258 resultados para Th. ponticum
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脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)是生物体的重要遗传物质。许多药物,尤其是抗肿瘤药物,以DNA为作用靶,研究它们与DNA之间的相互作用,使人们从分子水平上理解某些疾病的致病机理,并通过分子设计寻找更为有效的治疗药物。由于药物的药理活性及毒副作用与药物的分子结构及与DNA的结合位点、序列选择性密切相关,本论文对硫荃(TH、1,4-二氢毗陡(1,4-DHP)、毗咯并苯并咪哇(PBI)三类药物分子与DNA的结合方式、序列选择性及药物的分子结构对与DNA相互作用的影响进行了研究,并着重对1,4-DHP衍生物C一4取代基、PBI衍生物C一3取代基结构与药物活性的构效关系进行了研究。主要研究内容及结论如下:一、用电化学及光谱方法研究TH小牛胸腺DNA(CT-DNA)相互作用的方式及序列选择性。当PH>6.8时,THCT-DNA作用后,其氧化还原峰峰电位正移及峰电流降低、UV-vis吸收峰峰位红移和吸光度降低、荧光被强烈碎灭,说明它们的相互作用具有嵌插结合特征。溶液酸度对两者的作用方式有影响,当pH<6.8时,作用方式则以静电结合为主。通过比较与不同碱基序列作用后,THUV-vis吸收光谱、荧光光谱以及核磁共振光谱的变化,表明THDNA的作用具有序列选择性,与GC碱基序列的作用比与AT碱基序列强。此外,圆二色谱(CD)实验表明,DNA三级结构由于TH插结合发生了构象变化,使双螺旋链由较紧密螺旋态变为松散态。二、用电化学和光谱方法研究了1,4-DHP衍生物C-4取代基吸电子能力及空间结构对1,4-DHP衍生物氧化过程、与DNA作用方式以及对DNA构象的影响。C-4取代基吸电子能力越强,1,4-DHP衍生物氧化峰峰电位越正,氧化反应越不易进行。与DNA的作用方式与1,4-DHP衍生物结构有关,C-4位被H-取代或被烷基取代的1,4-DHP衍生物与CT-DNA的作用方式为嵌插结合方式,C-4位被芳环取代基所取代的1,4-DHP衍生物,只能部分嵌入CT-DNA双螺旋链中,还通过沟结合特异性地与DNA大沟或小沟中的AT碱基序列结合。DNA的构象在与1,4-DHP衍生物作用后发生了不同程度的变化,C-4位芳香取代的1,4-DHP衍生物引起DNA的构象变化大,因而也具有更高的药物活性。三、用UV-vis吸收光谱、荧光光谱对几种C-3、C-4取代基不同的PB工衍生物与DNA的作用方式及序列选择性进行了研究。结果表明,PBI衍生物与DNA共价交联结合,使DNA烷基化并产生裂解。PBI衍生物C-3氰基取代基与DNA大沟中腺嗓吟上氨基之间的氢键作用对PBI衍生物与DNA的结合起到关键作用。C-4取代基的空间效应对PBI衍生物与DNA作用有一定影响。DNA与PBI衍生物作用后的CD光谱变化表明,两者之间的结合不仅使DNA三级结构发生了构象变化,还可能存在CT-DNA双螺旋链断链的结构变化。
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贮氢合金是镍一金属氢化物电池的核心材料,其综合性能的改善是提高镍一金属氢化物电池性能的关键。本研究以探索镍一金属氢化物电池新型负极材料为目的,以非ABS型贮氢合金为研究对象,采用X射线衍射、Rietveld分析、恒电流充/放电、P-C-T曲线及线性微极化等方法,从基础和潜在应用等方面详细研究了非ABS型合金的结构与电化学性能。对La-Ni体系中非ABS型二元合金的结构和电化学性能的研究表明,LaNi_(228)具有最优异的高倍率充电性能;La_2Ni_7合金电极的高倍率放电性能最佳;La_7Ni_3在低温条件下表现出较好的放电性能。然而,所有得到的La-Ni合金电极容量远低于其理论容量。因此,必须通过进一步研究,如元素取代、热处理、表面处理等来提高其电化学容量。对RENi_3(RE=La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Gd,ThDy,Ho,Er,Y)研究表明:YNi_3合金因其具有最大的晶胞体积,最小的密度,而表现出最好的高倍率充/放电性能及低温放电性能,但其高温放电性能需要进一步提高,以满足实际应用的要求。用Al、Mn、Ti、Fe、Sn、Si、Cr、M。、Cu和Co十种元素取代Ni进行了大量的配方筛选工作。得到了大量的实验数据,并发现LaNi_(3.7)Al_(0.3)合金电极电化学放电容量最高,达290.8mAh/g;LaNi_(3.7)Mo_(0.3)合金电极的高倍率放电性能最好,在以4200mA/g的电流密度下进行放电时,其放电容量仍达到145.8mA/g;而I镍一金属氢化物电池新型负极材料研究镍一金属氢化物电池新型负极材料的研究Al的取代会使合金电极性能对温度不敏感。以我们的实验为基础,进一步进行合金配方的微调,具有可能开发出具有实用价值的贮氢合金的潜力。在Ar保护下用真空电弧炉熔炼合成了四种Lal一xMg:(NICoAI)3.6体系贮氢合金,制成姐卜Ni电池负极,通过恒电流充/放电方法研究了其电化学性能。结果表明:Lal一xMg:(NiCoAI)3.6体系金属氢化物电极较容易活化,室温下具有优异的高倍率放电性能,在以4200mA/g电流放电时,La卜汉gx(NICoAI)36合金电极的放电容量是ABS型合金电极的3倍,达152hah/g,显示出良好的动力学特性。R,入1兮Ni(R:raree田劝,Ca,Y)型合金因能吸引/释放1.8一1.87%质量的HZ而被认为是种很有希望的贮氢合金。但其吸/放氢平台过高,循环寿命短。如何提高Rh厦g剑19循环稳定性是这类合金能否成功商业化的关键。研究发现,Co能够显著提高ABS型合金电极的循环寿命,但其价格太贵。人们发现Al在提高电极寿命方面与C。有类似的作用,但Al元素的添加因其在碱性电解质的作用下在电极表面易生成致密的氧化膜而不利于氢的扩散,进而对高倍率放电性能不利。入物在提高电极表面活性,改善其高倍率放电性方面作用明显。本工作在前面的基础上用Al和MO联合取代Ni,以期待同时改善La一Mg一Ni一Co合金的循环稳定性和高倍率放电性能。详细研究了La07Mg03Ni切一(A105Mo05)x(x:o,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8)系列贮氢合金的晶体结构和电化学性能。X射线衍射及Rietveld分析发现:所有La07Mg03Ni4D一x(A105Mo05)x合金均为包含PuNi3结构的六方LaZMgNig相、CaCus结构的LaNis主相及L匆Ni7,LaN儿和LaNi杂相的多相结构。合金中La(La,Mg)剑19相及LaNis相的晶格参数及晶胞体积均随合金中Al和Mo含量的增加而增大。用电化学方法测得的RC一T曲线显示:Al和'fo部分取代Ni降低了氢的平台压力。随合金中Al和Mo含量的增加,电极的电化学容量从329.7(x=0)、徽橇毓孺鑫盆一11瀚加至365.物A吨(=0.6)后又降低到351.3毗吨(x=0.8)。当以1200m刀g的电流密度进行放电时,其I{RD从62.0%沁0)增加到82.1%沁0.8)。线性微极化结果显示:Al和Mo的添加增大了合金表面的交换电流密度,因而也改善了合金电极的高倍率放电性能。另外,Al和M。取代合金中的Ni增大了氢在电极合金中的扩散系数(D),改善了La07Mgo3Ni4。一x(Alo5M。。5)x(X=o,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8)合金电极的低温放电性能(LTD)。
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钍是一种重要的核燃料。我国包头稀土精矿含钍0.2%,按每年处理5000吨精矿计算,每年可回收氧化钍10吨。因而研究钍与稀土及其它杂质的分离,不仅能回收钍,同时能降低稀土产品的放射性污染。用伯胺从硫酸焙烧精矿中分离钍的流程已应用于工业生产,但从氧化焙烧流程中回收钍的问题尚未得到解决。本工作主要是研究二种常用的萃取剂伯胺N_(1923)和HEH(EHP)(P_(507))对钍的萃取机理,并针对包头矿氧化焙烧硫酸浸出液中钍与稀土的分离,研究了工艺流程。本工作主要包括五部分。一、伯胺从硫酸溶液中萃取钍的机理研究了伯胺-苯溶液从硫酸介质中萃取钍的萃取机理,用饱和法、斜率法、等克分子系列法确定了萃合物的组成,得到了在一定条件下的萃取反应为:Th~(4+) + 2SO_4~(2-) + 2(RNH_3)_2SO_(4(O)) <-> (RNH_3)_4Th(SO_4)_(4(O))考察了不同溶剂对萃取平衡的影响,在不同溶剂中,伯胺的萃钍能力次序如下:四氯化碳>氯仿>苯>二甲苯>二氯已烷>正已烷。计算了不同条件下的浓度平衡常数K,lg K = 10.28 ± 0.05,结果表明,K不随伯胺浓度改变,K随水相酸度增大而增大,随钍浓度增大而减小。研究了温度对萃取平衡的影响,结果表明,伯胺从硫酸溶液中萃取钍的热效应很小。并计算了一定条件下的热力学函数ΔH = -2900 JM~(-1),ΔS = 190 JM~(-1)。考察了不同条件下的红外和核磁共振谱,并对所提出的机理进行了讨论。二、伯胺从碳酸盐溶液中萃取钍的机理研究了伯胺-正辛烷溶液从碳酸盐介质中萃取钍的平衡规律,用斜率法确定了萃合物组成,得出萃取机理:Th~(4+) + 5CO_3~(2-) + 4(RNH_3NO_3)_((1.5)(O)) <-> (RNH_3)_6Th(CO_3)_(5(O)) + 6NO_3~-考察了不同碳酸盐及水相PH值对萃取平衡的影响,结果表明,在各种碳酸盐溶液中,萃取能力均随碳酸盐浓度及水相PH值增加而下降。计算了浓度平衡常数K,结果表明,K随伯胺浓度增加而增加。研究了不同溶剂及温度对萃取平衡的影响,结果表明,伯胺从碳酸盐溶液中萃取钍是放热反应,并计算了两种碳酸盐浓度下的ΔH、ΔS值。考察了萃合物的红外光谱和核磁共振谱,并对反应机理进行了讨论。三、P_(507)从硫酸溶液中萃取钍的机理研究了P_(507)-正辛烷溶液在不同浓度(1 ~ 15 N)的硫酸介质中萃取钍的平衡规律,同斜率法,饱和法确定了萃合物组成,提出了不同硫酸浓度下P_(507)萃取钍的两种机理。在低酸度下(0.5-6 N):Th~(4+) + 2.5(HL)_(2(O)) <-> ThL_3(HL_2)_((O)) + 4H~+在高酸度下(10-15 N):Th~(4+) + 2HSO_4~- + SO_4~(2-) + 2.5(HL)_(2(O)) <-> H_2Th(SO_4)_35(HL)_((O))并按如下机理萃取硫酸(12N以上):2H~+ + SO_4~(2-) + (HL)_(2(O)) <-> H_2SO_2·2(HL)_((O))通过低酸度下的饱和萃取试验,得出了在饱和情况下,P_(507)萃取钍的机理:Th~(4+) + 2(HL)_(2(O)) <-> ThL_(4(O)) + 4H~+考察了不同溶剂对萃取平衡的影响,结果表明,P_(507)从低浓度硫酸溶液中萃取钍的能力随溶剂的介电常数增加而下降。计算了各种条件下的浓度平衡常数,lgK(2.2N H_2SO_4) = 4.07 ± 0.02, lgK (12.6N H_2SO_4) = 3.53 ± 0.04,结果表明,在高、低两种酸度下,K均不随P_(507)浓度改变,在低酸底下,K随硫酸浓度增加而略有增大,在高酸度下,K随硫酸浓度增加有较显著的增大。从温度对萃取平衡的影响指出,P_(507)从硫酸介质中萃取钍是放热反应。计算了各种酸度下的ΔH、ΔS值。研究了萃合物的红外及核磁共振谱,并对不同条件下的反应机理进行了讨论。四、用伯胺从包头矿氧化焙烧流程中回收钍的工艺包头稀土矿氧化焙烧流程中,得到了含钍、铈(IV),稀土(III)和铁(III)的硫酸浸出液。工艺要求从该浸出液中回收钍,并且同时把其中的铈(IV)单独分离出来。由于料液中有大量的铈(IV),严重地影响了伯胺对钍的萃取能力,如果增大伯胺浓度,会使分相速度减慢。我们用15%N_(1923)-5%异辛醇-煤油作有机相,进行了13级分流萃取,出口小相中Th/RE = 3 * 10~(-5),低于国家规定标准,铈(IV)较完全地被萃入有机相中,出口有机相中铈的纯度为96.7%。然后用3N硝酸加1%过氧化氢溶液将钍与铈同时反萃到水相,反萃液中铈(IV)已被还原为铈(III),再用0.3F P_(507)进行8级逆流萃取,将钍萃入有机相,铈留在水相,从而使钍与铈分离。五、用P_(507)从包头矿氧化焙烧硫酸浸出液中回收钍的工艺当有铈(IV)存在时,P_(507)对钍的萃取能力仍很强。我们用1.54F P_(507)-煤油作萃取剂,进行了5级逆流萃取,出口水相中Th/RE = 1.2 * 10~(-4),低于国家规定标准,铈(IV)全部萃入有机相中,出口有机相中铈的品位为96.2%。出口有机相用2N硫酸加2%过氧化氢进行还原反萃,用13级分流反萃,使铈全部反到水相中,钍则不被反萃,达到了铈、钍分离的目的。以上两种工艺流程均可用于从氧化焙烧硫酸浸出液中分离钍及铈。
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本文通过无水LnCl_3(Ln = Pr.Nd.Gd)与两倍摩尔的叔丁基环戊二烯基碱金属盐在THF中60-80℃反应,分离到一类新的二(叔丁基环戊二烯基)稀土氯化物(T-DuCp)_2 2net.nTHF (Ln = Pr,Nd,n = 2 Ln = Gd,n = 1),对它们进行了元素分析。红外光谱及水鲜色质谱的表征。对于配合物(t-BuCp)_2PrCl·2THF的单晶,测定了它的晶体结构,晶体层单斜晶系P21/C空间群,晶胞参数为:a = 15.080 b = 8.855 c = 21.196A, β = 110.34°V = 2653.9A~3 δ = 4,结构分析表明此配合物是一中性的单分子配合物。最后的R = Rw = 0.058平均Pr-C.2.81 Pr-Cent 2.53A, Pr-Cl及Rr-O键长分别为2.72与2.62A。本文通过Lnel_3(Ln = Nd.Pr.Ga)与等摩尔的叔丁基环戊二烯基碱金属盐在THF中60-80℃反应,分离到一类中性的单(叔丁基环戊二烯基)稀土二氯化物,并对它们进行了元素分析,红外光谱及水鲜色质谱的表征。本文通过轻稀土元素La,Pr的三氯化物与带基钠以1:2摩尔比在THF中70-80℃反应,分离到了二带基轻稀土氯化物(CaH_7)_2LaCl.2THF及[(CqH_7)_2PrCl.THF]_2。并且对此二配合物进行了元素分析。红外光谱及水鲜色质谱的表征。对于[(CuH_7)_2PrCl.TH]_2配合物,测定了它的晶体结构,这是第一个得到结构表征的茚基稀土氯化物,晶体层于单斜晶系,P_(21)/C空间群,晶胞参数为a = 7.808 b = 17.796 c = 14.070A β = 93.97°v = 1950.31A. E = 2最后的R = 0.045. Rw = 0.039结构分析表明此配合物以中性的二聚体形式存在。平均的Pr-C.2.81 Pr-Cent 2.53. Pr-Cl.2.84H Pr-O钻长2.54A。为了进一步研究不同配体对配合物结构的影响,我们还研究了Gael_3与Nae_5Mes以1:1摩尔比在THF中的反应,分离到了两种配合物[(NaTHF)(C_5MesGd.THF)_2Cl_5]_2.6THF(I)及L_5Me_5GdCl2.3THF(II)并且对配合物(I),测定了它的晶体结构,晶体层于三斜晶系。Pi空间群。晶胞参数a = 12.183 b = 13.638 c = 17.883A, α = 110.38 β = 94.04 γ = 99.44°, V = 2721.20A, E = 1。结构分析表明,此配合物是一种以两个Na原子通过THF中的O原子而桥联的金层有机配合物,在结构上有十分新颖的特点。在此配合物分子中含有四个Gd原子及二个Na原子,Na及Gd间以Cl桥键相联结,Gd-Gd_2 = 4.033 Gdll-Na = 2.818A。最后的R = 0.04M Rw = 0.042。本文还对(t-BuCp)_2P_2Cl.2THF与NaH及LiAlH4的反应进行了初步的研究,分离到(t-Bucp)_2PrH.2THF及(t-Bucp)_2P_2RIH_4.3THF两种新的氢化物,并且对它们进行了元素分析,红外光谱的表征,对于它们水鲜产物的气相分中的H_2,用气相色谱法进行了定性表征。
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本文研究中国特有的藏酋猴(Macaca thibetana)电刺激采精、精液冻存及精子活力检测。用电刺激方案[(DDR)_(17-c)V]:延搁(delay)17毫秒、间期(duration)17毫秒、刺激频率17脉冲/秒、单方波变电压连续刺激,对笼养藏酋猴进行电刺激采精,测定精液的各种特征参数,包括每次射精量、液化率、精子密度、运动精子的百分率、死活精子以及异常精子比例。并与其它非人灵长类进行了比较。在精液冻存实验中,通过对不同的防冻液、不同的降温程序及防冻液分散系的比较研究,从而确定了适于藏酋猴精液冻存的冻存方案:PSF-4%的甘油-TH-7.5%的小牛血清(PSF-TH/FBS-G)和PSF-MDM。用前一方案冻存藏酋猴精液,复苏运动度为63.58±0.06%;精子的存活率为90.14±0.03%(n=5)。冻存精液用金黄地鼠裸穿透分析法检测,结果表明具有相应新鲜精液穿透力的51.90±0.08%。后一冻存方案能保存88.00±1.03%的运动精子,但运动寿命较短。研究结果表明:1).刺激方案(DDR)_(17-c)V适于藏酋猴的电刺激采精。2).藏酋猴的精液量和精子数在已有过研究的非人灵长类动物中是最多的,藏酋猴有可能成为较理想的精子生物学研究用的非人灵长类动物。3).脂蛋白对维持精子膜的完整可能有重要作用。4).接近生理条件的防冻剂分散系有助于精液的冻存。5).两种冻存方案PSF-TH/FBS-G和PSF-MDM均适于藏酋猴的精液冻存。
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Nonresonant electron tunneling between asymmetric double quantum wells in AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs systems has been investigated by using steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectra. Experimental evidence of LO-phonon-assisted tunneling through thick barriers has been obtained by enhancing excitation power densities or applying electric fields perpendicular to the well plane. LO-phonon-assisted tunneling times have also been estimated from the variation of the decay time of the narrow-well photoluminescence with applied electric fields. Our findings suggest that LO phonons in the barriers play an important role in the tunneling transfer.
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We present a model for electrons confined in narrow conducting channels by a parabolic well under moderate to high magnetic fields which takes into account a cutoff in the filling of the subbands. Such a cutoff gives rise to energy-separated subbands and a two-dimensional (2D) like subband depopulation, resulting in a relation between sublevel index n and inverse magnetic field B-1 such that in the high-field regime it changes over to the well-known 2D form as expected, and in the moderate field regime it shows pronounced deviation from linearity. This agrees well with the experimental results. The linear region of the n-B-1 experimental plot is believed to arise from the two dimensionality of the system. Calculations show that no resolvable 1D sublevel exists in the 0.5-mu-m-wide wire at very small magnetic fields (including zero field), which agrees qualitatively with the experimental results found in other wires that the Hall resistance, R(H), approaches its classical value B/n(e)e in this region and R(H) = 0 at B = 0, where n(e) is the electron concentration. In this model the linear and nonlinear regions in the experimental n-B-1 plot are used to extract the characteristic frequency omega-0, and the effective 2D electron concentration N(e)2D, respectively.
OPTICAL BISTABILITY IN A GAAS/GAALAS MULTI-QUANTUM-WELL (MQW) SELF-ELECTROOPTIC EFFECT DEVICE (SEED)
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Based on a GaAs/GaAlAs MQW pin structure grown by a home-made MBE system, we have successfully fabricated a SEED. The optical bistability and related properties of the device under symmetric operation (S-SEED) and asymmetric operation are reported.
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Polaron cyclotron resonance (CR) has been studied in three modulation-doped GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As multiple quantum well structures in magnetic field up to 30 T. Large avoided-level-crossing splittings of the CR near the GaAs reststrahlen region, and smaller splittings in the region of the AlAs-like optical phonons of th AlGaAs barriers, are observed. Based on a comparison with a detailed theoretical calculation, the high frequency splitting, the magnitude of which increases with decreasing well width, is assigned to resonant polaron interactions with AlAs-like interface phonons.
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A new technique is reported for the rapid determination of interstitial oxygen in heavily Sb-doped silicon. This technique includes wafer thinning and low-temperature 10 K infrared measurement on highly thinned wafers. The fine structure of the interstitial oxygen absorption band around 1136 cm(-1) is obtained. Our results show that this method efficiently reduces free-carrier absorption interference, allowing a high reliability of measurement, and can be used at resistivities down to 1 x 10(-2) Omega cm for heavily Sb-doped silicon.
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This paper presents the total dose radiation performance of 0. S^m SOI CMOS devices fabricated with full dose SIMOX technology. The radiation performance is characterized by threshold voltage shifts and leakage currents of transistors and standby currents of ASIC as functions of the total dose up to 500krad(Si) .The experimental results show that the worst case threshold voltage shifts of front channels are less than 320mV for pMOS transistors under off-gate radiation bias at lMrad(Si) and less than 120mV for nMOS transistors under on-gate radiation bias. No significant radiation-induced leakage current is observed in transistors to lMrad(Si). The standby currents of ASIC are less than the specification of 5μA over the total dose range of 500krad(Si).
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对垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)及由此制成的谐振增强型(RCE)光电探测器进行分析研究。激光器的I_(th) = 3 mA、η_d = 15%、λ_p = 839 nm和Δλ_(1/2) = 0.3 nm;作为探测器,光电流谱峰值响应在839 nm,响应谱线半宽2.4 nm、具有良好的波长选择特性,量子效率5%~35%(0 V~5 V)。优化设计顶镜反射率,还能得到量子效率峰值和半宽优化兼容的VCSEL基RCE光电探测器。
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Quantum dot (QD) lasers are expected to have superior properties over conventional quantum well lasers due to a delta-function like density of states resulting from three dimensional quantum confinements. QD lasers can only be realized till significant improvements in uniformity of QDs with free of defects and increasing QD density as well in recent years. In this paper, we first briefly give a review on the techniques for preparing QDs, and emphasis on strain induced self-organized quantum dot growth. Secondly, self-organized In(Ga)As/GaAs, InAlAs/GaAlAs and InAs/InAlAs Qds grown on both GaAs and InP substrates with different orientations by using MBE and the Stranski-Krastanow (SK) growth mode at our labs are presented. Under optimizing the growth conditions such as growth temperature, V/III ratio, the amount of InAs, InxGa1-xAs, InxAl1-xAs coverage, the composition x etc., controlling the thickness of the strained layers, for example, just slightly larger than the critical thickness and choosing the substrate orientation or patterned substrates as well, the sheet density of ODs can reach as high as 10(11) cm(-2), and the dot size distribution is controlled to be less than 10% (see Fig. 1). Those are very important to obtain the lower threshold current density (J(th)) of the QD Laser. How to improve the dot lateral ordering and the dot vertical alignment for realizing lasing from the ground states of the QDs and further reducing the Jth Of the QD lasers are also described in detail. Thirdly based on the optimization of the band engineering design for QD laser and the structure geometry and growth conditions of QDs, a 1W continuous-wave (cw) laser operation of a single composite sheet or vertically coupled In(Ga)As quantum dots in a GaAs matrix (see Fig. 2) and a larger than 10W semiconductor laser module consisted nineteen QD laser diodes are demonstrated. The lifetime of the QD laser with an emitting wavelength around 960nm and 0.613W cw operation at room temperature is over than 3000 hrs, at this point the output power was only reduced to 0.83db. This is the best result as we know at moment. Finally the future trends and perspectives of the QD laser are also discussed.