自适应笔式用户界面研究

笔式用户界面是HCI领域重要的研究方向，是Post-WIMP用户界面时代的主要界面形态之一，其在思维捕捉或记录、概念设计、观点研讨和交流等领域已经有较好的应用。笔式用户界面在得到良好应用的同时，也存在着以下三个方面的挑战：(1)相比于图形用户界面而言，笔式用户界面具有交互的模糊性，离散交互和连续交互的混合性等交互特征，我们将笔式用户界面的这些交互特性称为笔式用户界面的交互复杂性，交互复杂性无疑增加了笔式用户界面的设计和实现的复杂度；(2)由于笔式交互基于纸笔隐喻，相比传统的键盘鼠标输入的图形用户界面具有更加自然高效的交互特性，这种自然高效的交互特性会使更多更广的用户使用笔式用户界面，这些用户之间的笔式输入习惯会存在差异，会自然的期望笔式用户界面能够较好的适应特定用户的个性化。(3)普适计算是二十一世纪的计算模式，在普适计算环境下，用户要求能够随时、随地根据任务的需要来访问和操作各种信息，而支持多种环境下的不同的笔式交互设备无疑便利了用户的需求，因此笔式交互是普适计算环境下重要的交互方式，普适计算下也同时要求笔式用户界面能够适应设备和环境的多样化的计算要求。综上所述，解决笔式用户界所面对的交互复杂性和用户、设备、环境的适应性需求将是笔式用户界面的重要研究方向之一。 本文在总结笔式用户界面的发展的情况下，分析了笔式用户界面面临的上述三个方面的挑战。在分析面临挑战的基础上，阐述了本文研究的动机，即用自适应的方法来解决上述笔式用户界面所面临的挑战，即将本文的工作定位在自适应笔式用户界面研究上。 本文在分析了自适应用户界面和笔式用户界面相关研究的基础上，先后从以下几个方面展开研究：(1)研究了什么样的笔手势是良好的笔手势，提出了意义性的笔手势及其分类，并通过定量实验评估的方法验证了意义性笔手势的易学易记特性，为设良好的笔手势提供了参考依据；(2)提出了用自适应的策略来解决手势在使用时适应用户个性化输入的问题；(3)提出了自适应的基于笔和语音的多通道交互技术，并在此基础上建立了一个自适应的多通道几何白板系统；(4)提出了实现笔式用户界面的交互框架，并且在此框架的基础上与实践相结合总结性地提出了自适应笔式用户界面的软件体系结构；(5)在自适应笔式软件体系结构的基础上，本文最后描述了自适应笔式用户界面的软件开发方法，并通过实例来说明该方法的具体应用；(6)最后本文基于上述研究实现了一个自适应的多通道几何白板应用和一个自适应的表单系统。综上所述，本文从不同的层次展开了对自适应笔式用户界面的研究。这些层次是：(1)用户研究层次；(2)相关技术及框架研究层次；(3)软件体系结构和开发方法层次；(4)应用原型。 在自适应笔式用户界面的研究中，我们从上述五个方面展开了研究工作，其中主要的创新点有： (1)意义性笔手势及其实验评估 提出了意义笔手势的定义、分类及其易记性优势的假设。并通过定量的评估实验验证假设。在文献调研和用户调查的基础上，提出与所代表的命令有形象性的，意义性连接的笔手势是设计良好的笔手势，称为意义性笔手势，并将意义性笔手势分成三类，即为：指示性笔手势、实物隐喻笔手势和文化约定笔手势。最后，我们通过一个定量实验，评估意义性笔手势在易学性上是否优于非意义性笔手势。 (2)自适应的笔手势界面框架 在笔式用户界面中，静态识别器不能解决如下问题：不同用户对同一命令手势的输入差异大于某一用户在输入不同手势时的差异。本文提出了自适应的笔手势界面框架来解决这种用户手势输入的个性化问题。 (3)自适应的基于笔和语音交互的多通道交互技术 在多通道用户界面中，自适应性能够更好的发挥多通道交互的优势，本文提出了自适应的基于笔和语音的多通道交互技术，阐述了该自适应多通道的交互框架，详细阐述了输入模块、融合模块和自适应模块。对多通道的输入，融合，自适应策略进行了详细描述。 (4)笔式用户界面的交互框架和自适应笔式用户界面的软件体系结构 针对笔式用户界面的交互复杂性，在相关研究的基础上，提出了基于层次状态机的交互框架。同时基于框架，面向笔式用户界面的多设备、多环境、多用户的应用需求，提出了自适应笔式用户界面的软件体系结构，为自适应笔式用户界面的设计和开发提供指导。 (5)自适应笔式用户界面的软件开发方法 在以人为中心的设计方法和极限编程XP的开发方法的基础上，和实践相结合，根据自适应笔式用户界面的特点，提出了自适应笔式用户界面开发的总体流程，该流程重点描述了笔式用户界面自适应性的需求分析、设计开发及评估。在自适应笔式用户界面软件体系结构和总体开发流程的基础上，提出了自适应笔式用户界面的设计和开发流程，用以指导自适应笔式用户界面的设计和开发。 (6)原型实例 本部分在上述研究的基础上，建立了两个原型应用，一个为自适应的多通道用应用，本部分详细描述了该应用的模块组成及其关系，特别针对自适应模块，描述了自适应的策略。另一个为自适应表单应用，详细描述了该表单应用的需求分析、设计和实现、评估。

实物界面下的虚拟装配

基于增强现实技术,将实物用户界面应用到虚拟装配系统中,在单摄像头的条件下,将虚拟零件模型加载至实物标记上,用户通过操作实物标记来控制虚拟模型,完成装配过程。相比于传统的虚拟装配交互方式,增强了用户操作的切实感。根据装配任务需求设计了4类实物标记。提出了3种交互技术,包括接近性原理,匹配约束信息提示与判定,以及视点控制等,并且结合碰撞检测来实现精确而又自然的虚拟装配。该系统可以帮助设计人员方便地对产品设计进行分析和改进,降低用户的学习难度。

具有超媒体人机接口的纳米操作系统

当利用AFM作为纳米操作工具时,由于其缺乏实时的传感器信息反馈,操作完全在盲目的状态下进行,而使纳米操作难于进行。超媒体接口可以解决这个问题,在纳米操作过程中,超媒体接口不但可以为操作者提供实时动态更新的视觉反馈,还可以为操作者提供实时的三维力反馈,与此同时操作者还可以通过该接口直接控制探针的三维运动,实现人机交互式的纳米操作。纳米刻画以及多壁碳纳米管的推动实验验证了系统的效率和有效性。

地震勘探三维可视化方法研究与实现

This thesis mainly studies the technologies of 3-D seismic visualization and Graphic User Interface of seismic processing software. By studying Computer Graphics and 3-D geological modeling, the author designs and implements the visualization module of seismic data processing software using OpenGL and Motif. Setting seismic visualization flow as the subject, NURBS surface approximation and Delaunay Triangulation as the two different methods, the thesis discusses the key algorithms and technologies of seismic visualization and attempts to apply Octree Space Partitioning and Mip Mapping to enhance system performance. According to the research mentioned above, in view of portability and scalability, the author adopts Object-oriented Analysis and Object-oriented Design, uses standard C++ as programming language, OpenGL as 3-D graphics library and Motif as GUI developing tool to implement the seismic visualization framework on SGI Irix platform. This thesis also studies the solution of fluid equations in porous media. 2-D alternating direction implicit procedure has been turned into 3-D successive over relaxation iteration, which possesses such virtues as faster computing speed, faster convergence rate, better adaptability to heterogeneous media and less memory demanding.

Effect of Interface Roughness and Dislocation Density on Electroluminescence Intensity of InGaN Multiple Quantum Wells

Effects of interface roughness and dislocation density on the electroluminescence (EL) intensity of InGaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) are investigated. It is found that the EL intensity increases with the number of satellite peaks in the x-ray diffraction experiments of InGaN MQW samples. It is indicated that the rough interface will lead the reduction of EL intensity of InGaN MQW samples. It is also found that the EL intensity increases with the decrease of dislocation density which is characterized by the x-ray diffraction measurements. It is suggested that the EL intensity of InGaN MQWs can be improved by decreasing the interface roughness and dislocation density.

Development of high-k gate dielectric materials

The traditional gate dielectric material Of SiO2 can not satisfy the need of the continuous downscaling of CMOS dimensions. High-K gate dielectric materials have attracted extensive research efforts recently and obtained great progress. In this paper, the developments of high-K gate materials were reviewed. Based on the author's background and research work in the area, the latest achievements of high-K gate dielectric materials on the recrystalization temperature, the low-K interface layer, and the dielectric breakdown and metal gate electrode were introduced in detail.

Development of cross-hatch grid morphology and its effect on ordering growth of quantum dots

We investigate the development of cross-hatch grid surface morphology in growing mismatched layers and its effect on ordering growth of quantum dots (QDs). For a 60degrees dislocation (MD), the effective part in strain relaxation is the part with the Burgers vector parallel to the film/substrate interface within its b(edge) component; so the surface stress over a MD is asymmetric. When the strained layer is relatively thin, the surface morphology is cross-hatch grid with asymmetric ridges and valleys. When the strained layer is relatively thick, the ridges become nearly symmetrical, and the dislocations and the ridges inclined-aligned. In the following growth of InAs, QDs prefer to nucleate on top of the ridges. By selecting ultra-thin In0.15Ga0.85As layer (50nm) and controlling the QDs layer at just formed QDs, we obtained ordered InAs QDs. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of interface modification on the performance of polymer/Bi2S3 nanorods bulk heterojunction solar cells

In this paper, bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices based on the poly[2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)- 1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMO-PPV):Bi2S3 nanorods hybrid material were present. To optimize the performance of the devices, the interface modification of the hybrid material that has a significant impact on the exciton dissociation efficiency was studied. An improvement in the device performance was achieved by modifying the Bi2S3 surface with a thin dye layer. Moreover, modifying the Bi2S3 surface with anthracene-9-carboxylic acid can enhance the performance further. Compared with the solar cells with Bi2S3 nanorods hybrid with the MDMO-PPV as the active layer, the anthracene-9carboxylic acid modified devices are better in performance, with the power conversion efficiency higher by about one order in magnitude.

Fabrication of a Silicon-Based Microprobe for Neural Interface Applications

A two-dimensional (2D) multi-channel silicon-based microelectrode array is developed for recording neural signals. Three photolithographic masks are utilized in the fabrication process. SEM images show that the microprobe is 1. 2mm long,100μm wide,and 30μm thick, with recording sites spaced 200μm apart for good signal isolation. For the individual recording sites, the characteristics of impedance versus frequency are shown by in vitro testing. The impedance declines from 14MΩ to 1.9kv as the frequency changes from 0 to 10MHz. A compatible PCB (print circuit board) aids in the less troublesome implantation and stabilization of the microprobe.

Fermi-Level Pinning at Metal/High-k Interface Influenced by Electron State Density of Metal Gate

The Fermi-level pinning (FLP) at the metal/high-k interface and its dependence on the electron state density of the metal gate are investigated. It is found that the FLP is largely determined by the distortion of the vacuum level of the metal which is quantitatively ruled by the electron state density of the metal. The physical origin of the vacuum level distortion of the metal is attributed to an image charge of the interface charge in the metal. Such results indicate that the effective work function of the metal/high-k stack is also governed by the electron state density of the metal.

Development of multi-channel gated integrator and PXI-DAQ system for nuclear detector arrays

A multi-channel gated integrator and PXI based data acquisition system have been developed for nuclear detector arrays with hundreds of detector units. The multi-channel gated integrator can be controlled by a programmable Cl controller. The PXI-DAQ system consists of NI PXI-1033 chassis with several PXI-DAQ cards. The system software has a user-friendly GUI which is written in C language using LabWindows/CVI under Windows XP operating system. The performance of the PXI-DAQ system is very reliable and capable of handling event rate up to 40 kHz. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mechanisms of sodium and potassium ions transfer facilitated by dibenzo-15-crown-5 across the water /1,2-dichloroethane interface using micropipettes

The transfer of sodium and potassium ions facilitated by dibenzo-15-crown-5 (DB15C5) has been studied at the micro-water/1,2-dichloroethane (water/DCE) interface supported at the tip of a micropipette. Cyclic volt-ammetric measurements were performed in two limiting conditions: the bulk concentration of Na+ or K+ in the aqueous phase is much higher than that of DB15C5 in the organic phase (DB15C5 diffusion controlled process) and the reverse condition (metal ion diffusion controlled process). The mechanisms of the facilitated Na+ transfer by DB15C5 are both transfer by interfacial complexation (TIC) with 1 : 1 stoichiometry under these two conditions, and the corresponding association constants were determined at log beta(1) = 8.97 +/- 0.05 or log beta(1) = 8.63 +/- 0.03. However, the transfers of K+ facilitated by DB15C5 show different behavior. In the former case it is a TIC process and its stoichiometry is 1 : 2, whereas in the latter case two peaks during the forward scan were observed, the first of which was confirmed as the formation of K (DB15C5)(2) at the interface by a TIC mechanism, while the second one may be another TIC process with 1 : 1 stoichiometry in the more positive potential. The relevant association constants calculated for the complexed ion, K+(DB15C5)(2), in the organic phase in two cases, logbeta(2), are 13.64 +/- 0.03 and 11.34 +/- 0.24, respectively.

STUDY ON DYE TRANSFER ACROSS THE LIQUID-LIQUID INTERFACE

I. INTRODUCTIONStudies on the electrochemical phenomena at the liquid-liquid interface are a developing area in electrochemistry and electroanalytical chemistry. The exploration for new ion transfer systems is very important in the development of this area. Dyes are a large group of reagents used widely in analytical chemistry. But no paper deals with the tran,fer processes of dyes at the liquid-liquid (L/L) interface so far.

The effects of spring-neap tide on the phytoplankton community development in the Jiaozhou Bay, China

The development of the phytoplankton community was studied in the Jiaozhou Bay during the spring to neap tide in August 2001, through three cruises and a 15 d continuous observation. This investigation indicates that diatom cell abundance increased sharply following the end of a spring tide, from 9 cells/cm(3) to a peak of 94 cells/cm(3). The dominant species composition and abundance show a quick species sequence from spring to neap tide, and the dominant species at the start phase is Skeletomena costatum, then changes to Chaetoceros curvisetus, finally it changes to Eucampia zodiacus. Silicate concentration increases during spring tide, as a result of nutrient replenishment from the water-sediment interface, its initial average concentration in neap tide is 1.39 mumol/dm(3) and reached the peak average concentration of 8.40 mumol/dm(3) in spring tide. But the nitrogen concentration dropped due to dilution by the low nitrogen seawater from the Huanghai Sea, its initial average concentration in neap tide is 67 mumol/dm(3) and decreased to the average concentration of 54 mumol/dm(3) in spring tide. The degree of silicon limitation was decreased and phytoplankton, especially diatoms, responds immediately after nutrient replenishment in the water column. Skeletonmea costatum, as one of the dominant species in the Jiaozhou Bay, shows a quicker response to nutrient availability than Eucampia zodiacus and Chaetoceros curvisetus. It is proposed that dominant species composition and water column stability synchronously determine the development of phytoplankton summer blooms in the Raozhou bay.