海南长臂猿(Nomascus hainanus)生境变化与潜在适宜生境研究

海南长臂猿(Nomascus hainanus)是世界上最濒危的灵长类之一，曾经广泛分 布于海南岛的低海拔地区，但现已濒临灭绝；生境变化被认为是它的主要致危因 素之一。为了探讨过去十多年中它们的生境变化原因和变化趋势，并在整个海南 岛内寻找它们的潜在生境，为制订保护计划提供帮助，我们利用遥感和地理信息 系统技术对海南长臂猿的生境状况进行了分析。海南长臂猿的高质量生境是成熟 的山地雨林和沟谷雨林，根据卫星遥感影像的识别能力，我们把成熟林定义为海 南长臂猿的适宜生境，通过对1991 年和2001 年拍摄的Landsat 卫星影像的解译， 我们分析比较了海南岛林地在这十年内的变化情况；通过这两个时期成熟林不同 大小斑块数量与面积的比较，以及成熟林平均斑块面积、斑块密度、斑块之间的 最近距离平均值、最大斑块所占面积等四个破碎化参数的计算，分析了海南长臂 猿高质量生境十年来的生境破碎化趋势；还对不同海拔带的人工林、天然林以及 成熟林的变化情况进行了比较；进而通过海南岛林地变化与社会和经济因素相关 性分析对海南长臂猿生境变化的原因进行了探讨。 结果显示，海南岛的成熟林面积由1991 年的157,927 hm2 减少到2001 年的 107,597 hm2，降低了32％；大小分别为10 hm2、25 hm2、50 hm2、100 hm2、200 hm2 的成熟林斑块的面积和数量都有所下降，并且自然保护区外的下降程度比自 然保护区内严重，省级自然保护区的下降程度比国家级自然保护区的严重。海南 岛现存最大的成熟林斑块位于鹦哥岭省级自然保护区。在这十年中，成熟林破碎 化程度加重，具体表现为平均斑块面积减少、斑块密度增加、斑块之间最近距离 平均值减小、最大斑块所占面积减少。在0-800 m 海拔带上，成熟林的下降比率 达到了36％，在这个海拔带上的人工林面积已远远大于天然林，在800-1400 m 海拔带上，成熟林的下降比率为23％，天然林的面积大于人工林。统计分析显 示当地的农业人口和农业总产值与成熟林的面积呈显著负相关(R =-0.534 P＜ 0.01；R =-0.512 P＜0.01)，同时农业人口与人工林和耕地面积呈显著正相关(R =0.611 P＜0.05；R =0.759, P＜0.05)，这说明成熟林下降与人口增长带来的耕地 扩张以及为了追求经济增长而大量种植人工林密切相关。而海南长臂猿曾经广泛分布在低海拔地区，这一带上大面积的生境丧失使它们的种群在短期内濒临灭 绝。 为了对未来海南长臂猿的生境保护和种群恢复提供帮助，我们利用地理信息 系统Arcgis 软件分析了海南长臂猿2001 年的生境空间分布格局，以成熟林的面 积和距离为指标预测了海南长臂猿的潜在适宜生境。结果显示，至2001 年，海 南岛除了白马岭、南高岭、抱龙、俄贤岭四个地方外，长臂猿的适宜生境多半分 布于自然保护区内；海南长臂猿目前唯一的分布地位于昌江县和白沙县交界的坝 王岭自然保护区，并且只活动于核心区内的一小块地区，此处有两段公路在使用 中，对海南长臂猿的保护不利。 根据上述研究结果，我们建议政府采取措施严格控制海南长臂猿潜在适宜生 境分布地的人口增长，切实执行天然林保护法，并设法恢复低海拔地带的天然植 被。建议在白马岭、南高岭、抱龙、俄贤岭建立四个新的自然保护区，把鹦哥岭 自然保护区从省级提升到国家级。在坝王岭自然保护区的低海拔地带种植本土速 生树种，将海南长臂猿活动区周围的小斑块与大斑块连接到一起，并设法消除该 保护区内两段公路对海南长臂猿的较大负面影响，提高海南长臂猿的生境质量并 扩大其活动范围。同时在自然保护区周边社区大力开展环境保护教育，努力使当 地人可以从生态系统保护中受益。

Structures of energy spectrum and persistent currents in mesoscopic rings with radial potential barrier in magnetic field

The energy spectrum and the persistent currents are calculated for finite-width mesoscopic annular structures with radial potential barrier in the presence of a magnetic field. The introduction of the tunneling barrier leads to the creation of extra edge states around the barrier and the occurrence of oscillatory structures superimposed on the bulk Landau level plateaus in the energy spectrum. We found that the Fermi energy E-F increases with the number of electrons N emerging many kinks. The single eigenstate persistent current exhibits complicated structures with vortex-like texture, ''bifurcation'', and multiple ''furcation'' patterns as N is increased. The total currents versus N display wild fluctuations.

GaAs基GaAsSb／GaInAs双层量子阱的发光

嵌入GaAs中的GaAsSb／GaInAs量子阱因其在1．3～1．5μm光通信波段发光的潜力而受到关注，我们研究了一系列MBE生长的GaAsSb／GaInAs量子阱样品的光致发光，发现所有样品在室温下都出现了一个较强的、波长在1．3μm附近的低能峰和一个较弱的高能峰。变温及变激发功率的荧光谱测量研究发现，高能峰只有在150K以上的测试条件下才能观测到，并且其相对强度随着温度的升高而增加，其调制光谱显示出第一类跃迁的特征。他们建立了理论模型，计算的结果支持将这一发光峰指派为GaInAs层内电子的基态与重空穴激发态间的跃迁，并与实验数据吻合得很好。同时初步讨论了改善1．3μm的低能峰发光的方法。

p型GaN的掺杂研究

采用正交实验设计方法设计p型GaN的生长,通过较少的实验,优化了影响p型GaN性质的三个生长参数:Mg流量、生长温度和Ⅴ/Ⅲ比.过量的Mg源流量、过高的生长温度、过大的Ⅴ/Ⅲ比都会降低自由空穴浓度.还研究了退火温度对p型GaN的载流子浓度和光学性质的影响.实验结果表明,700～750℃范围为最佳退火温度.

快速响应SOI马赫曾德热光调制器

给出了Y分支MZI热光调制器的模型，实验研制了基于SOI（silicon-on-insulator）的MZI热光调制器，调制器的消光比为16.5dB，开关的上升时间为10μs，下降时间为20μs，相应的功耗为0.39W

Design of spectrometer based on volume phase grating for near infrared range

In order to design and fabricate a spectrometer for the infrared range widely used in the different applications, Volume Phase Grating (VPG) with. low Polarization Dependence Loss (PDL) and high efficiency has been adopted as the dispersion element. VPG is constructed by coating an optical substrate with a thin film of dichromated. gelatin and exposing the film to two mutually coherent laser beams to form index modulation. The diffraction efficiency for a VPG is governed by Bragg effects. The depth (d) and index modulation contrast of the grating structure control the efficiency at which the light is diffracted when the Bragg condition is satisfied. Gradient index lens with high performance and low aberration are used as collimating system instead of standard lens. The spot diagrams and MTF curve of the collimating lens are shown in the paper. The receive system is InCaAs photodiode (PD) array including 512 pixels with 25 mum pitch. The spectrum resolution of the spectrometer reaches to 0.2nm and wavelength accuracy is 40pm.

近贫燃极限甲烷/空气火焰的层流燃烧速度研究

利用微重力条件下向外传播的球形火焰,对贫燃极限附近甲烷/空气预混火焰的层流燃烧速度进行了测量,得到当量比从0.512(本文微重力实验中测定的可燃极限)到0.601范围内的零拉伸层流燃烧速度,并与前人实验数据和使用3种化学反应动力学模型的计算结果进行了比较. 本文实验结果与已有的微重力实验数据非常接近,而其他研究者在常重力实验中得到的数据大多都明显高于微重力实验结果. 不同化学反应机理预测的燃烧速度比微重力实验测量值大得多,这是因为它们主要是用远离可燃极限的燃烧速度校核的

何首乌炮制前后生物活性和化学成分的变化研究

何首乌为常用中药，由何首乌及含何首乌的中成药制剂所引起的不良反应也时见报道，科学阐明不良反应的物质基础并提出解决方案对何首乌的使用十分重要。本论文研究了何首乌炮制前后KM小鼠肝脏毒性基因表达谱、生物活性及化学成分的变化。所获结果支持何首乌炮制的目的是减毒、改性（改变药效），何首乌生、熟异治的观点。制首乌对抑郁症的效果显著优于生首乌，这与本草所记载的何首乌炮制后补肝肾、益精血，归肝、肾经一致。 主要结果如下： 1、 生、制首乌的毒理基因芯片研究结果 何首乌的不良反应主要表现在肝损害方面。本研究建立了生何首乌和制何首乌不同剂量的肝毒性作用模型，体重指标统计发现生何首乌各剂量组平均体重显著下降，中剂量组（10 g/kg.d）体重下降20 %，高剂量组（20 g/kg.d）体重下降42%，50%动物死亡，提示动物机体能量代谢障碍；基因芯片研究结果表明何首乌是CYP450的抑制剂，生何首乌相对于制何首乌CYP3A4、CYP4A5显著下调，导致毒性成分在体内的吸收增加，服用大剂量的生何首乌后产生明显的肝毒性；主要对以下六条Pathway产生影响：①PPAR signaling pathway，主要毒性靶基因有RXRB CYP7a1、Acadl、Apoa2、Cyp4a、 FABP2 、MAPKKK5等基因。②Calcium signaling pathway，主要毒性靶基因有CAMK2B、CACNA1F、S100A1、 F2R、Ryr1、Slc8a2、Camk4 ③Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction，主要毒性靶基因有Chrm4、 Ntsr2 、 GABRR1、 GRIK3、F2R等基因。④Wnt signaling pathway，主要毒性靶基因有Daam2、Rac1 等基因。⑤Complement and coagulation cascades，主要毒性靶基因有F2R、Serpina1b、Cfi 、FGA等基因。⑥Oxidative hosphorylation，主要毒性靶基因有Atp5e、NDUFA1等基因。生何首乌毒性明显强于制首乌，且生何首乌水煎液的毒性大于生何乌首丙酮提取物的毒性，这一结果表明，何首乌主要的毒性成分很可能并不仅仅是传统所认为的以大黄素为代表的蒽醌类化合物，而是何首乌中大量存在的有效组分二苯乙烯苷与大黄素相互作用的结果，这一研究结果与前述的何首乌对肝药酶的影响是一致的。后续生、制首乌的化学成分差异研究表明，炮制后二苯乙烯苷含量明显降低：生首乌为5.512 %、清蒸制首乌为3.811 %、豆制首乌为3.538 %,大黄素的含量炮制后显著升高,生首乌为0.094 %、清蒸制首乌为0.119 %、豆制首乌为0.126 %。 2 生、制首乌药效差异研究结果 本文采用慢性中等强度不可预知应激刺激模型(chronic unpredictable mild stress, CUMS)和动物行为绝望实验法，研究生、制首乌抗抑郁活性的差异，制首乌（5 g/kg.d）与模型组相比有显著差异（P< 0.01），生首乌制首乌（5g/kg.d）与模型组相比无显著差异，这一结果表明制首乌抗抑郁活性显著优于生首乌。 本文比较了生、制首乌对四氧嘧啶糖尿病模型小鼠血糖的影响的差异，生首乌（5 g/kg.d）与模型组相比有显著差异（P< 0.01），制首乌（5 g/kg.d）与模型组相比无显著差异，这一结果表明生首乌降糖活性优于制首乌。这一结果与历代中医古书中生首乌治疗消渴症（糖尿病）的记载一致。 3生、制首乌化学成分差异的研究结果 本文选用HPLC-DAD指纹图谱技术结合药效成分含量测定来研究生、制首乌化学成分的差异。炮制后，何首乌中的主要化学成分并未消失，只是其含量发生了改变。炮制后二苯乙烯苷含量明显降低：生首乌为5.512 %、清蒸制首乌为3.811 %、豆制首乌为3.538 %,大黄素的含量炮制后显著升高,生首乌为0.094 %、清蒸制首乌为0.119 %、豆制首乌为0.126 %。 综上所述，炮制前后何首乌中二苯乙烯苷和大黄素含量比的变化可能是何首乌炮制减毒、改性的物质基础。 根据上述结果我们建立了生、制首乌的质量控制新模式。 In recent years, some adverse drug reactions (ADR) about some traditional Chinese medicine were reported at times. As a Chinese medicine most in use, the ADRs of Radix Polygoni multiflori (RPM) and the medicines containing the RPM were also mentioned. The resolution of the problems caused by the ADRs is very important for the use of the RPM as a medicine. The process (or preparation) is a significant feature for the clinical use of the Chinese medicine and an important technology for the safe use and good effect of the Chinese medicine. By processing, the toxicity of the Chinese medicine can be reduced, its properties can be changed and curative effect can be enhanced at the same time. The changes of the gene expression profiles for KM mice hepatotoxic effects, and the change of the biological activity and the chemical composition after being processed of the RPm were studied in the present dissertation. The RPm heatotoxicity mechanism and the toxicity target genes were explained on the gene level for the first time. With the antidepressant activity, and the hypoglycemic effect as the target, the differences on the pharmacodynamics between the processed RPm and unprocessed RPm, for the first time, were investigated. The results obtained show that the antidepressant activity of the processed RPM is far higher than the ones of unprocessed RPm. As we know, the results were reported for the first time. The quality control systems (QCS) for the processed and the unprocessed RPm were founded. The HPLC-DAD was used in the systems founded on the basis of the toxicology and the pharmacodynamics experiments. As we know, the OCSs were reported for the first time. The above-mentioned experimental results confirm that the unique process theory of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used for the process of the Radix Polygoni multiflori (RPm) is correct, i.e after being processed the toxicity of the RPm decreases and its Pharmacodynamic effects change. It is known to author that there have been no similar reports in the literatures up to now. The main experimental results are summarized as follows: 1 The results on the mice toxicology gene chip for the unprocessed and processed RPm The KM mice hepatotoxic model caused by the RPm at the different dosages was established in the present study. The results obtained show that the mouse average body weight obviously decreased in the groups at the different dosages of the unprocessed RPm: the 10 g/kg.d .group decreased 20%; 20 g/kg.d. group decreased 42%, and 50% mice died at 20 g/kg.d. group. The main experimental results on the mice toxicology gene chip The RPm is the CYP450 inhibitor. As compared with the processd RPm, the CYP3A4, CYP4A5 of the unprocessed RPm demonstrate the marked downregulation, which leads to the increase of the poison absorbtion into the body with the result that the unprocessed RPm yields the marked hepatotoxication. The hepatotoxication was produced because the following 6 pathways were affected: ①PPAR signaling pathway, the chief toxicity target genes are RXRB, CYP7a1, Acadl, Apoa2, Cyp4a, FABP2 and MAPKKK5 etc. ②Calcium signaling pathway, the chief toxicity target genes are CAMK2B, CACNA1F, S100A1, F2R, Ryr1,Slc8a2 and Camk4 etc. ③Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, the chief toxicity target genes are Chrm4, Ntsr2, GABRR1, GRIK3 and F2R etc. ④Wnt signaling pathway, the chief toxicity target genes are Daam2, Rac1 etc. ⑤Complement and coagulation cascades, the chief toxicity target genes are F2R, Serpina1b, Cfi and FGA etc. ⑥Oxidative phosphorylation, the chief toxicity target genes are Atp5e, NDUFA1 etc. The above experimental results, for the first time , demonstrate on the gene level that the unprocessed Rpm toxicity is far stronger than the processed RPm one, and the toxicity of the water decoction of the unprocessed RPm is greater than the one of its acetone extracts, which shows that the chief toxicity components of the RPm are probably not only the anthraquinones, for example, the emodin, but the complex compounds produced by the interaction between the emondin and the stilbene glucoside which is the largest component of the unprocessed RPm. The result is accordance with the above effect of the RPm on the hepatic drugenzyme. Aftter being processed, in fact, the content of the stibene glucoside in the RPm markedly decreases. 2. The results on the pharmacodynamic differences between the unprocessed and processed RPm The results obtained show that the effects of processing on RPm pharmacodynamic behaviour received in the Chinese Material Medica are correct. It is known to author that this is the first experimental result in the research materials now available. The chief results are as follows: For the treatment of the antidepressant, the curative effect of the processed RPm is far better than the one of the unprocessed RPm. By contrast with the above results, the hypoblycemic effect of the unprocessed RPm is better than the one of the processed RPm. 3. The results on the Chemical Composition The results obtained by using HPLC-DAD fingerprint and by the determination of effective component content show that the main chemical components in the RPm after being processed do not disappear, but their contents change. The contents of the stilbene glucoside (SG) and emodin in the different samples were determined as follows: SG contents 5.512 % for the unprocessed RPm 3.811 % for the processed RPm (Steamed) 3.588 % for the processed RPm (black soybean) Emodin contents 0.094 % for the unprocessed RPm 0.119 % for the processed RPm (Steamed) 0.126 % for the processed RPm (black soybean) The combination of above experimental results on the toxicity, the pharmacodynamics and the chemical composition indicates that the changes of the content ratio of SG/emodin may be the substance base of the toxicity decrease and pharmacodynamic changes of the RPM by the processing.