vascular etiology in which factors regulating early placental angiogenesis are likely to play a central role. Thus, these factors have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of IUGR. However, circulating sVEGFR-1, Ang-2 and endostatin concentrations were unaffected by subsequent IUGR at early second trimester. Furthermore, smoking was not associated with alterations in maternal circulating sVEGFR-1 or its placental production. The elimination of endogenous sVEGFR-1 after pregnancy was calculated from serial samples of eight pregnant women undergoing elective Caesarean section. As typical for proteins in human compartments, the elimination of sVEGFR-1 was biphasic, containing a rapid halflife of 3.4 h and a slow one of 29 h. The decline in sVEGFR-1 concentrations after mid-trimester legal termination of pregnancy was accompanied with a simultaneous increase in the serum levels of free VEGF so that within a few days after pregnancy VEGF dominated in the maternal circulation. Our study provides novel information on the kinetics of endogenous sVEGFR-1, which serves as a potential tool in the development of new strategies against diseases associated with angiogenic imbalance and alterations in VEGF signaling.

Innate Immune Recognition of RNA-virus infection in human macrophages

Innate immunity and host defence are rapidly evoked by structurally invariant molecular motifs common to microbial world, called pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In addition to PAMPs, endogenous molecules released in response to inflammation and tissue damage, danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are required for eliciting the response. The most important PAMPs of viruses are viral nucleic acids, their genome or its replication intermediates, whereas the identity and characteristics of virus infection-induced DAMPs are poorly defined. PAMPs and DAMPs engage a limited set of germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in immune and non-immune cells. Membrane-bound Toll-like receptors (TLRs), cytoplasmic retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLRs) are important PRRs involved in the recognition of the molecular signatures of viral infection, such as double-stranded ribonucleic acids (dsRNAs). Engagement of PRRs results in local and systemic innate immune responses which, when activated against viruses, evoke secretion of antiviral and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and programmed cell death i.e., apoptosis of the virus-infected cell. Macrophages are the central effector cells of innate immunity. They produce significant amounts of antiviral cytokines, called interferons (IFNs), and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. IL-1β and IL-18 are synthesized as inactive precursors, pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18, that are processed by caspase-1 in a cytoplasmic multiprotein complex, called the inflammasome. After processing, these cytokines are biologically active and will be secreted. The signals and secretory routes that activate inflammasomes and the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 during virus infections are poorly characterized. The main goal of this thesis was to characterize influenza A virus-induced innate immune responses and host-virus interactions in human primary macrophages during an infection. Methodologically, various techniques of cellular and molecular biology, as well as proteomic tools combined with bioinformatics, were utilized. Overall, the thesis provides interesting insights into inflammatory and antiviral innate immune responses, and has characterized host-virus interactions during influenza A virus-infection in human primary macrophages.

From Habits to Social Structures : Pragmatism and Contemporary Social Theory

Pragmatism has sometimes been taken as a catchphrase for epistemological stances in which anything goes. However, other authors argue that the real novelty and contribution of this tradition has to do with its view of action as the context in which all things human take place. Thus, it is action rather than, for example, discourses that should be our starting point in social theory. The introductory section of the book situates pragmatism (especially the ideas of G. H. Mead and John Dewey) within the field and tradition of social theory. This introductory also contextualizes the main core of the book which consists of four chapters. Two of these chapters have been published as articles in scientific journals and one in an edited book. All of them discuss the core problem of social theory: how is action related to social structures (and vice versa)? The argument is that habitual action is the explanation for the emergence of social structures from our action. Action produces structures and social reproduction takes place when action is habitualized; that is, when we develop social dispositions to act in a certain manner in familiar environments. This also means that even though the physical environment is the same for all of us, our habits structure it into different kinds of action possibilities. Each chapter highlights these general insights from different angles. Practice theory has gained momentum in recent years and it has many commonalities with pragmatism because both highlight the situated and corporeal character of human activity. One famous proponent of practice theory is Margaret Archer who has argued that the pragmatism of G. H. Mead leads to an oversocialized conception of selfhood. Mead does indeed present a socialized view of selfhood but this is a meta-sociological argument rather than a substantial sociological claim. Accordingly, one can argue that in this general sense intersubjectivity precedes subjectivity and not the other way around. Such a view does not indicate that our social relation would necessarily "colonize" individual action because there is a place for internal conversations (in Archer s terminology); it is especially in those phases of action where it meets obstacles due to the changes of the environment. The second issue discussed has the background assumption that social structures can fruitfully be conceptualized as institutions. A general classification of different institution theories is presented and it is argued that there is a need for a habitual theory of institutions due to the problems associated with these other theories. So-called habitual institutionalism accounts for institutions in terms of established and prevalent social dispositions that structure our social interactions. The germs of this institution theory can be found in the work of Thorstein Veblen. Since Veblen s times, these ideas have been discussed for example, by the economist Geoffrey M. Hodgson. His ideas on the evolution of institutions are presented but a critical stance is taken towards his tendency of defining institutions with the help of rules because rules are not always present in institutions. Accordingly, habitual action is the most basic but by no means the only aspect of institutional reproduction. The third chapter deals with theme of action and structures in the context of Pierre Bourdieu s thought. Bourdieu s term habitus refers to a system of dispositions which structure social fields. It is argued that habits come close to the concept of habitus in the sense that the latter consists of particular kinds of habits; those that are related to the reproduction of socioeconomic positions. Habits are thus constituents of a general theory of societal reproduction whereas habitus is a systematic combination of socioeconomic habits. The fourth theme relates to issues of social change and development. The capabilities approach has been associated with the name of Amartya Sen, for example, and it underscores problems inhering in economistic ways of evaluating social development. However, Sen s argument has some theoretical problems. For example, his theory cannot adequately confront the problem of relativism. In addition, Sen s discussion lacks also a theory of the role of the public. With the help of arguments derived from pragmatism, one gets an action-based, socially constituted view of freedom in which the role of the public is essential. In general, it is argued that a socially constituted view of agency does not necessarily to lead to pessimistic conclusions about the freedom of action.

Kielimuurin murtajat : Käännökset arkikeskustelun jäsentäjinä Penedon suomalaisessa siirtokunnassa

Tutkimus käsittelee käännöksiä, joita keskustelijat tuottavat monenkeskisen, kaksikielisen arkikeskustelun aikana toisilleen. Toiset osallistujista ovat kaksikielisiä ja toiset yksikielisiä, ja käännöksiä tuotetaan erityisesti silloin, kun osa puheesta on kielimuurin vuoksi jäänyt yksikielisiltä ymmärtämättä. Käännökset ovat osa kielenvälitystä eli toimintaa, jossa puhuja edesauttaa keskustelukieltä vaihtamalla erikielisten läsnäolijoiden osallistumista keskusteluun tai toimii ei-ammattimaisena tulkkina osapuolten välillä. Keskusteluaineisto on suomen- ja portugalinkielistä. Se on nauhoitettu entisessä suomalaisessa siirtokunnassa Brasilian Penedossa, jossa asuu edelleen noin 20 alkuperäisten siirtolaisten jälkeläistä tai myöhemmin muuttanutta suomenpuhujaa. Tutkimuksessa esitellään lyhyesti Penedoa, sen historiaa ja joitakin penedolaisten puhuman suomen erityispiirteitä, jotka johtuvat kontaktista portugalin kielen kanssa. Työn metodisena ja teoreettisena pohjana ovat pääasiassa keskustelunanalyysi ja vuorovaikutuslingvistiikka, joiden näkökulmasta tarkastellaan käännösten syntaktista muotoutumista meneillään olevan vuorovaikutuksellisen toiminnan tarpeisiin. Puhujat tuottavat käännösten alussa erityisiä syntaktisia rakenteita (lohkorakenne, lohkeama ja topikalisaatio), jotka niin sanotusti lohkaisevat jonkin lausuman elementin sen alkuun. Työn tavoitteena on selvittää, miksi näitä rakenteita esiintyy juuri käännösvuoroissa. Tähän pyritään tarkastelemalla rakenteiden vuorovaikutuksellisia ja syntaktisia ominaisuuksia, jotka mahdollistavat niiden hyödyntämisen kielenvälityksessä. Tyypillisimmin käännösvuoron alkuun lohjennut elementti on edeltävästä puheesta kierrätettävä leksikaalinen substantiivilauseke, joka toimii kiintopisteenä keskustelun eri kielillä tuotettujen osien välillä. Kyseisiä rakenteita on kielitieteellisissä kuvauksissa pidetty usein varsin kiteytyneinä, mutta ne esiintyvät aineistossa hyvin vaihtelevissa muodoissa. Vuorovaikutuslingvistisessä tutkimuksessa onkin käytetty erilaisia lohkeavia rakenteita esimerkkeinä puhehetkessä jäsentyvästä ja sen tarpeisiin muotoutuvasta kieliopista. Työ tuo aihepiiriin lisätietoa, sillä se esittelee lohkeavat rakenteet vuorovaikutuksellisena resurssina uudessa yhteydessä, arkikeskustelun käännöksissä. Rakenteiden esiintyminen kieltä vaihtavissa vuoroissa nostaa huomion kohteeksi sen, miten rakenteissa käytetyt viittausmuodot suhteutuvat edeltävään, erikieliseen keskusteluun. Leksikaalisia substantiivilausekkeita tuottamalla uudet vastaanottajat saatetaan selville puheenaiheesta, ja samalla rakenne, jossa lausekkeet esiintyvät, luo odotuksen vuoron jatkumisesta. Näin syntyy käännös, joka liittyy koherentiksi jatkoksi erikieliselle keskustelulle ja samalla johtaa keskustelua eteenpäin siten, että siihen voi liittyä uusia osallistujia. Meneillään oleva toiminta näkyy kieltä vaihtavien vuorojen muotoilussa: Käännöstä tuottaessaan puhujat orientoituvat ylittämään keskusteluun syntynyttä kielimuuria muun muassa juuri tuottamalla viittaukset leksikaalisina. Kielen vaihtamista hyödyntävä aiemman puheen toisto voi kuitenkin olla myös esimerkiksi koodinvaihtoa, jolla puhuja hakee vastaanottajan palautetta. Silloin kielimuuria ei tarvitse ylittää, ja viittauksia voidaan ongelmitta tuottaa ei-leksikaalisina. Työssä pohditaankin myös varsinaisen kääntämisen suhdetta muuhun eri kielellä tuotetun toiston hyödyntämiseen keskustelussa.

Preterm birth and risk factors for chronic disease : Helsinki Study of Very Low Birth Weight Adults

Background: The improved prognosis of early preterm birth has created a generation of surviving very low birth weight (< 1500 g, VLBW) infants whose health risks in adulthood are poorly known. Of every 1000 live-born infants in Finland, about 8 are born at VLBW. Variation in birth weight, even within the normal range, relates to considerable variation in the risk for several common adult disorders, including cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Small preterm infants frequently exhibit severe postnatal or prenatal growth retardation, or both. Much reason for concern thus exists, regarding adverse health effects in surviving small preterm infants later lives. We studied young adults, aiming at exploring whether VLBW birth and postnatal events after such a birth are associated with higher levels of risk factors for cardiovascular disease or osteoporosis. Subjects and Methods: A follow-up study for VLBW infants began in 1978; by the end of 1985, 335 VLBW survivors at Helsinki University Central Hospital participated in the follow-up. Their gestational ages ranged from 24 to 35 weeks, mean 29.2 and standard deviation 2.2 weeks. In 2004, we invited for a clinic visit 255 subjects, aged 18 to 27, who still lived in the greater Helsinki area. From the same birth hospitals, we also invited 314 term-born controls of similar age and sex. These two study groups underwent measurements of body size and composition, function of brachial arterial endothelium (flow-mediated dilatation, FMD) and carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT) by ultrasound. In addition, we measured plasma lipid concentrations, ambulatory blood pressure, fasting insulin, glucose tolerance and, by dual-energy x-ray densitometry, bone-mineral density. Results: 172 control and 166 VLBW participants underwent lipid measurements and a glucose tolerance test. VLBW adults fasting insulin (adjusted for body mass index) was 12.6% (95% confidence interval, 0.8 to 25.8) higher than that of the controls. The glucose and insulin concentrations 120 minutes after 75 g glucose ingestion showed similar differences (N=332) (I). VLBW adults had 3.9 mmHg (1.3 to 6.4) higher office systolic blood pressure, 3.5 mmHg (1.7 to 5.2) higher office diastolic blood pressure (I), and, when adjusted for body mass index and height, 3.1 mmHg (0.5 to 5.5) higher 24-hour mean systolic blood pressure (N=238) (II). VLBW birth was associated neither with HDL- or total cholesterol nor triglyceride concentrations (N=332) (I), nor was it associated with a low FMD or a high cIMT (N=160) (III). VLBW adults had 0.51-unit (0.28 to 0.75) lower lumbar spine Z scores and 0.56-unit (0.34 to 0.78) lower femoral neck Z scores (N=283). Adjustments for size attenuated the differences, but only partially (IV). Conclusions: These results imply that those born at VLBW, although mostly healthy as young adults, already bear several risk factors for chronic adult disease. The significantly higher fasting insulin level in adults with VLBW suggests increased insulin resistance. The higher blood pressure in young adults born at VLBW may indicate they later are at risk for hypertension, although their unaffected endothelial function may be evidence for some form of protection from cardiovascular disease. Lower bone mineral density around the age of peak bone mass may suggest increased risk for later osteoporotic fractures. Because cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis are frequent, and their prevention is relatively cheap and safe, one should focus on prevention now. When initiated early, preventive measures are likely to have sufficient time to be effective in preventing or postponing the onset of chronic disease.