γ-LiAlO2晶体生长、改性和热学性质研究

采用快速提拉法生长出了透明、完整的γ-LIAlO2晶体，但是晶体的高熔点和易挥发性限制了γ-LiAlO2晶体质量．采用气相传输平衡法（vapor transport equilibration technique，VTE）工艺对晶体改性，半高宽（FWHM）值从116．9arcsec降至44．2arcsec，继续升高VTE处理温度至1300℃，FWHM值反而升高至55．2arcsec．快速提拉法生长出来晶体，[100]方向和[001]方向的热膨胀系数分别为17．2398×10^-6／K，10．7664×10

Study of thermal behaviors in CO2 laser irradiated glass

To understand mechanisms underlying laser-induced damage of BK7 and fused silica, we calculate the temperature field of the substrates with CO2 laser irradiating at a given laser power and beam radius. We find that the two glasses show different thermal behaviors. A model is developed for estimating the time t to heat the surface of the substrates up to a particular temperature T with cw CO2 laser irradiation. We calculate theoretically the duration t that the samples are irradiated, from the beginning to visual catastrophic damage, with the assumption of damage threshold determined by the critical temperature. The duration t that the samples are irradiated, from the beginning to visual catastrophic damage, is investigated experimentally as well. Here we take the melting point or softening point as the critical temperature, given the thermomechanical coupling properties, which is enough to cause damage for BK7. Damage features are characterized by the sound of visual cracks. Finally, we calculate stresses induced by laser heating. The analysis of stress indicates that the damage of BK7 is due to the stresses induced by laser heating. (c) 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Study of thermal behaviors in CO2 laser irradiated glass

To understand mechanisms underlying laser-induced damage of BK7 and fused silica, we calculate the temperature field of the substrates with CO2 laser irradiating at a given laser power and beam radius. We find that the two glasses show different thermal behaviors. A model is developed for estimating the time t to heat the surface of the substrates up to a particular temperature T with cw CO2 laser irradiation. We calculate theoretically the duration t that the samples are irradiated, from the beginning to visual catastrophic damage, with the assumption of damage threshold determined by the critical temperature. The duration t that the samples are irradiated, from the beginning to visual catastrophic damage, is investigated experimentally as well. Here we take the melting point or softening point as the critical temperature, given the thermomechanical coupling properties, which is enough to cause damage for BK7. Damage features are characterized by the sound of visual cracks. Finally, we calculate stresses induced by laser heating. The analysis of stress indicates that the damage of BK7 is due to the stresses induced by laser heating. (c) 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

三倍频分光膜在1064 nm的破斑特性研究

采用电子束蒸发方式制备了两种不同材料组合的分光膜,分别对其在波长1064 nm激光辐照下的损伤阈值进行了测试,用Alpha-Step 500台阶仪对破斑进行了深度测量。实验结果表明,破斑呈现出表面层的剥落和深坑破坏两种形态。表面层的剥落深度在一定范围内不随能量密度的变化而变化；深坑破坏深浅不一,是膜内缺陷融化、汽化及喷发的综合作用的结果,是损伤阈值降低的主要原因。

QE and Suns-V-oc study on the epitaxial CSiTF solar cells

In order to clarify the major factors having confined the efficiencies of as-prepared crystalline silicon thin film (CSiTF) solar cells on the SSP (silicon sheets from powder) ribbons, QE (quantum efficiency) and Suns-V-oc study were performed on the epitaxial CSiTF solar cells fabricated on the SSP ribbons, the SSP ribbons after surface being zone melting recrystallized (ZMR) and single crystalline silicon (sc-Si) substrates. The results show that the epi-layers deposited on the SSP ribbons have rough surfaces, which not only increases the diffusion reflectance on the surfaces but also makes the anti-reflection coatings become structure-loosened, both of which would deteriorate the light trapping effect; in addition, the epi-layers deposited on the SSP ribbons possess poor crystallographic quality, so the heavy grain boundary (GB) recombination limits the diffusion length of the minority carriers in the epi-layers, which makes the as-prepared CSiTF solar cells suffer the worse spectra response at long-wavelength range. Nearly all the dark characteristic parameters of the CSiTF solar cells are far away from the ideal values. The performances of the CSiTF solar cells are especially affected by too high I-02 (the dark saturation current of space charge region) values and too low R-sh (parallel resistance) values. The higher 102 values are mainly caused by the heavy GB recombination resulting from the poor crystallographic qualities of the silicon active layers in the space charge regions, while the lower R-sh values are attributed to the electrical leakage at the un-passivated PN junction or solar cell edges after the solar cells are cut by the laser scriber.

Broad-spectrum and long-lifetime emissions of Nd3+ ions in lead fluorosilicate glass

A novel Nd3+-doped lead fluorosilicate glass (NPS glass) is prepared by a two-step melting process. Based on the absorption spectrum a Judd-Ofelt theory analysis is made. The emission line width of NPS glass is 44.2nm. The fluorescence decay lifetime of the 4F3/2 level is 586±20μsec, and the stimulated emission cross-section is 0.87×10-20cm2 at 1056nm. A laser oscillation is occurred at 1062nm when pumped by 808nm Diode Laser. The slope efficiency is 23.7% with a 415mJ threshold. It is supposed that NPS glass is a good candidate for using in ultra-short pulse generation and amplification by the broad emission bandwidth and long fluorescence lifetime.

Ultra-dry oxygen atmosphere to protect tellurite glass fiber from surface crystallization

In this study we report on surface crystallization phenomena and propose a solution for the fabrication of long and robust tellurite glass fibers. The bulk tellurite glasses of interest were prepared by melting and quenching techniques. Tellurite glass preforms and fibers were fabricated by suction casting and rod-in-tube drawing methods, respectively. The surfaces of the tellurite bulk glass samples and of the drawn fibers prepared under different controlled atmospheres were examined by X-ray diffraction. When the tellurite glass fibers were drawn in ambient air containing water vapor, four primary kinds of small crystals were found to appear on the fiber surface, alpha-TeO(2), gamma-TeO(2), Zn(2)Te(3)O(8) and Na(2)Zn(3)(CO(3))(4)center dot 3H(2)O. A mechanism for this surface crystallization is proposed and a solution described, using an ultra-dry oxygen gas atmosphere to effectively prevent surface crystallization during fiber drawing. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Multistage etching process for microscopically smooth tellurite glass surfaces in optical fibers

Bulk samples of tellurite glass with composition 75TeO(2)-20ZnO-5Na(2)O (TZN) were fabricated by melting and quenching techniques. In order to improve the surface quality of optical fiber preform made with this tellurite glass, the authors developed a multistage etching process. The relationship between successive etching treatments and roughness of the TZN glass surface was probed by using an atomic force microscope. The results demonstrate that this multistage etching method effectively improves this tellurite glass surface smoothness to a level comparable with that of a reference silica glass slide, and the corresponding chemical micromechanisms and fundamentals are discussed and confirmed by atomic force microscopy, potentially contributing to the development of multicomponent soft glass fibers and devices. (C) 2010 American Vacuum Society. [DOI: 10.1116/1.3437017]

辐射交联共混体系性能和形态控制

控制聚合物的形态，就可以合理地控制聚合物的性能。形态控制这种方法在非辐射界中应用的例子很多，最有代表性的是动态硫化和反应增容技术。在此基础上，辐射加工领域的研究者迅速发展了辐射相态固化和辐射反应增容技术，并且也取得很好的结果。但是，我们发现对于结晶型聚合物共混体系的辐射交联，特别是连续相交联的控制，这些方法都存在一定的不足之处。所以，我们提出“辐射交联”的方法来控制共混体系连续相和分散相的形态。利用这种方法，通过控制辐射条件，可以得到共混体系中连续相交联，分散相几乎不交联的形态；同时得到比较好的力学性能和结晶性能。这种形态控制的方法不但补充了形态控制理论，而且会对今后的共混体系辐射加工提供理论依据和指导。由于尼龙类聚合物的辐射交联是下个世纪辐射行业的发展主要方向，所以我们选择的体系是连续相为辐射交联型聚合物PAl010，分散相为辐射稳定型聚合物HIPS。而尼龙共混体系的辐射交联，尤其是PAlOlO共混体系，至今鲜有报导。本文通过研究共混体系聚合物的力学性能、凝胶动力学、热学性能和不同方法得到的形态来阐述聚合物共混体系的形态、辐射交联、结晶和性能之间的关系。得到的结果如下：(1)HIPS是一种辐射交联型聚合物。由于体系比较复杂，所以利用Charlesby-Pinner公式处理HIPS的凝胶含量和辐射剂量的关系并不符合线性，但是利用张-孙-钱公式进行处理，得到了比较好的线性关系。随着辐射剂量的增加，体系的凝胶含量出现先增加，略有降低的趋势。随着辐射剂量的增加，弹性模量保持增加的趋势；断裂能和断裂伸长率下降；而拉伸强度出现先增加、后降低的趋势，当辐射剂量为0.80Mgy的时侯，拉伸强度达到最大值。从液氮断裂SEM电镜分析，基质上的圆形鼓包是具有增韧能力橡胶或HIPS中的接枝共聚物。随着辐射剂量的增加，这种鼓包逐渐减少，体系失去了增韧的能力。拉伸断面SEM照片表现为，随着辐射剂量的增加，断裂面上出现了未辐照HIPS基质中没有出现的圆形鼓包，我们认为是橡胶相交联所致。随着辐射剂量的进一步加大，交联密度的增加，体系的圆形鼓包消失。(2)PAlOlO和HIPS的共混体系辐射交联后，随着辐射剂量的增加，拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和断裂能同时出现了最大值，但是进一步增加辐射剂量，迅速下降。另外共混体系辐射交联后，随辐射剂量的增加，弹性模量出现先增加、后出现平台、然后继续增加的现象。(3)利用DSC非等温结晶现象分析，发现随着辐射剂量的增加，共混体系的结晶温度有下降的趋势，说明辐射对结晶能力的限制。而且我们发现辐射诱导结晶现象的出现，而且辐射诱导结晶达到最大的时候的辐射剂量为0.34MGy，此时恰好是力学性能最优的时候。(4)聚合物各种性能的体现和聚合物的形态是密不可分的。我们先后利用TEM，脆断样品SEM和拉伸样品SEM来对PAl010／HIPS共混体系进行了形态学上的研究。脆断形态发现，随着辐射剂量的增加，凝胶反应在共混体系的基质PAl010相和两相界面处比较明显。进一步增加辐射剂量发现，在分散相表面上的凝胶物质增加；利用TEM发现共混体系中分散相HIPS中橡胶粒子随着辐射增加，出现粒子尺寸减小的趋势，而且在0.34MGy时候，橡胶粒子尺寸比较小，而且分布很好，此时体系的力学性能也比较好；拉伸形态分析发现随着辐射剂量的增加，断面出现了明显的韧脆转变。(5)共混体系非等温结晶现象和纯PA1O1O的有些相似。随着辐射的增加，结晶温度和熔融温度都随之下降。讨论半晶型聚合物的熔融双峰现象很多，本实验得到的现象比较符合熔融重组(The melting recrystallization)的观点。辐射诱导结晶现象的出现，促进了力学性能的提高。辐射对于结晶表面的损伤，通过WAXD可以看出，而且我们发现在010面的衍射峰的强度在辐射剂量为0.34MGy的时候要比未辐照体系的衍射峰强，但是在辐射剂量为0.85MGy的时候，衍射峰的强度比未辐照的时候低。等温结晶的现象，说明利用Avrami公式可以处理共混体系的辐射交联。在在相同温度下，辐射剂量大的体系的结晶速率比辐射剂量小的低，说明结晶困难。相同辐射剂量下，不同结晶温度得到的n值不同，变化幅度从2.4～2.9。通过Hoffman-Weeks公式我们得到未辐照体系的平衡熔点是202.21 ℃。辐射剂量为0.34MGy的时候，平衡熔点为193.3 ℃。当辐射剂量为0.85MGy的时候，平衡熔点为185.79 ℃。

新型有机锗化合物的合成、抗癌活性及其与DNA的相互作用研究

有机锗化合物具有广谱抗癌活性和低毒副作用，有关它们的合成、生物活性及应用研究引起了医药界和化学界的兴趣。但由于未注重有机基团的相关性，忽略了分子整体对抗癌作用的影响，至今尚未出现临床应用的高效低毒的有机绪抗癌新药，分子结构与抗癌活性关系及抗癌作用机理仍不清楚。因此，继续合成新型且具有结构可比性的有机锗抗癌活性化合物，研究药物与生物大分子DNA的相互作用、揭示有机锗化合物的结构与抗癌作用关系，具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。为此，本论文就以下几个方面开展了研究工作。1、合成了4种有机锗二元杂环化合物一有机锗喳琳醋和有机锗蔡酚醋化合物。根据它们的光谱性质讨论了其结构特征，该类化合物具有与Ge-132类似的空间结构，即具有-Ge-O-Ge-O-聚合网络大环结构。由于保留了有机锗倍半氧化物的基本结构，同时引入了能够与DNA有强烈相互作用的蔡酚和喳琳基团，可能会产生协同效应，使新化合物具有较强的抗癌活性和较好的选择性。2、在保留有机锗倍半氧化物的基本结构的基础上，引入了本身具有抗癌活性和光谱学性质，并且能够与DNA有相互作用的葱、葱醒、菲、荀、荀酮等三环有机基团，合成了16种未见报道的有机锗三元杂环化合物。以葱环为代表的杂环化合物，例如氮杂葱醌及氮杂葱并吡唑类化合物，作为重要的抗癌活性化合物，引起了药学界的极大兴趣。我们合成的新化合物，既保留了有机锗倍半氧化物的基本结构，又引入了葱环类化合物，进而使新化合物具有较强的抗癌活性和选择识别性。3、选择了8个药物小分子，分别应用UV-Vis、热变性（Melting）、荧光光I新型有机锗化合物的合成、抗癌活性及其与DNA的相互作用研究谱变化、粘度测定等方法，研究它们与3种DNA，即小牛胸腺DNA（CT－DNA）和2种人I合成的寡聚核昔酸［22一merspoly（dA·d劝和22一merspoly（dG·dC）］的相互作用。发现与DNA作用后，这些化合物的紫外吸收光谱均发生减色效应和红移现象，它们能使3种DNA的热变性温度（几）升高，粘度增加，说明化合物是以插入方式与DNA结合的。应用荧光滴定方法，求得了新化合物与DNA的结合常数，场在1护一105M一l范围内，属中等强度结合。进一步研究发现它们是以1：2（小分子／碱基对）的计量比与DNA碱基结合的。4、2种有机锗菲醋化合物（G一1、G一2）与DNA结合后，紫外吸收光谱产生减色效应和兰移现象以及荧光淬灭，对DNA的粘度基本无影响，它们是以沟槽结合方式与DNA发生作用的。发现G-1和G-2不仅能够增加三链DNA-Polv（dA·ZdT油的稳定性，并且能够促进Poly（dA．ZdT）22的形成。这一结果说明，某些结构的有机锗化合物可能以这种作用机理发挥抗癌作用，同时可以作为潜在的三链DNA稳定剂。5、研究了部分新合成的有机锗化合物（GK－1，GK-2，GN-1，GN-2，EK-1，EK-2，D-1，D-2，G-，G-2）对PC一3M和K562癌细胞的作用。GK-1，GK-2能够显著抑"制PC一3M细胞的增值，而且对细胞形态也产生了严重影响，显示了明显的细胞毒作用。流式细胞实验结果表明EK类化合物对PC-3M细胞周期有很大影响，发现对细胞增值的抑制作用发生在S期，即细胞内DNA合成期，细胞实验的结果也进一步验证了药物与DNA相互作用的事实。GN-1，GN-2，EK-1，EK-2，D-1，D-2，G-和G一2对K562细胞表现了较强的抑制作用，尤其GN-1和GN-2，效果更为明显，说明分子内有机锗链和其它基团的协向作用增强了整体化合物的生物学作用。6、有机锗二元杂环化合物与DNA的结合常数和体外抗癌活性明显高于有机锗三元杂环化合物，结合强度和抗癌活性之间呈现线形相关性。有机链中甲基的存在不利于有机锗二元杂环化合物与DNA的作用，同时降低了抗癌活性，而同样甲基的存在有利于有机锗三元杂环化合物与DNA的相互作用和抗癌功能的发挥。

Faraday Glasses with a Large Size and High Performance

A kind of Faraday glass with a size of 40 mm x 14 mm and 100-300 mm x 25 mm, respectively, was prepared by the melting and casting process, which had neither a Pt particulate nor a bubble or striation. The measurement results showed that the surface homogeneity of the samples was up to +/- 1 x 10-6, the laser threshold reached 10 J/cm2 (1 omega, 3 ns), and the Verdet constants of the glasses were -0.273 min/Oe/cm at 632.8 nm and -0.076 min/Oe/cm at 1064 nm, respectively.

Interface energy and its influence on interface fracture between metal and ceramic thin films in nanoscale

A theoretical model about the size-dependent interface energy between two thin films with different materials is developed by considering the chemical bonding contribution based on the thermodynamic expressions and the structure strain contribution based on the mechanical characteristics. The interface energy decreases with reducing thickness of thin films, and is determined by such available thermodynamic and mechanical parameters as the melting entropy, the melting enthalpy, the shear modulus of two materials, etc. The predicted interface energies of some metal/MgO and metal/Al2O3 interfaces based on the model are consistent with the results based on the molecular mechanics calculation. Furthermore, the interface fracture properties of Ag/MgO and Ni/Al2O3 based on the atomistic simulation are further compared with each other. The fracture strength and the toughness of the interface with the smaller structure interface energy are both found to be lower. The intrinsic relations among the interface energy, the interface strength, and the fracture toughness are discussed by introducing the related interface potential and the interface stress. The microscopic interface fracture toughness is found to equal the structure interface energy in nanoscale, and the microscopic fracture strength is proportional to the fracture toughness. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3501090]

Enhanced Thermal Shock Resistance of Ceramics through Biomimetically Inspired Nanofins

We propose here a new method to make ceramics insensitive to thermal shock up to their melting temperature. In this method the surface of ceramics was biomimetically roughened into nanofinned surface that creates a thin air layer enveloping the surface of the ceramics during quenching. This air layer increases the heat transfer resistance of the surface of the ceramics by about 10 000 times so that the strong thermal gradient and stresses produced by the steep temperature difference in thermal shock did not occur both on the actual surface and in the interior of the ceramics. This method effectively extends the applications of existing ceramics in the extreme thermal environments.

Nano-size Effect of Interface Energy and Its Effect on Interface Fracture

An analytical model about size-dependent interface energy of metal/ceramic interfaces in nanoscale is developed by introducing both the chemical energy and the structure stain energy contributions. The dependence of interface energy on the interface thickness is determined by the melting enthalpy, the molar volume, and the shear modulus of two materials composing the interfaces, etc. The analytic prediction of the interface energy and the atomic scale simulation of the interface fracture strength are compared with each other for Ag/MgO and Ni/Al2O3 interfaces, the fracture strength of the interface with the lower chemical interface energy is found to be larger. The potential of Ag/MgO interface related to the interface energy is calculated, and the interface stress and the interface fracture strength are estimated further. The effect of the interface energy on the interface strength and the behind mechanism are discussed.